. 


wi 


i 5 
4@ 
JR 
tt yes 
at 
~ . 
« if 
yi 
» 
t po 
‘ 


2 - - 
la Le | be 
ares. hae ‘ : 
' 
, P 
" 
sag s 
- . 
ee eT 
v tse 
Ee 
5 aed 
| Nae . 
ve 
, 
~ o- 
» —=—S + 
j 
4 * 
ah 
ie - ig 
; yin 
" 
" ha 7 
‘ ; 
+ rik ~ > a 
2» 
‘7 4 
ob 
me 
. Bed 
’ y 
+e ” . 
aye 
4 ; * 


ot 
oP mo 
Clin ee > 


om 


Trinity College Historical 
Society Collection 


vie 


ANNUAL REPORT 


OF THE’ _ 


AMERICAN HIsTORICAL ASSOCIATION 


FOR 


THE YEAR 1917 


BOF EF Ls 


WASHINGTON 


= Ja J tof 


LETTER OF SUBMITTAL. 


SirHsonIAN INSTITUTION, 
Washington, D. C., October 22, 1918. 
To the Congress of the United States: 
_ Im accordance with the act of incorporation of the American 
Historical Association, approved January 4, 1889, I have the honor 
to submit to Congress the annual report of the association for the 
year 1917. I have the honor to be, 
Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
‘ Cuartes D. Watcort, Secretary. 
3 


Bt) 


ACT OF INCORPORATION. 


Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled, That Andrew D. 
White, of Ithaca, in the State of New York; George Bancroft, of 
Washington, in the District of Columbia; Justin Winsor, of Cam- 
bridge, in the State of Massachusetts; William F. Poole, of Chicago, 
in the State of Illinois; Herbert B. Adams, of Baltimore, in the State 
of Maryland; Clarence W. Bowen, of Brooklyn, in the State of New 
York, their associates and successors, are hereby created, in the Dis- 
trict of Columbia, a body corporate and politic by the name of the 
American Historical Association, for the promotion of historical 
studies, the collection and preservation of historical manuscripts, 
and for kindred purposes in the interest of American history and of 
history in America. Said association is authorized to hold real and 
personal estate in the District of Columbia so far only as may be 
necessary to its lawful ends to an amount not exceeding $500,000, to 
adopt a constitution, and make by-laws not inconsistent w#th law. 
Said association shall have its principal office at Washington, in the 
District of Columbia, and may hold its annual meetings in such 
places as the said incorporators shall determine. Said association 
shall report annually to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution 
concerning its proceedings and the condition of historical study in 
America. Said secretary shall communicate to Congress the whole 
of such report, or such portions thereof as he shall see fit. The 
Regents of the Smithsonian Institution are authorized to permit said 
association to deposit its collections, manuscripts, books, pamphlets, 
and other material for history in the Smithsonian Institution or in 
the National Museum at their discretion, upon such conditions and 
under such rules as they shall prescribe. 

[Approved, January 4, 1889.] 


~ 


LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 


American Hisrorican ASSOCIATION, 
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY, 
Washington, D. C., September 9, 1918. 

Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith, as provided by law, 
the Annual Report of the American Historical Association for 1917. 
This report includes the proceedings of the association at its thirty- 
third annual meeting held at Philadelphia on December 27-29, 1917, 
together with the proceedings of the Pacific Coast Branch of the 
American Historical Association at its fourteenth annual meeting 
held in Berkeley, Calif., on November 30 to December 1, 1917. The 
eighteenth report of the Public Archives Commission, also included 
in the present volume, contains, in addition to the proceedings of the 
eighth annual conference of archivists, a report on the public archives 
of the State of Idaho prepared under the direction of the commis- 
sion, while the thirteenth report of the Historical Manuscripts Com- 
mission constitutes a valuable contribution to the history of the 
Mexican War in the form of the letters of Gen. Santa Anna. 

Very respectfully, yours, 
Watpo G. Leianp, Secretary. 
To the SrcreTARY OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 
Washington, D. C. 


7 


CONTENTS. 


¢ 


I. Report of the proceedings of the thirty-third annual meeting of the 
Aunenican. Historical. Association Ye.) 2. = 252.8 /2b 25: Je tae igs 

Il. Report of the proceedings of the fourteenth annual meeting of the 
Pacific coast branch of the American Historical Association.......... 

III. Eighteenth report of the public archives commission...........-.-..-- 
Appendix A. Proceedings of the eighth annual conference of archi- 


Appendix B. Report on the archives of Idaho, by Thomas M. 

Wiens hallliimerwn 3) memes aor erie cee ais, Ss ae ae os Rem 3 

IV. Proceedings of the fourteenth annual conference of historical societies. . 
Appendix. Reports of Historical Societies, 1917 ..........-..... 

V. Proceedings of the conference of teachers of history.............-..---- 
VI. The editorial function in United States history, by Worthington C. Ford. 
VIL. Early assessments for papal taxation of English clerical incomes, by 
QM eel see a Soe eee seas oe Sit ss eons see an nie 

VIII. The assessment of lay subsidies, 1290-1332, by James F. Willard........ 
IX. English customs revenue up to 1275, by Norman S. B. Gras........-.-- 
X. The Association, by J. Franklin Jameson.......-.-....--.-----+------ 

- XI. To what extent was George Rogers Clark in military control of the 
Northwest at the close of the American Revolution? by James A. 


XII. Separatism in Utah, 1847-1870, by Franklin D. Daines.-..........-.-. 
XIII. A generation of American historiography, by William A. Dunning...... 
XIV. Thirteenth report of the historical manuscripts commission: Letters 

of General Santa Anna, edited by Justin H. Smith................. 


Page. 


31 


113 


137 
173 


249 


~s. 


CONSTITUTION. 


I. 


The name of this society shall be The American Historical Asso- 
ciation. 


ati 
Its object shall be the promofion of historical] studies. 
III. 


Any person approved by the executive council may become a mem- 
ber by paying $3, and after the first year may continue a member by 
paying an annual fee of $3. On payment of $50 any person may 
become a life member, exempt from fees. Persons not resident in the 
United States may be elected as honorary or corresponding members 
and be exempt from che payment of fees. 


IV. 


The officers shall be a president, two vice presidents, a secretary, a 
secretary of the council, a curator, and a treasurer. These officers 
shall be elected by ballot at each regular annual meeting in the man- 
ner provided in the by-laws. 


Ne. 


There shall be an executive council constituted as follows: 

1. The officers named in Article IV. 

2. Elected members, eight in number, to be chosen annually in the 
same manner as the officers of the association. 

3. The former presidents, but a former president shall be entitled 
to vote for the three years succeeding the expiration of his term as 
president, and no longer. 


VI. 


The executive council shall conduct the business, manage the prop- 
erty, and care for the general interests of the association. In the 
exercise of its proper functions, the council may appoint such com- 
mittees, commissions, and boards as it may deem necessary. The 
council shall make a full report of its activities to the annual meet- 


11 


12 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


ing of the association. The association may by vote at any annual 
meeting instruct the executive council to discontinue or enter upon 
any activity, and may take such other action in directing the affairs 
of the association as it may deem necessary and proper. 


VII. 


This constitution may be amended at any annual meeting, notice 
of such amendment having been given at the previous annual meet- 
ing or the proposed amendment having received the approval of the 
executive council. 


BY-LAWS. 


Le 


The officers provided for by the constitution shall have the duties 
and perform the functions customarily attached to their respective 
offices with such others as may from time to time be prescribed. 


Li 


A nomination committee of five members shall be chosen at each 
annual business meeting in the manner hereafter provided for the 
election of officers of the association. At such convenient time prior 
to the 15th of September as it may determine it shall invite every 
member to express to it his preference regarding every office to be 
filled by election at the ensuing annual business meeting and regard- 
ing the composition of the new nominating committee then to be 
chosen. It shall publish and mail to each member at least one month 
prior to the annual business meeting such nominations as it may de- 
termine upon for each elective office and for the next nominating 
committee. It shall prepare for use at the annual business meeting 
an official ballot containing, as candidates for each office or committee 
membership to be filled thereat, the names of its nominees and also 
the names of any other nominees which may be proposed to the 
chairman of the committee in writing by twenty or more members of 
the association at least one day before the annual business meeting, 
but such nominations by petition shall not be presented until after the 


‘committee shall have reported its nominations to the association as 


provided for in the present by-law. The official ballot shall also pro- 
vide, under each office, a blank space for voting for such further 
nominees as any member may present from the floor at the time of 


the election. 
TIT. + 


The annual election of officers and the choice of a nominating 
committee for the ensuing year shall be conducted by the use of an 
official ballot prepared as described in by-law II. 


IV. 


The association authorizes the payment of traveling expenses in- 


- eurred by the voting members of the council attending one meeting 


of that body a year, this meeting to be other than that held in con- 
nection with the annual meeting of the association. 
13 


AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


Organized at Saratoga, N. Y., September 10, 1884. Incorporated by Congress, 
January 4, 1889. 


OFFICERS ELECTED DECEMBER 29, 1917. 


PRESIDENT : 
WILLIAM ROSCOE THAYER, LL. D., Litt. D., L. H. D., 
Cambridge. 


VICE PRESIDENTS : 
EDWARD CHANNING, Pu. D., 
Harvard University. 


JEAN JULES JUSSERAND, F.B.A., 
French Embassy. 


SECRETARY : 
WALDO GIFFORD LELAND, A. M., 
Carnegie Institution of Washington. 


TREASURER: 
CHARLES MOORH, Pu. D., 
Detroit. 


SECRETARY OF THE COUNCIL: 
EVARTS BOUTELL GREENE, Pu D., 
University of Illinois. 


CURATOR : 
A HOWARD CLARK, A. M., 
Smithsonian Institution. 


EXECUTIVE COUNCIL: 
(In addition to the above-named officers.) 
(Hx-Presidents. ) 


ANDREW DICKSON WHITH, L. H. D., LL. D., D. C. L., 
Ithaca, N. Y. 


HENRY ADAMS, LL. D., 
Washington, D. C. 


JAMHS SCHOULER, LL D., 
Boston, Mass. 


JAMES FORD RHODES, LL. D., D Lirt., 
Boston, Mass. 


JOHN BACH McMASTER, A. M., Pu. D., Litt. D., LL. D., 
University of Pennsylvania. 
15 


~~ 


16 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 
SIMEON E. BALDWIN, LL. D., 
New Haven, Conn. 


JOHN FRANKLIN JAMESON, Pu. D., LL. D., Larr. D., 
Carnegie Institution of Washington. 


GEORGE BURTON ADAMS, Pu. D., Lirt. D., 
Yale University. 


ALBERT BUSHNELL HART, Pu. D., LL. D., Lirr. D., 
Harvard University. 


FREDERICK JACKSON TURNER, Pu. D., LL. D., Lirt. D., 
Harvard University. 


WILLIAM MILLIGAN SLOANE, Pu. D., L. H. D., LL. D., 
Columbia University. 


THEODORE ROOSEVELT, LL. D., D. C. L., 
Oyster Bay, N. Y. 


WILLIAM ARCHIBALD DUNNING, Pu. D., LL. D., 
Columbia University. 


ANDREW C. McLAUGHLIN, LL. D., LL. B., 
University of Chicago. 


H. MORSE STEPHENS, M. A., Litt. D., 
University of California. 


GEORGE LINCOLN BURR, LL. D., Litt. D., 
Cornell University. 


WORTHINGTON C. FORD, A. M., 
Massachusetts Historical Society. 


(Elected Councillors.) 


SAMUEL B. HARDING, Pu. D., 
Indiana State University. 


LUCY M. SALMON, A. M., L. H. D., 
i Vassar College. 


HENRY E. BOURNE, L. H. D., 
Western Reserve University. 


GEORGE M. WRONG, M. A., F. R. S. C., 
University of Toronto. 


HERBERT E. BOLTON, B. L., Pu. D., 
University of California. + 


WILLIAM E. DODD, PB. D., 
University of Chicago. 


WALTER L. FLEMING, M. S., Pu. D., 
Vanderbilt University. 


WILLIAM BE. LINGELBACH, Pu. D., 
University of Pennsylvania. 


PACIFIC COAST BRANCH. 


OFFICERS ELECTED DECEMBER 1, 1917. 


PRESIDENT: 

JOSEPH M. GLEASON, A. M., S. T. B., 
Palo Alto, Cal. 
VICE PRESIDENT: 

OLIVER H. RICHARDSON, Pn. D., 
University of Washington. 
SECRETARY-TREASURER : 
WILLIAM A. MORRIS, Pu. D., 
University of California. 

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE: 
(In addition to the above-named officers.) 


ROBERT C. CLARK, Pu. D., 
University of Oregon. 


EDWARD MASLIN HULME, M. A., 
University of Idaho. 


WALDEMAR C. WESTERGAARD, A. B., M. L., 


Pomona College. 


EDNA H. STONE, A. B., 


Oakland, Cal. 
88582°—19——2 


17 


TERMS OF OFFICE. 


(Deceased officers are marked thus: 7.) 


BX-PRESIDENTS. 


ANDREW DICKSON WHITE, L. H. D., LL. D., D. C. L., 1884-1885. 
TGEORGE BANCROFT, LL. D., 1885-1886. 

7JUSTIN WINSOR, LL. D., 1886-1887. 

WILLIAM FREDERICK POOLE, LL. D., 1887-1888. 
jCHARLES KENDALL ADAMS, LL. D., 1888-1889. 

7JOHN JAY, LL. D., 1889-1890. 

TWILLIAM WIRT HENRY, LL. D., 1890-1891. 
7JAMES BURRILL ANGELL, LL. D., 1891-1893. 

HENRY ADAMS, LL. D., 1893-1894. 
TGEORGE FRISBIE HOAR, LL D., 1895. 

7RICHARD SALTER STORRS, D. D., LL. D., 1896. 

JAMES SCHOULER, LL. D., 1897. 
7GEORGE PARK FISHER, D. D., LL. D., 1898. 

JAMES FORD RHODES, LL. D., D. Litt., 1899. 
FEDWARD EGGLESTON, L. H. D.. 1900. 
7CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS, LL. D., 1901. 
yALFRED THAYER MAHAN, D. C. L., LL. D., 1902. 
HENRY CHARLES LEA, LL. D., 1903. 
TGOLDWIN SMITH, D.C L., LL. D., 1904. 

JOHN BACH McMASTER, PH. D., Litt. D., LL. D., 1905. 
SIMEON E. BALDWIN. LL. D., 1906. 

J. FRANKLIN JAMESON, Pu. D., LL. D., Litt. D., 1907. 
GEORGE BURTON ADAMS, Pu. D., Litt. D., 1908. 
ALBERT BUSHNELL HART, Pu. D., LL. D., Litt. D., 1909. 
FREDERICK JACKSON TURNER, Pu. D., LL. D., Litt. D., 1910. 
WILLIAM MILLIGAN SLOANE, Pu. D., L. H. D., LL. D., 1911. 
THEODORE ROOSEVELT, LL. D., D. C. L., 1912. 
WILLIAM ARCHIBALD DUNNING. Pu. D., LL. D., 1913. 
ANDREW C. McLAUGHLIN, LL. B., LL. D., 1914. 

H. MORSE STEPHENS, M. A., Litt. D., 1915. 

GEORGE LINCOLN BURR, LL. D., Lirt. D., 1916. 
WORTHINGTON C. FORD, A. M., 1917. 


EX-VICE PRESIDENTS. 


FJUSTIN WINSOR, LL. D., 1884-1886. 

7CHARLES KENDALL ADAMS, LL. D., 1884-1888. 

WILLIAM FREDERICK POOLE, LL. D., 1886-1887. 

TJOHN JAY, LL. D., 1887-1889. 

7WILLIAM WIRT HENRY, LL. D., 1888-1890. 

7JAMES BURRILL ANGELL, LL. D., 1889-1891, 

HENRY ADAMS, LL. D., 1890-1893. 

TEDWARD GAY MASON, A. M., 1891-1894. 

GEORGE FRISBIE HOAR, LL. D., 1894. 

FRICHARD SALTER STORRS, D. D., LL. D., 1895. 

JAMES SCHOULER, LL. D., 1895, 1896. x 
7GEORGE PARK FISHER, D. D., LL. D., 1896, 1897. 

JAMES FORD RHODES, LL. D., D. Litt., 1897, 1898. 

FEDWARD EGGLESTON, L. H. D., 1898, 1899. 

7MOSES COIT TYLER, L. H. D., LL. D., 1899, 1900. 

7CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS, LL. D., 1900. 

HERBERT BAXTER ADAMS, Pu. D., LL. D., 1901. 

VALFRED THAYER MABAN, D. C. L., LL. D.. 1901. 

+HENRY CHARLES LEA, LL. D., 1902. 

TGOLDWIN SMITH, D. €. L., LL. D., 1902, 1903. 19 


20 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


7EDWARD McCRADY, LL. D., 1903. 

JOHN BACH McMASTER, Pu. D., Litt. D., LL. D., 1904. 

SIMEON E. BALDWIN, LL. D., 1904, 1905. 

J. FRANKLIN JAMESON, Pu. D., LL. D., Litt. D., 1905, 1906. 
GEORGE BURTON ADAMS, Pu. D., Litt. D., 1906, 1907. 

ALBERT BUSHNELL HART, Pu. D., LL. D., Litt. D., 1907, 1908. 
FREDERICK JACKSON TURNER, Pu. D., LL. D., Lirr. D., 1908, 1909. 
WILLIAM MILLIGAN SLOANE, Pu. D., L. H. D., LL. D., 1909, 1910. 
THEODORE ROOSEVELT, LL. D., D. C. L., 1910, 1911. 

WILLIAM ARCHIBALD DUNNING, Pu. D., LL. D., 1911, 1912. 
ANDREW C. McLAUGHLIN, LL. B., LL. D., 1912, 1913. 

H. MORSE STEPHENS, M. A., Litt. D., 1913, 1914. 

GEORGE LINCOLN BURR, LL. D., Litt. D., 1914, 1915. 
WORTHINGTON C. FORD, A. M., 1915, 1916. 

WILLIAM ROSCOE THAYER, LL. D., Litt. D., L. H. D., 1916, 1917. 


SECRETARIES. 


HERBERT BAXTER ADAMS, Pu. D., LL. D., 1884-1900. 
A. HOWARD CLARK, A. M., 1889-1908. 

CHARLES HOMER HASKINS, Pu. D., 1900-1913. 
WALDO GIFFORD LELAND, A. M., 1908— 

EVARTS BOUTELL GREENE, Pu. D., 1914— 


TREASURERS. 


CLARENCE WINTHROP BOWEN, Pu. D., 1884-1917. 
CHARLES MOORE, Pu. D., 1917— 


CURATOR. 
A. HOWARD CLARK, A. M., 1889— 


EXECUTIVE COUNCIL. 


+WILLIAM BABCOCK WEEDEN, A. M., 1884-1886. 

+CHARLES DEANE, LL. D., 1884-1887. 

+MOSES COIT TYLER, L. H. D., LL. D., 1884-1885. 

EPHRAIM EMERTON, Pu. D., 1884-1885. 5 
FRANKLIN BOWDITCH DEXTER, A. M., Litt. D., 1885-1887. 
WILLIAM FRANCIS ALLEN, A. M., 1885-1887. 

WILLIAM WIRT HENRY, LL. D., 1886-1888 

+RUTHERFORD BIRCHARD HAYES, LL. D., 1887-1888. 

JOHN W. BURGESS, Pu. D., LL. D., 1887-1891. 

y7ARTHUR MARTIN WHEELER, A. M., LL. D., 1887-1889. 
+GEORGE PARK FISHER, D. D., LL. D., 1888-1891. 

+GEORGE BROWN GOODE, LL. D., 1889-1896. 

JOHN GEORGE BOURINOT, C. M. G., D. C. L., LL. D., 1889-1894. 
JOHN BACH McMASTER, PH. D., Litt. D., LL, D., 1891-1894. 
GEORGE BURTON ADAMS, Pu. D., Lirr. D., 1891-1897; 1898-1901, 
THEODORE ROOSEVELT, LL. D., D. C. L., 1894-1895. 

+JABEZ LAMAR MONROE CURRY, LL. D., 1894-1895. 

H. MORSE STEPHENS, M. A., Litr. D., 1895-1899. 

FREDERICK JACKSON TURNER, Pu."D., LL. D., Lirr. D., 1895-1899 ; 1901-1904. 
+EDWARD MINER GALLAUDET, Pu. D., LL. D., 1896-1897. 
+MELVILLE WESTON FULLER, LL. D., 1897-1900. 

ALBERT BUSHNELL HART, Pu. D., Litt. D., 1897-1900. 
ANDREW C. McLAUGHLIN, LL. B., LL. D., 1898-1901 ; 1903-1906. 
WILLIAM ARCHIBALD DUNNING, Pu. D., LL. D., 1899-1902. 
PETER WHITE, A: M., 1899-1902. 

J. FRANKLIN JAMESON, Pu. D., LL. D., Lirt. D., 1900-1903. . 
A. LAWRENCE LOWELL, Pu. D., LL. D., 1900-1903. 

HERBERT PUTNAM, Litv. D., LL. D., 1901-1904. 

GEORGE LINCOLN BURR, LL. D., 1902-1905. 

EDWARD POTTS CHEYNEY, LL. D., 1902-1905. 

EDWARD G. BOURNE, Pu. D., 1903-1906. 

7GEORGE P. GARRISON, Pu. D., 1904-1907. 

REUBEN GOLD THWAITES, LL. D., 1904-1907. 

CHARLES McLEAN ANDREWS, Pu. D., L. H. D., 1905-1908, 
JAMES HARVEY ROBINSON, Pu. D., 1905-1908, 


TERMS OF OFFICE. 


WORTHINGTON CHAUNCEY FORD, A. M., 1906-1909. 
WILLIAM MacDONALD, Pu. D., LL. D., 1906-1909. 
MAX FARRAND, PH. D., 1907-1910. 

FRANK HEYWOOD HODDER, Pu. M., 1907-1910. 
EVARTS BOUTELL GREENE, Pu. D., 1908-1911. 
CHARLES HENRY HULL, Pu. D., 1908-1911. 
FRANKLIN LAFAYETTE RILEY, A. M., Pu. D., 1909-1912. 
EDWIN ERLE SPARKS, Pu. D., LL. D., 1909-1912, 
JAMES ALBERT WOODBURN, Pu. D., LL. D., 1910-1913. 
FRED MORROW FLING, Pu. D., 1910-1913. 

HERMAN VANDENBURG AMES, Pu. D., 1911-1914. 
DANA CARLETON MUNRO, A. M., 1911-1914. 
ARCHIBALD CARY COOLIDGH, Pu. D., 1912-1914. 
JOHN MARTIN VINCENT, Pu. D., LL. D., 1912-1915, 
FREDERIC BANCROFT, Pu. D.. LL. D., 1913-1915. 
CHARLES HOMER HASKINS, Pu. D., 1913-1916. 
EUGENE C. BARKER, Pu. D., 1914-1917. 

GUY S. FORD, B. L., Pu. D., 1914-1917. 

ULRICH B. PHILLIPS, Pu. D., 1914-1917. 

LUCY M. SALMON, A. M., L. H. D., 1915- 

SAMUEL B. HARDING, Pu. D.,, 1915— 

HENRY EH. BOURNE, A. B., B. D., L. H. D., 1916— 
CHARLES MOORE, Pu. D.,. 1916-1917. 

GEORGE M. WRONG, M. 4., 1916— 

HERBERT E. BOLTON, B. L., PH. D., 1917— 
WILLIAM E. DODD, Pu. D., 1917— 

WALTER L. FLEMING, M. S., Pu. D., 1917— 
WILLIAM BE. LINGELBACH, Pu. D., 1917— 


21 


COMMITTEES APPOINTED DECEMBER 29, 1917. 


Committee on program for the thirty-fourth annual meeting.—Samuel B. Hard- 
ing, chairman; John S. Bassett, Carl Becker, EH. J. Benton, A. E. R. Boak, 
William EH. Dodd, Julius Klein, Augustus H, Shearer (e# officio). 

Committee on local arrangements.—Myron T. Herrick, chairman; Wallace H. 
Catheart, vice-chairman; Samuel B. Platner, secretary; Hlroy M. Avery, 
Elbert J. Benton, C. W. Bingham, Henry H. Bourne, A. 8. Chisholm, Arthur 
H. Clark, James R. Garfield, frank M. Gregg, Ralph King, Samuel Mather, 
William P. Palmer, Frank F. Prentiss, Charles F. Thwing, J. H. Wade. 

Committee on nominations.—Charles H. Ambler, University of West Virginia, 
chairman; Christopher B. Coleman, Carl R. Fish, J. G. de Roulhaec Hamil- 
ton, Victor H. Paltsits. 

Editors of the American Historical Review—Edward P. Cheyney, University of 
Pennsylvania, chairman; Carl Becker, Charles H. Haskins, J. Franklin 
Jameson, James H. Robinson, Claude H. Van Tyne. 

Historical manuscripts commission.—Justin H. Smith, 270 Beacon Street, Bos- 
ton, chairman; Dice R. Anderson, Mrs. Amos G. Draper, Logan Hsarey, Gail- 
lard Hunt, Charles H. Lincoln, Milo M. Quaife. 

Committee on the Justin Winsor prize.—Frederic L. Paxson, University of Wis- 
consin, chairman; Hdward S. Corwin, Frank H. Hodder, Ida M. Tarbell, 
Oswald G. Villard. 

Committee on the Herbert Baxter Adams prize.—Ruth Putnam, 2025 O Street 
NW., Washington, chairman; Charles D. Hazen, Robert H. Lord, Louis J. 
Paetow, Conyers Read. 

Public archives commission.—Victor H. Paltsits, New York Public Library, 
chairman; Eugene C. Barker, Solon J. Buck, John C. Fitzpatrick, George 
N. Fuller, George S. Godard, Peter Guilday, Thomas M. Owen. 

Committee on bibliography.—George M. Dutcher, Wesleyan University, Middle- 
town, chairman; Frank A. Golder, Adelaide R. Hasse, William T. Laprade, 
Albert H. Lybyer, Wallace Notestein, William W. Rockwell, Augustus H. 
Shearer, Bernard C. Steiner. 

Committee on publications.—H. Barrett Learned, 2123 Bancroft Bined Washing- 
ton, chairman; and (ex officio) George M. Dutcher, Evarts B. Greene, 
J. Franklin Jameson, Waldo G. Leland, Victor H. Paltsits, Frederic L. Pax- 
son, Ruth Putnam, Justin H. Smith. 

Committee on history in schools.—Victoria A. Adams, Henry L. Cannon, Her- 
bert D. Foster, Samuel B. Harding, James A. James, Daniel C. Knowlton, 
August C. Krey, Robert A. Maurer, Nathaniel W. Stephenson, Rolla M. 
Tryon, J. H. Van Sickle, William L. Westermann. (Chairmanship vacant 
during 1918. ) \ 

Conference of historical societies—Augustus H. Shearer, Grosvenor Library, 
Buffalo, secretary. 


23 


24 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


Advisory board of the History Teacher’s Magazine.—Henry Johnson, Teachers 
College, chairman; Fred M. Fling, Margaret McGill, James Sullivan, Fred- 
erie Duncalf, O. H. Williams, 

Special committee on policy.—Charles H. Haskins, Harvard University, chair- 
man; Carl Becker, William E. Dodd, Guy S. Ford, Dana C. Munro. 

Special committee on the historical congress at Rio de Janeiro.—Bernard Moses, 
University of California, chairman; Julius M. Klein, 1824 Belmont Road, 
Washington, secretary; Charles L. Chandler, Charles H. Cunningham, 
Percy A. Martin. 

Special committee on American educational and scientific enterprises in the Ot- 
toman Empire.—Edward C. Moore, Harvard University, chairman; James 
H. Breasted, Albert H. Lybyer. 

Committee on the military history prize—Robert M. Johnston, Cambridge, 
Mass., chairman; Milledge L. Bonham, jr., Allen R. Boyd, Fred M. Flink, 
Albert Bushnell Hart, 


ORGANIZATION AND ACTIVITIES. 


The American Historical Association is the national organization of those 
persons interested in history and in the promotion of historical work and 
studies. It was founded in 1884 by a group of representative scholars, and in 
1889 was incorporated by act of Congress, its national character being empha- 
sized by fixing its principal office in Washington and by providing for the 
governmental publication of its annual reports. Its present membership of 
2,700 is drawn from every State of the Union as well as from all the Territories 
and dependencies, from Canada and South America, and from 18 other foreign 
countries. The association should appeal through its meetings, publications, 
and other activities not only to the student, writer, or teacher of history, but to 
the librarian, the archivist, the editor, the man of letters, to all who have any 
interest in history, local, national, or general, and to those who believe that 
correct knowledge of the past is essential to a right understanding of the present. 

The meetings of the association are held annually during the last week in 
December in cities so situated us best to accommodate in turn the members in 
different parts of the country. The average attendance at the meetings is about 
400, representing generally 40 or more States and Canada, while from 75 to 
100 members usually have an active part in the program. But it is the oppor- 
tunity afforded for acquaintance and social intercourse quite as much as the 
formal sessions and conferences that make the meetings so agreeable and 
profitable. : 

The annual report, usually in two volumes, is printed for the association by 
the Government and is distributed free to members. It contains the proceedings 
of the association and the more important papers read at the annual meetings, 
as well as valuable collections of documents, bibliographical contributions, 
reports on American archives, on the activities of historical societies, on the 
teaching of history, etc. : 

The American Historical Review is a quarterly journal of two hundred or 
more pages. Each issue contains at least five authoritative articles in different 
fields of history, as well as selected documents, critical reviews of all new works 
of any importance, and a section devoted to historical news of periodical and 
other publications, institutions, societies, and persons. The Review is recog- 
nized, both in this country and abroad, as the standard American journal 
devoted to history, and it easily takes rank with the leading European journals, 
such as the English Historical Review or the Revue Historique. It is indis- 
pensable to all who desire to keep abreast with the historical work of the 
world, and of great value and interest to the general reader. The Review is 
distributed free to all members of the association. 

The association also publishes the Prize Essays, a series of annual volumes 
comprising the essays to which are awarded in alternate years the Herbert 
Baxter Adams and the Justin Winsor prizes of $200 each, for the best mono- 
graphs in European and American history, respectively. These volumes are 
supplied to members at $1 each and to non-members at $1.50. 

To the subject of history teaching the association has given much and con- 
sistent: attention. Round table conferences have been held, committees have 


25 


26 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


been appointed, investigations made, reports and papers read at nearly every 
annual meeting. The high standard of excellence in the teaching of history 
throughout the United States is due in no small degree to the association’s 
activity in this direction. The Report of the Committee of Seven on history in 
the secondary schools, published in 1898 and supplemented in 1910, and the 
Report of the Committee of Hight on history in the elementary schools, published 
in 1909, form the basis of the present curriculum of history in most of the 
schools of the country. There is at present a standing committee on history * 
in schools charged with the consideration of such questions as may come before 
it relative to the teaching of history. Furthermore, recognizing the impor-~ 
tance of this phase of its work and its relation to the future citizenship of the 
Nation, the association in 1911 assumed a guiding interest in the History 
Teacher’s Magazine, a monthly journal of the greatest practical value to the 
teacher of history. 

Realizing the importance and value of the work of the many State and 
local historical societies, the association has from its earliest days maintained 
close relations with these kindred organizations. Since 1904 a conference of 
delegates of historical societies has been held in connection with the annual 
meetings of the association. At these conferences are considered the problems 
of historical societies—for example, the arousing of local interest in history, 
the marking of historic sites, the collection and publication of historical mate- 
rial, the maintenance of historical museums, ete.; cooperative enterprises, too 
great for any one society, but possible for several acting together, are also 
planned. The most important of these enterprises, the preparation of a cata- 
logue of the documents in French archives relating to the history of the 
Mississippi Valley, is now nearing successful completion. 

An important function of the association is the discovery and exploitation 
of the manuscript sources of American history. Thus, the historical manu- 
scripts commission, created in 1895 as a standing committee, has published in 
the Annual Reports nearly 8,000 pages of historical documents, including such 
collections as the correspondence of John C. Calhoun; the papers of Salmon P. 


Chase; the dispatches of the French commissioners in the United States, 1791— © 


1797; the correspondence of Clark and Genet, 1793-94; the diplomatic cor- 
respondence of the Republic of Texas; the correspondence of Toombs, Stephens, 
and Cobb; the papers of James A. Bayard, etc. 

Realizing that the public records, which constitute the principal source for 
the history of any country, were generally neglected in America, and that this 
neglect had caused, and must continue to cause, irreparable losses, the associa- 
tion created in 1899 the public archives commission, the function of which was 
to examine and report upon the general character, historical value, physical 
condition, and administration -of the public records of the various States and 
of the smaller political divisions. The commission has now published reports 
on the archives of over 40 States, and has furthermore been instrumental in 
securing legislation providing for the proper care and administration of so 
Valuable a class of historical material. Since 1909 the commission has held 
an annual conference of archivists, in connection with the meetings of the 
association, for the discussion of the more or less technical problems that con- 
front the custodian of public records. 

In the meantime the association is working actively to secure for the na- 
tional archives at Washington a central building where the records of the 
Federal Government may be properly housed and cared for, instead of being, 
as at present, scattered among several hundred offices, where they are too often 
in the gravest danger from fire or other destructive forces. 


ORGANIZATION AND ACTIVITIES. 27 


Bibliography, the indispensable tool of the historian and the guide of the lay- 
man, has not been neglected. The committee on bibliography has recently pub- 
lished A Union List of Collections on European History in American Libraries 
which has proved of the greatest value to librarians and students alike. A 
special committee is at present engaged in cooperation with a committee of Eng- 
lish scholars, in the preparation of a descriptive and critical bibliography of 
modern English history. For some years now there has been prepared and pub- 
lished under the auspices of the association an annual bibliography of Writings 
on American History, which contains a practically complete list, in some 3,000 
items, of all books and periodical articles appearing during the year. It is 
generally recognized as the most complete and usable of all the national bibliog- 
raphies. Bibliographies on special subjects have been printed from time to 
time in the annual reports; especially should be noted a Bibliography of 
American Historical Societies, filling over 1,300 pages, which was printed in 
the annual report for 1905. 

In 1904 a Pacific coast branch was organized, which, while an integral part 
of the association, elects local officers and holds separate annual meetings. Its 
proceedings are published in the annual reports. In 1914 headquarters of the 
association were established in London for the benefit of the many American 
students working there in the Public Record Office and in the British Museum. 
The association is enabled to share the building of the Royal Historical So- 
ciety, 22 Russell Square. At the same time plans were on foot to establish an 
office in Paris, where the hospitality of the Ministry of Public Instruction had 
been offered to the association. The war unfortunately made it necessary to 
suspend this project, but it will be taken up again at a more propitious season. 
Doubtless offices or rooms will in time be opened in other European capitals as 
the demands of American students may seem to justify such action. 

The association has from the first pursued the policy of inviting to its mem- 
bership not only those professionally or otherwise actively engaged in historical 
work, but also those whose interest in history or in the advancement of his- 
torical science is such that they wish to ally themselves with the association in 
the furtherance of its various objects. 

Membership in the association is obtained through election by the executive 
council, upon nomination by a member, or by direct application. The annual 
dues are $3, there being no initiation fee. The life membership is $50, and 
earries with it exemption from all annual dues. 

All inquiries respecting the association, its work, publications, prizes, meet- 
ings, membership, etc., may be addressed to the Secretary of the American 
Historical Association, 1140 Woodward Building, Washington, D. C. To him 
also or to the secretary of the council, 315 Lincoln Hall, Urbana, IIl., should 
* be directed all communications relative to gifts or bequests for the benefit of 
the association. 


HISTORICAL PRIZES. 


[Winsor and Adams prizes.] 


For the purpose of encouraging historical research the American Historical 
Association offers two prizes, each prize of $200—the Justin Winsvur prize in 
American history and the Herbert Baxter Adams prize in the history of the 
Eastern Hemisphere. The Winsor prize is offered in the even years (as here- 
tofore), and the Adams prize in the odd years. Both prizes are designed to 
encourage writers who have not published previously any considerable work 
or obtained an established reputation. Either prize shall be awarded for an 
excellent monograph or essay, printed or in manuscript, submitted to er se 
lected by the committee of award. Monographs must be submitted on or before 
July 1 of the given year. In the case of a printed monograph the date of pub- 
lication must fall within a period of two years prior to July 1. A monograph 
to which a prize has been awarded in manuscript may, if it is deemed in all 
respects available, be published in the annual report of the association. Com- 
petition shall be limited to monographs written or published in the English 
language by writers of the Western Hemisphere. 

In making the award the committee will consider not only research, ac- 

curacy, and originality, but also clearness of expression and logical arrange- 
ment. The successful monograph must reveal marked excellence of style. Its 
subject matter should afford a distinct contribution to knowledge of a sort 
beyond that having merely personal or loeal interest. The monograph must 
eonform to the accepted canons of historical research and criticism. A manu- 
script—including text, notes, bibliography, appendices, ete——must not exceed 
100,000 words if designed for publication in the annual report of the associa- 
tion. . 
The Justin Winsor prize—The monograph must be based upon independent 
and original investigation in American history. The phrase “ American his- 
tory ” includes the history of the United States and other countries of the 
Western Hemisphere. The monograph may deal with any aspect or phase of 
that history. 

The Herbert Baxter Adams prize——The monograph must be based upon in- 
dependent and original investigation in the history of the Eastern Hemisphere. 
The monograph may deal with any aspect or phase of that history, as in the 
ease of the Winsor prize. 

Inquiries regarding these prizes should be addressed to the chairmen of 
the respective committees, or to the secretary of the association, 1140 Wood- 
ward Building, Washington, D. C. 


The Justin Winsor prize (which until 1906 was offered annually) has been 
awarded to the following: 

1896. Herman V. Ames, “The proposed amendments to the Constitution of 
the United States.” 

1900. William A. Schaper, “ Sectionalism and representation in South Caro- 
lina; with honorable mention of Mary S. Locke, “Anti-slavery sentiment 
before 1808,” 

29 


30 ‘AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


1901. Ulrich B. Phillips, ‘ Georgia and State rights;” with honorable mention 
of M. Louise Greene, ‘“ The struggle for religious liberty in Connecticut.” 

1902. Charles McCarthy, “ The Anti-Masonic Party ;” with honorable mention 
of W. Roy Smith, “South Carolina as a Royal Province.” 

1903. Louise Phelps Kellogg, ‘“‘ The American colonial charter: A study of its 
relation to English administration, chiefly after 1688.” 4 

1904. William R. Manning, “The Nootka Sound controversy ;” with honor- 
able mention of C. O. Paullin, ‘‘' The Navy of the American Reyolution.” 

1906. Annie Heloise Abel, “The history of events resulting in Indian consoli- 
dation west of the Mississippi River.” 

1908. Clarence Edwin Carter, “Great Britain and the Illinois country, 
1765-1774 ;” with honorable mention of Charles Henry Ambler, ‘“ Sectionalism 
in Virginia, 1776-1861.” 

1910. Edward Raymond Turner, “The Negro in Pennsylvania: Slavery— 
servitude—freedom, 1639-1861.” 

1912. Charles Arthur Cole, “The Whig Party in the South.” 

1914. Mary W. Williams, “Anglo-American Isthmian diplomacy, 1815-1915.” 

1916. Richard J. Purcell, ‘“ Connecticut in transition, 1775-1818.” 

From 1897 to 1899 and in 1905 the Justin Winsor prize was not awarded. 


The Herbert Baxter Adams prize has been awarded to: 

1905. David S. Muzzey, “‘ The spiritual Franciscans ;” with honorable mention 
of Eloise Ellery, “Jean Pierre Brissot.” 

1907. In equal division, Edward B. Krehbiel, ‘‘The Interdict: Its history 
and its operation; with especial attention to the time of Pope Innocent III;” 
and William S. Robertson, ‘‘ Francisco de Miranda and the revolutionizing of 
Spanish America.” 

1909. Wallace Notestein, ‘A history of witchcraft in England from 1558 to 
1718.” 

1911. Louise Fargo Brown, “The political activities of the Baptists and 
Fifth-Monarchy men in England during the Interregnum.” 

1913. Violet Barbour, ‘“‘ Henry Bennet, Earl of Arlington.” 

1915. Theodore C. Pease, ‘‘The Leveller movement ;’’ with honorable mention 
of F. C. Melvin, “‘ Napoleon’s system of licensed navigation, 1806-1814.” 

1917. Frederick L. Nussbaum, “G. J. A. Ducher: An essay in the political — 
history of mercantilism during the French Revolution.” 

The essays of Messrs. Muzzey, Krehbiel, Carter, Notestein, Turner, Cole, 
Pease, Purcell, Miss Brown, Miss Barbour, and Miss Williams have been pub- 
lished by the association in a series of separate volumes. The earlier Winsor 
prize essays were printed in the annual reports. 


MILITARY HISTORY PRIZE. 


A prize of $250 is offered for the best approved essay on a subject in military 
history. The fields of study are not limited, but the Civil War is recommended 
as especially suitable. While the committee expects that the essays submitted 
will range from about 20,000 to 50,000 words, this is not intended as an abso- 
lute condition. All essays must be submitted in typewritten form, and sent to 
the chairman of the committee, Prof. R. M. Johnston, 275 Widener Hall, Cam- 
bridge, Mass., by August 31, 1918. 


I. REPORT OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRTY-THIRD 
ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN 
HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


PHILADELPHIA, PA., DECEMBER 27-29, 1917. 


31 


THE MEETING OF THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 
AT PHILADELPHIA. 


The American Historical Association has now held at least two 
of its annual meetings in each of the four chief centers of American 
population. Jt held at New York the meeting of 1896 and the 
twenty-fifth anniversary meeting of 1909; at Boston those of 1887, 
1899, and 1912; at Chicago a summer meeting of somewhat special 
character in 1893, at the time of the World’s Fair, and meetings in 
December of 1904 and 1914; and has now held two meetings in Phila- 
delphia, those of 1902 and 1917. Anyone who has attended, at the 
same city, or in each of them, two of these meetings, ten or fifteen 
years apart, has ready means of measuring the society’s progress and 
the advancement made in the range and quality of its proceedings. 
It is all very gratifying, and most of all because of the rich promise 
it offers of still further improvement in the future. 

One or two aspects of the Philadelphia meeting were, however, 
especially gratifying. In November and December there had been, 
in this as in other scientific societies, evidences of doubt in some 
minds as to whether it were not better, in war time, to omit these 
large annual gatherings, in the interest of economy of money and 
effort. They are indeed expensive. They are more expensive than 
they should be. No local committee of arrangements likes to show 
the American Historical Association any but the best hotel in its 
city, though few there be among the members of that worthy but 
impecunious fraternity who habitually put up at the best hotels in 
the cities which they visit on other occasions. To be forced to stay 
at an expensive hotel because it is headquarters is in some respects 
agreeable (especially if there is a cheap restaurant near at hand), but 
when we add to the cost the expense and present difficulty of railroad 
travel, there is much to deter us, especially in war time, from going 
far to attend the meetings of a scientific society. With the next meet- 
ing scheduled to take place in Minneapolis, the association did pru- 
dently in voting authority to the executive council to omit the meet- 
ing of December, 1918, or change place and plan, if conditions at- 
tending the war develop before September in such a manner that 
action of this sort seems to the council expedient. 

But with the pressure of the war no further advanced than it 
was in December, 1917, it could fairly be said that, if the transac- 


1 This account is adapted from that in the American Historical Review for April, 1918. 


88582°—19——3 33 


34 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


tions of a national historical society were what they should be, they 
were worth to the Government and the country all that they cost. 
No national effort of such prodigious magnitude and power as that 
which we are called upon to make can be made by any nation which 
is not fully conscious of an inspiring past. Of all the factors that 
make a nation, a common history is perhaps the most potent; and 
the present war of nations is visibly a product of history. Much 
knowledge of European history is necessary toward its comprehen- 
sion, much thought and feeling respecting American history toward 
bearing successfully our part in its prosecution. A national his- 
torical society with no thoughts above the level of antiquarianism 
might better not convene in such days as these, but a national his- 
torical society with the right spirit could not hold an annual meet- 
ing without sending its members home heartened to the performance 
of every patriotic duty, nor without extending in some measure 
throughout the nation the inspiring and clarifying influence of 
sound historical thinking and right patriotic feeling. 

Fortunately—though not by accident, nor with any ground for 
surprise—such has been the spirit and temper of the American His- 
torical Association. It is no accident that such men wish now, more 
than ever, to connect their studies of the past with the life of the 
present, to relate every portion of history to the impending crisis of 
civilization, and to concentrate attention on those parts that are 
really significant and directly helpful, yet to do all this without 
allowing the judgment to be warped by the events and passions of 
the hour, without ceasing to see the life of the race steadily and see 
it whole. At the Cincinnati meeting, and still more at that lately 
held at Philadelphia, those who made the program and those who 
took part in it advanced from the ignoring attitude of 1914 and 1915 
to a frank recognition of the war as the historical event now upper- 
most in all minds, from ground perhaps suitable to spectators to 
ground appropriate for participants, and did so without excite- 
ment or partisanship or loss of judgment. Such discussions by 
teachers and writers are surely useful to the nation. 

Not only was the meeting marked by unwonted enthusiasm, but 
it was attended by much greater numbers than would generally be 
expected in such times. The registration amounted to 379, a figure 
which has only a few times been surpassed. No doubt the historic 
and other attractions of Philadelphia were in large part responsible 
for this unusually great attendance. No city has so many and so 
important associations with the beginnings of our national life, and 
none has so many visible memorials of those events to attract the 
patriotic pilgrim. A special occasion was provided, on one of the 
afternoons of the session, for visits to these historic scenes of old 

~ Philadelphia and to the American Philosophical Society. 


THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL MEETING. 35 


Additional numbers may well have been drawn to the meeting by 
Philadelphia’s established fame for hospitality. Besides all that 
was done privately to sustain those hospitable traditions, the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania, in whose buildings all the sessions of one 
of the three days (Dec. 27, 28, 29) were held, entertained all mem- 
bers to luncheon and to supper on that day. The Historical Society 
of Pennsylvania, in whose hall Mr. Worthington Ford delivered on 
the first evening his presidential address, followed that address, in 
its usual handsome manner, with a reception and supper. The con- 
ference of archivists and that of historical societies were held in the 
same building. Other sessions of the first and third days were mostly 
held in various rooms of the hotel chosen as official headquarters, the 
Bellevue-Stratford. The privileges of the College Club and of the 
New Century Club were extended to women members attending the 
meeting, those of the Franklin Inn Club to the men. The chairman 
of the committee on local arrangements was Mr. George Wharton 
Pepper, the vice chairman, Prof. William E. Lingelbach, of the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania, to whom, and to other professors in that 
university, the attending members are greatly indebted. The chair- 
man of the committee on program was Prof. John B. McMaster, the 
vice chairman Prof. Herman V. Ames, of the same institution. 

Other learned societies which met at the same time and place were 
the Archaeologica] Institute of America, the American Philological 
Society, the American Economic Association, the American Political 
Science Association, the American Sociological Society, the Missis- 
sippi Valley Historical Association, and the Association of History 
Teachers of the Middle States and Maryland. The session on ancient 
history was held as a joint session with the first two of these bodies; 
that on medieval church history as a joint session with the American 
Society of Church History, which, meeting as usual in New York, ad- 
journed to Philadelphia for this final session; the conference of 
teachers of history as a joint session with the Association of History 
Teachers of the Middle States and Maryland; while the last session 
of all was held in common with the American Economic Association, 
the American Political Science Association, and the American So- 
ciological Society. At that session the members of the various so- 
cieties were favored with an interesting informal address by the Hon. 
Robert Brand, deputy chairman of the British War Mission, well 
known for work connected with the federation of South Africa, on 
the “ British Commonwealth of Nations”; Hon. Edward P. Costi- 
gan, of the United States Tariff Commission, read an address on 
“Economic alliances, commercial treaties, and tariff adjustments,” 
partly historica] in character, in so far as it touched upon the experi- 
ments of the United States in reciprocity since 1890;1 and Prof. 


1 Mr. Costigan’s paper appears in the supplement to the American Economic Review 
for March, 1918. cm 


36 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


Wallace Notestein, of the University of Minnesota, read a paper, at 
once entertaining and of solid value, on the “ Pan-German use of his- 
tory.” 

At noon of the first day, the members of the American Historical 
Association and the American Political Science Association came 
together in a subscription luncheon, at which M. Louis Aubert, of 
the French High Commission, spoke eloquently of the aid of his- 
torians in winning the war, and Prof. Guy S. Ford, of the University 
of Minnesota, who since May has been performing invaluable serv- 
ices as director of the Division of Civic and Educational Coopera- 
tion in the Committee on Public Information at Washington, de- 
scribed the educational work of that committee in detail and in a 
manner to convince all hearers of the high value of its labors. Sey- 
eral subscription dinners of those having a common interest in an 
individual field of history were arranged, in accordance with a cus- 
tom which has been growing of late, and were eminently successtul— 
a dinner of those interested in military history, one of members in- 
terested in the history of the Far East, and one of members of the 
Mississippi Valley Historical Association. There was also a break- 
fast of those interested in Latin-American history and in the founda- 
tion of the new Hispanic-American Historical Review; and a sub- 
scription luncheon of teachers, at which the subject of discussion was 
the War and the Teaching of History, and at which an interesting 
letter addressed to those present by M. Edouard de Billy, French 
Deputy High Commissioner, was read by M. Francois Monod. 

Though several of the sessions were entitled conferences and had 
in part that character, the familiar difficulty of eliciting real discus- 
sion of substantive papers confined those sessions mostly to formal 
written contributions; but there were, as usual, three conferences that 
call for independent description, the fourteenth annual conference 
of representatives of State and local historical societies, the ninth 
annual conference of archivists and, the conference of teachers of 
history. 

The conference of historical societies now met for the first time 
under the constitution provided for it by the association a year before, 
which gives it an autonomous status; and organized by the choice of 
Mr. Thomas L. Montgomery, librarian of the Pennsylvania State 
Library, as chairman; and of several committees. The secretary of 
the new organization is Dr. Augustus H. Shearer, of the Grosvenor 
Library, Buffalo, appointed to that position by the council a year be- 
fore. Preparations were made for the issue in 1918 of a handbook of 
American historical societies. The proceedings of the conference 
were mainly occupied with the problem of the relations between his- 
torical societies and the various hereditary-patriotic societies, 
especially in the matter of cooperation in publication.. Judge Norris 


THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL MEETING. Si 


S. Barratt, of the Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas, read a paper 
on the publications issued by societies of the latter class, and the need 
of avoiding duplication. The plan of a joint committee, in which 
each such society should be represented, and which should systematize 
printing, and by agreement assign to each society the field and 
method of publication which it should adopt, was elaborated by Prof. 
William Libbey, of Princeton University; and by Mr. Worthington 
C. Ford, of the Massachusetts Historical Society. It was voted that 
the president of the American Historical Association should be re- 
quested to appoint a committee of 18, representingyall types of or- 
ganization involved, to consider closer cooperation and report a 
plan for avoiding duplication of effort and securing a better and 
more systematic publication of historical material. For the remain- ° 
der of the conference the topic was the collection by historical 
societies of local material on the present war; Prof. Harlow C. Lind- 
ley and Dr. Solon J. Buck gave useful descriptions of methods 
pursued by the Indiana State Library and the Minnesota Historical 
Society respectively.t 

The chief theme in the conference of archivists was the collection 
and preservations of war records. Mr. Waldo G. Leland, of the 
Carnegie Institution, secretary of the National Board for Historical 
Service, presented in outline the general subject of “ Archives of the 
War.” He emphasized the great need of preserving properly the 
official documents and papers produced by the Federal, State, and 
local governments of the Union in their various conventional depart- 
ments, and showed in part what was being done in this direction, and 
by libraries; but he dwelt more largely on the need of preserving 
proper records of the doings of those newer governmental or semi- 
official or extra official bodies which have been created in such num- 
bers for purposes connected with the war. Starting without tradi- 
tions of office and with instant needs for boundless activity, such or- 
ganizations are likely to forget the importance of preserving for 
future times the records of their activities. Yet after all their 
achievements should hold as high and as instructive a place in the 
history of the war as those of all the traditional divisions of the old- 
line military or political mechanism, for the future historian of the 
war will see it, in this country as in others, as a prodigious and 
many-sided effort of the whole Nation. What has been done to 
cause these newer bodies to conserve historical material was set 
forth by Mr. Leland in general terms, and was exemplified in a par- 
ticular instance by a fuller description, presented by Mr. Everett S. 
Brown, of the archives of the Food Administration as historical 

1A fuller account of the proceedings, in a brief pamphlet of eight pages, has been 


prepared by Dr. Shearer, and may be obtained from him. The complete proceedings are 
printed in this present volume. 


38 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


sources. Prof. Peter Guilday, of the Catholic University of Amer- 
ica, editor of the Catholic Historical Review, speaking to the title, 
the “Collection of Catholic war records,” described the systematic 
endeavors made, on a large scale, by the war record committee of the 
Catholic National War Council, operating through 119 diocesan sub- 
committees, to collect all sorts of material relating to the war which 
could be obtained from members of the Catholic Church, the portions 
relating to Catholics to be preserved ultimately in a special archive 
building to be erected in Washington at the Catholic University of 
America. Prof. R. M. Johnston, of Harvard; Mr. R. D. W. Con- 
nor, of North Carolina; Dr. Buck, of Minnecaaae and Dr. James 
Sullivan, of the New York Department of History, also spoke in 
this conference, partly by way of describing the earnest and intelli- 
gent efforts which historical departments and societies and the his- 
torical sections of State councils of defence have made to insure 
the preservation of material on the war, partly upon the pressing 
need, which war conditions have emphasized, for better housing of 
the national archives at Washington. The conference was pre- 
sided over by Mr. Victor H. Paltsits, of the New York Public 
Library, chairman of the Public Archives Commission.t 

The conference of teachers of history, presided over by Dean 
Marshall S. Brown, of New York University, attracted an excep- 
tionally large attendance, especially of teachers in secondary schools. 
It will be remembered that the association two years ago appointed 
a committee of 18 to consider what progress could be made 
toward framing for American schools a more ideal program in 
history, a course which, while defining more closely the fields of 
history recommended by the committee of seven, should also bring 
about a better coordination between the elementary and the sec- 
ondary schools. This conference was planned to help forward 
these deliberations, and the principal paper was by Prof. Henry 
Johnson, of Teachers College, Columbia University, chairman hith- 
erto of that committee on history in schools. Prof. Johnson’s paper, 
on the “ School course in history, some precedents and a possible next 
step,” a paper expressed with his usual wisdom and felicity, and the 
valuable remarks of the gentlemen who followed him in the discus- 
sion of the theme, Prof. Rolla M. Tryon, of the University of Chi- 
cago; Dr. Arthur M. Wolfson, of the New York High School of 
Commerce; Prof. Henry E. Bourne, of the Western Reserve Univer- 
sity; and Prof. Herbert D. Foster, of Dartmouth University; have 
been printed at length in another place. It must suffice here to say 
that Prof. Johnson warned against the non-historical tendency to 


2 History Teacher’s Magazine, February, 1918, pp. 74-83, pages of great value and im- 
portance. See also below in this present volume, 


~ 


THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL MEETING. 39 


teach too much “current events,” continually shifting the emphasis 
and interpretation of history to suit the interests of the hour, and 
against the temptation, active in such times as these, to turn the 
whole force of historical teaching to the stimulation of national 
patriotism—the very process which in Germany, glorifying one na- 
tion alone, has resulted in intellectual isolation from the civilization 
of the rest of the world. Advocating a connected program of history 
for the whole school course, he especially commended as a model the 
French course of 1902, which endeavored to promote without bias a 
sympathetic understanding of the progress of humanity, and there- 
fore attained a point of view universal and stable. 

Among the formal papers read at the meetings, the place of first 
consideration belongs to the bright and engaging presidential ad- 
dress delivered by Mr. Ford, ied princeps among American his- 


- torical editors of whatever period, on the “ Editorial function in 


American history.” Such summaries as we are able to give of the 
other papers may best be arranged in something approaching a 
chronological or systematic order, without regard to the order in 
which these papers appeared in the program. 

A group of papers in the session on ancient history discussed, in 
outline and suggestively, the problems of ancient imperialism, Prof. 
Albert T. Olmstead, of the University of Illinois, presenting a paper 
on “ Oriental imperialism; Prof. William S. Ferguson, of Harvard, 
one on “Greek imperialism;” while a third, prepared by the late 


Prof. George W. Botsford of Columbia University, dealt with 


“Roman imperialism.” ? 


In the same session, Prof. Clifford H. Moore, of Harvard Uni- 
versity, discussing the “Decay of nationalism under the Roman 
Empire,” showed how the earlier patriotism of antiquity, based on 
the city state in the more advanced, on the tribe in the less advanced 
populations, never developed into a nationalism attached to a large 
area, before Roman conquest substituted provincial organization 
with its highly centralized form of government, broke up old rela- 
tions and destroyed many of the intercity or intertribal ties. That 
a Roman nationalism developed under the Empire is difficult to 
maintain. The racial composition of the Empire, its vast extent, 
the early loss of political power under the principate, the individ- 
ualism engendered by social and economic conditions and by phi- 
losophy and oriental religions, caused Roman national spirit in 
reality to decline.’ 

Aspects of cosmopolitan religion under the Empire were bead 
by Prof. A. L. Frothingham of Princeton, in a paper on the “ Cos- 


1 American Historical Review, XXIII, 273-286; also below in present volume. 
2These three papers are printed in the American Historical Review for July, 1918, 
$8 Printed in the Transactions of the American Philological Association, 1918, 


40. AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


mopolitan religion of Tarsus and the origin of Mithra.” He ex- 
hibited Tarsus as a typical exponent of religious cosmopolitanism, 
affected, by reason of its position and history, by Hittite and Ana- 
tolian ideas, by those of the Assyrians and the Persians, the Greeks, 
and the Romans. One part of his paper essayed to show how influ- 
ences from all these sources are reflected in the symbolism of the 
lion slaying the bull, a special device of Tarsus, and in its mytho- 
logical interpretations. Another argued for the origin of Mithra 
in the Babylonian myth of the hero Gilgamesh. Among the com- 
ments made upon the papers in this session, especially valuable were 
those of Prof. Frank F. Abbott, of Princeton, on, the causes which 
broke down the individuality of the city states and brought about 
the decline of civic patriotism under the Roman Empire. 

Prof. Joseph C. Ayer, jr., of the Episcopal Divinity School in 
Philadelphia, presented a paper on the “Church councils of the 
Anglo-Saxons.” His conclusions were: (1) That the provincial 
conciliar system of the church was as ineffectual and as irregular at 
this period in England as elsewhere: (2) that with the exception of 
the two provincial synods of Hertford and Hatfield under Arch- 
bishop Theodore, there were no Anglo-Saxon councils or synods rep- 
resenting the entire church in England; (3) that there is no evidence, 
by way of church councils, of any such unity of church organization 
as could do much to advance the political unity of the nations in 
England; (4) that the earliest synods of Theodore and probably the 
strictly provincial synods for some time, were called by the arch- 
bishop on his own authority, but that later it was on the king’s 
authority that, all councils, secular and ecclesiastical, were called, 
the church councils rapidly becoming assimilated with the witenage- 
mot; (5) that the witenagemot took the place of the provincial synod 
for all ecclesiastical purposes at an early day, possibly at about 800 
AS Ds 

In the session devoted to medieval church history, in which this 
paper was read, later church ‘councils had an important place. The 
presidential address which Prof. David S. Schaff, of the Western 
Thelogical Seminary at Pittsburgh, delivered perce the American 
Society of Church History in this session was devoted to the “ Coun- 
cil of Constance, its fame and its failure,” setting forth its personal as- 
pects, the questions which it settled, and those which it failed to 
settle—the healing of the papal schism, the failure to reform the 
church, or to fix the final seat of authority in ecumenical councils. 

Dr. Harold J. Laski, of Harvard, in a paper on the “ Conciliar 
Movement,” dealt with that movement in its bearings upon funda- 
mental political questions, still urgent: The nature of political au-— 


1 Printed in Papers of the American Society of Church History. 


THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL MEETING. 41 


thority, the question of sovereignty, the relation between the State 
and other organizations, the problems connected with representative 
government, and the problems of internationaiism. The important 
question throughout the movement was that of constitutionalism 
against autocracy. The papacy refused reform. The conciliar 
writers believed that only a constitutional government could end the 
evil. They were led to see that the church is not sui generis but 
has the nature of other associations of men. The federal idea to 
which they came was overthrown by the conception of a sovereignty 
which because of its great purposes could know no limits, which 
refuses to admit a divided al.egiance. The failure of the attempt 
gave birth to ultramontanism, the parent of divine right and state 
absolutism. But even in failure, the idea that the consent of the 
governed is a fundamental element in government, the idea that 
there are rights so sacred that they must not be invaded survived 
to bear fruit later. The temporary failure was due to the secular 
forces of the time, demanding centralization. 

In the last of the papers of ecclesiastical history, a paper on the 
“Actual achievements of the Reformation,” Dr. Presserved Smith 
interpreted the Reformation as a culmination of seven revolutionary 
processes, maturing throughout the latter Middle Ages: A revolt of 
the national state against the ecclesiastical world state and of Teu- 
tonism against Latin culture; the prevalence of the ideals of the 
bourgeoisie over those of the privileged orders; the change from a 
pessimistic, other-worldly order, to one optimistic and secular; the 
growth of individualism; the popularization of knowledge; the tri- 
umph of monotheism or monism; and the shift from a sacramental, 
hierarchical supernaturalism to an unconditioned, unmediated, dis- 
- interested, transcendental morality. 

The special session for English medieval history was devoted to 
four papers on the history of English medieval taxations: By Prof. 
William E. Lunt, of Haverford College, on “Early assessment for 
papal taxation of English clerical incomes;” by Dr. Sydney K. 
Mitchell, of Yale University, on the “Taxation of the personal 
property of laymen down to 1272;” by Dr, Norman S. B. Gras, of 
Clark University, on the “ English customs revenue to 1275;” and 
by Prof. James F. Willard, of the University of Colorado, on the 
“Assessment of lay subsidies, 1290-1332.” 1 

Mr. Lunt described the valuations made in 1201, 1217, and 1229,- 
and discussed the assessments probably used for the taxes ordered 
in 1238, 1239, 1245, 1246, 1247, and 1252. Tentatively, he concluded 
that the three valuations named were apparently the only assess- 
ments of English clerical incomes made for papal taxation pre- 


1 All but the second of these papers, that by Dr. Mitchell, are printed below in the 
present volume. 


42 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. | 


vious to 1254, and that they probably included only the spiritualities 
and did not extend to the temporalities. The last of the three, that 
of 1229, was the most thorough, furnished the precedents for the 
methods followed in later valuations, and was probably used for the 
assessment of all papal taxes imposed upon the income of the 
English papal clergy between 1229 and 1254. 

Mr. Mitchell’s paper dealt with the machinery created for the 
new taxation of the personal property of laymen. A special ex- 


chequer, modeled after that of Westminster but independent of it, — 


was generally established to deal with the work of each county col- 
lector. This system was followed until the time of Edward I, when 
the work was assigned to the exchequer at Westminister and the ward- 
robe. In the endeavors after proper valuation, many experiments 
were made in the local machinery, adaptations and generalizations 
of devices already in use in the judicial organization of the king- 
dom, but one feature was constant, a body of royal-commissioners, 
appointed in each county, who had general charge of the assessment 
and collection of the tax. 

In respect to the early history of the English customs revenue, 
Dr. Gras controverted the current view that the origin of the na- 
tional customs had lain in a gradual development of the royal right 
of seizure of goods from merchants, systematized and reduced to 
money payments. On the contrary he believed the national system 
to have developed from certain definite customs already existing, 
through a series of clearly defined actions, in each case an episode 
in the struggle between localism and nationalism. Among the early 
taxes on trade he instanced lastage and scavage as having character- 


. . . ° . . 
istics of national taxes, and two later taxes on wine, cornage and 


_ 


prisage. The decrees or assizes on which these taxes were founded ~ 


have been lost, but they were all national in being based on foreign 
trade, imposed on alien and denizen, and apparently imposed orig- 
inally by the sovereign. 

Prof. Willard’s paper was an account of the assessment of taxes on 
personal property in England from 1290 to 1332. Between these 


two dates the system provided for the appointment in each county — 


of groups of commissioners called taxers, in whose instructions the 
fundamental principle was that the personal property of each indi- 


vidual was to be valued by men of his neighborhood. Subtaxers — 


reported their data to the chief taxers, who, after general survey, 
summarized the information in two large rolls for the county, which 
were brought to the exchequer. There is some uncertainty as to the 
kinds of personal property which were valued, and as to whether 
assessments were made from the true value, but apparently there was 
a good deal of conventional valuation. 


THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL MEETING. 43 


In a paper entitled “The association,”* Dr. J. Franklin Jameson 
discussed the development, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, 
of that institution or mode of organization of which the association 
of the Continental Congress, Philadelphia, 1774, is a familiar ex- 
ample—a signed agreement to continue in a given course of political 
action. He traced its English history from the association for the 
protection of Queen Elizabeth, in 1584, to instances of loyal associa- 
tion of a similar sort under the Hanoverian kings, discussed the 
Scottish model on which the association of 1584 might have been 
founded, but showed evidences that its model was rather the Dutch 
compromise of 1566, which in turn most probably had its model in 
the French Catholic leagues of 1560 and the years immediately 
following. 

The most generally interesting of all the sessions was doubtless 
that one which was devoted to a topic uppermost at that time in most 
minds, recent Russian history.? 

In this session, Prof. Alexander Petrunkevitch, of Yale University, 
described in an einen file manner the role of the intellectuals in 
the liberating movement in Russia. The real leaders of all Russian 
parties are intellectuals, since they alone have intelligence to formu- 
late the desires and dreams of the workers. The party programs 
express the opinions of the leaders, not of the masses; the wording 
of them is in the language of educated Russia. He described the 
intellectual position of each of the Russian political parties and its 
relations to the revolution, and explained why no one of them was 
able to control the forces which the revolution had unloosed. 

Prof. Samuel N. Harper, of Chicago, speaking on “ Forces behind 
the Rusian revolution of: March, 1917,” dwelt’ chiefly upon two dis- 
tinct forces, operating through two sets of institutions’—political 
liberalism, which took the initiative, acting through already existing 
institutions of a somewhat popular character, especially the Duma, 
and radicalism of a socialistic character, claiming to represent “ rev- 
olutionary democracy” as opposed to the bourgeoisie, and acting 
through strictly revolutionary organizations, such as the Council of 
Workmen’s and Soldiers’ Deputies. The interaction of these forces, 
the failure of efforts toward coalition, and the chaos resulting from 
the triumph of revolutionary democracy, were described. 

Next followed a vivid account of the “ First week of the revolu- 
tion of March, 1917,” by an eyewitness, Prof. Frank A. Golder, of 
Washington State College. Adverting to the prevalence, before the 
war, of discontent with the Government, and the frequent talk, in all 
circles, of the revolution that would follow soon after the war, he 


1 Printed below in the present volume. 
2The four papers read at this session have been published by the Harvard University 
Press in a volume: The Russian Revolution and the Jugo-Slavs. 


44 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


declared the present revolution to have been precipitated by the con- 
duct of the Minister of the Interior. Fearing lest the revolutionary 
spirit should grow too powerful for the Government to contend with, 
he instigated an uprising in order to suppress it seasonably and pre- 
vent worse outbreaks in the future, and so brought on a revolution 
which he was unable to control. 

Finally, in a comprehensive paper on the “ Jugo-Slay movement,” 
Prof. Robert J. Kerner, of the University of Missouri, traced the 
history of the Jugo-Slavs (Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes) through an 
evolution of 12 centuries, from primeval unity, through a political, 
economic, and social decomposition of a most bewildering character, 
to national unity and the present demand for political amalgamation. 

We may bridge the transition from papers of European history to 
papers of American -history by mention of that on the “Functions 
of an historical section of a general staff,’+ read in a section de- 
voted to military history, by Lieut. Col. Paul Azan, of the French 
Army. The topic gains additional interest for American historical 
scholars from the recent action of the War Department in creating 
an historical section in the general staff of the United States Army. 
Col. Azan described the archives of the French ministry of war, the 
organization of the historical section of the general staff, its work, 
and its relations to the Centre des Hautes Etudes Militaires and the 
Ecole Supérieure de Guerre in developing the theory of war. 

First among the contributions to American history mention should 
be made of the notable paper by Prof. Andrew C. McLaughlin, of 
the University of Chicago, on the “ Background of American Feder- 
alism.”* Its purpose was to show, first, that the essential qualities 
of American federal organization were largely produced by the 
practices of the old British Empire as it existed before 1764, and, 
secondly, that the discussions of the period from that time to 1787, 
and, more particularly, those of the 10 years preceding 1776, gath- 
ered very largely around the problem of imperial organization, and, 
in that field, around the problem of rc/ognizing federalism as a 
principle, or of discerning the nature of federal organization, in 
which so-called powers of government are distinguished one from 
another. The insistence of the colonists was on the maintenance of 
the old, uncentralized empire; the contention of the parliamenta- 
rians was that a denial of a single power to the Parliament was a 
denial that it was possessed of any power whatsoever. The result 
of the actual practices of the old empire, of the argument, of the 
war, and of the attempted solution in the Articles of Confederation, 
was the emergence of the federal empire of the United States. 


1 Printed in the Military Historian and Economist, April, 1918. 
2 Printed in the American Political Science Review for May, 1918. 


THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL MEETING. 45 


The other papers relating to the first 50 years of United States 
history were those read in joint session with the Mississippi Valley 
Historical Association. That of Prof. James A. James, of North- 
western University, entitled “To what extent was George Rogers 
Clark in control of the Northwest at the close of the Revolution? ”? 
took up that question as an essential means for determining the im- 
portance of Clark’s conquests. The author related the history of 
Clark’s designs and movements against Detroit, concluding with the 
results of his expeditions against the Shawnee strongholds in No- 
vember, 1782, which in both British and Indian view laid Detroit 
open to attack. : 

The essay by Prof. Archibald Henderson, of the University of 
North Carolina, on the “ Spanish conspiracy in Tennessee,” related 
to the events which ensued in the Tennessee region upon the extinc- 
tion of the state of Franklin. The conspiracy was that whereby 
Gardoqui intrigued with John Sevier to secure the allegiance of the 
latter and his associates to Spain. An important letter of Sevier, 
from the Archives of the Indies, promising action of this nature, 
was read.? 

In the same session, the “ Mission of Gen. George Matthews on 
the Florida frontier” was described by Prof. Isaac J. Cox, of the 
University of Cincinnati, who related Matthews’s endeavors in 1810, 
as secret agent, to persuade Folch to surrender West Florida, his re- 
newal of the attempt in the following year, his unauthorized instiga- 
tion of rebellion in East Florida, his seizure of Fernandina, and the | 
considerations which forced Madison to disavow his actions. 

A paper by Prof. Eugene C. Barker, of the University of Texas, 
on “Stephen F. Austin,.”* was devoted to a discussion of Austin’s 
personality, as revealed in his work. His power as a leader was de- 
duced from the control he exercised over the rapidly increasing popu- 
lation of his settlement throughout the whole period from 1821 to 
1836, his skill as a diplomat from his ability to hold the confidence 
of Mexican statesmen and allay their fears of disloyalty on the 
part of the colonists despite the persistent efforts of the United States 
to buy Texas. 

In a paper of much importance and value, Prof. Frederick J. 
Turner, of Harvard University, set forth the “Significance of the 
North-Central States in the middle of the nineteenth century.” The 
points mainly dwelt upon were the relations of geography and popu- 
lation, the interplay and mixture of varied stocks, the influence of 
mid-western agriculture, especially of wheat farming, on both west 


1 Printed below in the present volume. 

2Mr. Henderson’s article appears in the April number of the Tennessee Historical 
Magazine. 

38 Printed in the Mississippi Valley Historical Review for June, 1918, 


eer, b Na 
Ae ale or ge 
46 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


and east, the development of business, the application of eastern 
capital to banking, transportation, and commerce, the political de- 
velopments and their relation to the processes of settlement and of 
economic growth, the formation of a new democratic society in this 
region, and the influence of the children of the pioneers in a wide 
variety of cultural fields. 

Three papers dealt with the American war period of 50 years 
ago. Prof. Louis B. Schmidt, of Iowa State College, spoke on the 
“Tnfluence of wheat and cotton on Anglo-American relations during 
the Civil War.”? - He developed in some detail Great Britain’s de- 
pendence on American wheat and cotton. While the blockade with- 
held southern cotton from shipment to England, northern wheat 
supplied the deficit which other nations were-unable to fill, and, 
since England had a series of crop failures in 1860, 1861, and 1862, 
her dependence on American wheat was most acute when the cot- 
ton famine was at its height, and may well be regarded as having 
contributed the decisive influence, overbalancing that of cotton, in 
keeping the British Government from recognition of the Con- 
federacy. 

Secondly, Dr. Victor S. Clark, of the Carnegie Institution of 
Washington, in “Notes on American manufactures during the Civil 
War,” ? explained why, though manufacturing in the South was dis- 
astrously interrupted, manufacturing at the North prospered during — 
the period of warfare, partly because it had been brought to a 
stage where the plants were easily transformed into war factories, 
partly because of wider and more open markets. A surplus of 
manufactures above both civil and military needs of the Nation was 
produced, exports to Europe were continued, and the general effect 
of the war was to accelerate manufacturing and to give it an impetus 
that was permanent until the panic of 1873. 

The third of these papers was one by Prof. Carl R. Fish, of 
Wisconsin, on the “ Restoration of the southern railroads after the 
Civil War.” He described the system under which, beginning in the 
spring of 1865, repairs and restoration proceeded under military 
authority. The reconstruction of these roads by the engineering 
corps of the army, on financial credit advanced through the War 
Department, solved the immediate transportation problem of the 
South, as it could have been solved in no other way. Considering 
the temper of the North toward the South and the American indi- 
vidualist theories of the period, the process which ended in the sum- 
mer of 1866 was little short of a miracle. 

In one of the evening sessions a large audience derived much en- 
tertainment, as well as much profit, from a discourse on “ A genera- 


1 Printed in the Iowa Journal of History and Politics for July, 1918. 
2Printed in the Military Historian and Economist, April, 1918. 


THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL MEETING. 47 


tion of American historiography,” by Prof. William A. Dunning, 
of Columbia University, in which the progress of historical writing 
since the foundation of the American Historical Association in 1884 
was set forth, with a light touch and with many humorous turns 
of phrase, but none the less with much sagacity and insight: Charac- 
terizing briefly the work of recent historians, Schouler, H. H. Ban- 
croft, McMaster, Fiske, Henry Adams, Rhodes, Roosevelt, and others, 
he also exhibited the new factors and features of this latest period— 
the development of the historical monograph, of the doctoral dis- 
sertation, of the cooperative history, and the tendency toward 
economic and impersonal history.? 

In the same session, Prof. Albert Bushnell Hart, of Harvard Uni- 
versity, gave a description, both interesting and instructive, of the 
“Psychology of a constitutional convention,” based on his recent 
experiences as a member of the constitutional convention of Massa- 
chusetts. 

Students of Latin-American history, gathered in a special con- 
ference, had an opportunity of hearing five papers, most of which 
are likely to be printed later in the new journal of that specialty.*° 
An important and original paper, bridging the history of Spain and 
of Spanish America, was that in which Dr. Charles H. Cunningham, 
of the University of Texas, exhibited the “ Institutional background 
of Latin-American history,” by showing how the institutions which 
Spain set up for the administration of her colonial empire were 
readily derived by adaptation from institutions which she had 
already been called upon to develop. The progress of southward 
conquest by the Spanish kingdoms in the Middle Ages required them 
to originate a system of royal and municipal officials, executive and 
judicial—adelantados, alcaldes, corregidores, audiencias, and councils 
—which were obvious models for viceroys and provisional goy- 
ernors, municipal organizations, and audiencias in the New World. 

Dr. Charles W. Hackett, of the University of California, defined 
with precision, but in a manner impossible to summarize, the history 
of the “ Delimitation of political jurisdictions in Spanish North 
America,” established prior to 1535, indicating the successive changes 
in those jurisdictions, and sketching the political readjustments re- 
sulting from those changes.” 

_ The history of Portuguese America received equal attention with 
that of Spanish America. Prof. William R. Manning, of the 
University of Texas, narrated the story of an “Early diplomatic 
controversy between the United States and Brazil,” namely that 
which Condy Raguet, American chargé d’affaires in Brazil from 


1 Printed below in the present volume. 

2The papers of Dr. Cunningham and Dr. Hackett appear in the February, 1918, num- 
. ber of the Hispanic-American Historical Review; those by Profs. Manning and Martin 
in the May, 1918, number of the same journal. 


48 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


1824 to 1827, waged with the Brazilian authorities over the blockade 
maintained by Brazil before Argentine ports, during the war over 
the question of Uruguay. Prof. Percy A. Martin, of Leland Stan- 
ford University, showed the “Influence of the United States on the 
opening of the Amazon to the world’s commerce,” beginning with 
the unsuccessful efforts made in 1850 and with Lieut. M. F. Maury’s 
somewhat truculent memorial of 1853, and described the effects of 
those efforts and of the work of Tavares Bastos who finally per- 
suaded the Emperor Don Pedro JI, in 1866, to sign the imperial 
decree opening the Brazilian portion of the Amazon to international 
commerce. Mr. Reginald Orcutt, of Washington, ended the session 
with a “Review. of the history of German colonization in Brazil, 
from 1827 to 1914.” 

For those whose interest les in the field of Far Eastern history, 
there was a profitable session on the last day of the convention, in 
which four papers, concerning the recent history of China and Japan 
and the relations of America to them, were read by Profs. F. W. 
Williams, of Yale University; Kenneth S. Latourette, of Denison 
University ; W. W. McLaren, of Williams College; and the Rev. Dr. 
Sidney L. Gulick, of New York, respectively. The first spoke of 
the “ Mid-Victorian attitude of foreigners in China.” He described 
the ignorance of social and material conditions in the Chinese Em- 
pire on the part of the Europeans who gathered in the five ports 
thrown open to maritime commerce in 1842 by the opium war, the 
economic and other sources of irritation, and the effects of the policy 
' which Lord Palmerston followed in Europe in dealing with other 
powers, and of the extension of that policy to China, in the form of 
truculence and high-handed imposition, until, after another war, 
more conciliatory and educational methods of intercourse were pro- 
posed by Anson Burlingame, American minister to China, and 
inaugurator of the first plan for an open-door policy.. 

Mr. Latourette reviewed in detail the whole development of 
“ American scholarship in Chinese history,” lamenting the scantiness 
of American contributions to that study, in contrast to the excellent 
work of European scholars, especially French and English, and ex- 
pressing the earnest desire, which indeed all should share, that the 
subject should attract more attention in this country. Mr. Mc- - 
Laren’s topic was “ Twenty years of party politics in Japan, 1897— 
1917,” Dr. Gulick’s, the “ History of naturalization legislation in the 
United States, with special reference to Chinese and Japanese immi- 
gration,” his main historical thesis being that it is only since 1907 
that the act of 1875 has been uniformly interpreted by the courts 
as excluding Japanese from naturalization. 

In the business meeting of the association, which took place on the 
last afternoon of the sessions, the prevailing note was of adjustment 


THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL MEETING. 49 


to pecuniary limitations caused by the war. The many subscriptions 
which are called for from the class of persons chiefly represented in 
the association have caused an unusual number of members to resign 
from it or to omit to pay their annual dues, and a serious diminution 
_ of revenue is already visible, while the efforts to increase endowment, 
hopefully undertaken at the beginning of 1917, have been nearly dis- 
continued since the entrance of the United States into the war. The 
feeling has been that success was not to be expected in times so 
unpropitious. Yet it is impossible to remain permanently content 
with anything short of a large increase in the association’s scientific 
activities, for it is impossible not to feel with great earnestness the 
increased responsibility of America for maintaining the apparatus 
of the world’s civilization. In every European country the sources 
from which scientific undertakings have been sustained will have 
been dried up or almost fatally diminished by the war. A recent 
German educational article sets forth, in plaintive accents, with many 
statistics, and with much truth, that “our superiority, anchored in 
the popular education of Germany and in the standard. of our cul- 
ture,” will be impaired, that Germany’s intellectual development 
“ would be reduced to a wretched condition if Germany were to lose 
this war, or even if it were to be obliged to conclude a peace of re- 
nunciation.” In any probable event of the war, America will emerge 
from it less damaged than any other combatant. When this shattered 
world resumes with pathetic courage the work of advancing civiliza- 
tion, it were shameful for America not to assume the chief part, if 
not in the labors of scholarship themselves, at any rate in their sus- 
tainment. Hers should be, in all departments of knowledge, the chief 
funds for the endowment of research. 

At the moment, however, the American Historical Association had 
nothing before it but to pursue a prudent course. The report of the 
secretary, Mr. Leland, showed an actual membership of 2,654, less 
by 85 than was reported a year before. That of the treasurer, Dr. 
Bowen, indicated net receipts, for the year, of $8,659, net expenditures 
of $9,454, a deficit of $795. The assets were reported as $28,516. They 
would have been less than those of the year preceding by the amount 
of the deficit mentioned, and by a decline of $200 in the value of 
certain securities, but these losses had been more than counterbal- 
anced by the payments made into the general endowment fund, for 
which it was reported that subscriptions amounting to $3,365 had 
been made, and $1,490 had been paid in. 

The secretary of the council, Prof. Greene, reported its transac- 
tions, as required by the constitution, and a number of recommenda- 
tions, all of which were adopted by the association. Dr. Bowen, who 
had been the treasurer of the association throughout the whole 33 

88582°—19—4 


50 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


years of its existence, having retired from that office, the secretary 


of the council reported resolutions by which that body endeavored 
to express its sense of the society’s indebtedness to Dr. Bowen for 
this long period of unselfish and efficient labor, and the association 
with much warmth of .feeling passed resolutions of similar tenor. 


The Secretary of the council also reported on the work of various ” 
committees, and also on the budget and the necessary omission of ap- — 


propriations to several of these committees. Mr. Shearer reported 
the results of the conference of historical societies, Prof. Herbert E. 
Bolton, informally, on the latest meeting of the Pacific Coast Branch. 
Prof. Edward P. Cheyney, chairman of the board of editors of the 
Review, reported on its transactions and on the policy which it has 
adopted during war time, and the association took the final steps in 
adjusting the financial relations between the board and the associa- 
tion. The committee on the Adams prize, unable to report at the 
time of the business meeting, has since reported an award of the 
prize to Lieut. F. L. Nussbaum, of the National Army, for an essay 
entitled “G. J. A. Ducher: An Essay in the Political History of 
Mercantilism during the French Revolution.” 

Upon recommendation by the council, the conditions of award of 
the two prizes were so modified as to provide that the field of the 
Winsor prize shall be American history, that of the Adams prize 
the history of the Eastern Hemisphere; that printed monographs as 
well as manuscript may be submitted and considered; and that a 
manuscript to which a prize has been awarded may be printed in 
the annual reports, publication in separate volumes being discon- 
tinued after the present year. 

The report of the committee on nominations was presented by its 
chairman, Prof. Frank M. Anderson, of Dartmouth College. In ac- 
cordance with-its recommendations, Mr. William R. Thayer, first 
vice president of the association, was elected president, Prof. Edward 
Channing first vice president, Mr. J. J. Jusserand, ambassador of 
France, second vice president. Mr. Waldo G. Leland, Prof. Evarts 
B. Greene, and Mr. A. Howard Clark were reelected to their respec- 
tive offices of secretary, secretary of the council, and curator. Mr. 
Charles Moore, of Detroit, president of the United States Fine Arts 
Commission, was elected treasurer. The new members chosen to the 
council were Profs. William E. Dodd, of the University of Chicago, 
Walter L. Fleming, of Vanderbilt University, and William E. Lin- 
gelbach, of the University of Pernsylvania. The full list of officers, 
of members of the council, and of committees appears on a later 
page. The council elected Prof. Charles H. Haskins, of Harvard, 
a member of the board of editors of the American Historical Review 
for the period of six years from the adjournment of the meeting, in 
succession to Prof. Ephraim Emerton, whose term then expired. 


ing Dok 
ae re ee 


Z 7 


THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL MEETING. 51 

PROGRAM OF THE THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL MEETING OF THE 

AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION, HELD IN PHILADEL- 
PHIA, PENNSYLVANIA, DECEMBER 27-29, 1917. 


Wednesday, December 26. 
4 p. m.: Council meeting. Green room, Bellevue-Stratford. 
Thursday, December 27. 


10.30 a. m.: General session—American history. Clover room, Bellevue- 
Stratford. ‘The Association,” J. Franklin Jameson, Washington, D. C. ‘“ The 
significance of the North Central States in the middle of the nineteenth cen- 
tury,” Frederick J. Turner, Harvard University. “Influence of wheat and 
eotton on Anglo-American relations during the Civil War, Louis B. Schmidt, 
Iowa State College. ‘“Relations between the United States and Mexico, 1867- 
1884,” Herbert E. Bolton, University of California. 

1 p. m.: Joint subscription luncheon by the American Historical Association, 
the American Economic Association, the Political Science Association. Ball 
room, Bellevue-Stratford. Edgar F. Smith, provost, University of Pennsyl- 
yania, presiding. Address: “A Government experiment in war publicity,” Guy 
Stanton Ford, of committee on public information. 

2.30 p. m.: Ancient history. Joint session with the American Archeological 
Institute and the American Philological Society. Engineering Building, Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania. Chairman, James H. Breasted, University of Chi- 
eago. ‘The cosmopolitanism of the religion of Tarsus and the origin of 
Mithra,” A. L. Frothingham, Princeton University. Discussion opened by 
Nathaniel Schmidt, Cornell University. ‘ Oriental imperialism,” A. T. Olm- 
stead, University of Illinois. Discussion opened by Morris Jastrow, jr., Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania. ‘‘ Greek imperialism,’ W. S. Ferguson, Harvard Uni- 
versity. Discussion opened by William N. Bates, University of Pennsylvania. 
“Roman imperialism,” paper prepared by the late G. W. Botsford, Columbia 
University. Discussion opened by S. B. Platner, Western Reserve University. 
“The decay of nationalism under the Roman Empire.” Clifford Moore, Harvard 
University. Discussion opened by F. F. Abbott, Princeton University. 

3.00 p. m: Conference of Archivists. Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1300 
Locust Street. Chairman—Victor Hugo Paltsits, New York Public Library. 
Subject: “The preservation and collection of war records.” ‘“ The archives 
of the war,” Waldo G. Leland, Washington, D. C. ‘“ The archives of the United 
States Food Administration as historical sources,” Everett S. Brown, U. S. 
Food Administration, Washington. “The collection of Catholic war records,” 
Rey. Peter Guilday, Catholic University of America. Discussion: R. M. John- 
ston, Harvard University; R. D. W. Connor, North Carolina Historical Com- 
mission; Clarence W. Alvord, University of Illinois; Solon J. Buck, Minnesota 
Historical Society; James Sullivan, New York State historian; G. N. Fuller, 
Michigan Historical Commission, and others. 

4.00 p. m: Visit to old Philadelphia and to the American Philosophical 
Society. 

6.30 p. m: Subscription dinner for those interested in military history and 
documents. Kugler’s restaurant, 1412 Chestnut Street. Topic for discussion: 
“The historian and the war.” 

8.30 p. m: General session—Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Chairman— 
Charlemagne Tower. Presidential address: “ The editorial function in Ameri- 

. ean history,” Worthington C. Ford. 

9.30 p. m.: Reception and supper tendered by the Historical Society of Penn- 

sylvania to the members of the American Historical Association, 


52 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


Friday, December 28 


Sessions at the University of Pennsylvania, Thirty-fourth Street and Wood- 
land Avenue. 

10.00 a. m: Medieval church history. Joint session with the American 
Society of Church History. Room 205, College Hall. Chairman—Davyid S. 
Schaff, Western Theological Seminary, Pittsburgh, Pa. Presidential address 
of the American Society of Church History: “The Council of Constance: Its 
fame and its failure,” David S. Schaff. “The church councils of the Anglo- 
Saxons,” J. Cullen Ayer, jr., Philadelphia Divinity School. “The conciliar 
movement,” Harold J. Laski, Harvard University. “The actual achievements 
of the Reformation,” Preserved Smith, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 

10.00 a. m:American history. Room 200, College Hall. Joint session with the 
Mississippi Valley Historical Association. Chairman—St. George L. Sioussat, 
president of the Mississippi Valley Historical Association. ‘To what extent 
was George Rogers Clark in possession of the Northwest at the close of the 
revolution?” James A James, Northwestern University. ‘The Spanish con- 
spiracy in Tennessee,’ Archibald Henderson, University of North Carolina. 
“The mission of Gen. George Matthews on the Florida frontier,” Isaac J. Cox, 
University of Cincinnati; “‘ Stephen F. Austin,” Eugene C. Barker, University of 
Texas. ‘‘ Populism in Louisiana in the nineties,” M. J. White, Tulane University. 

10 a. m.: Military history and war economics. Houston Hall. Chair- 
man—Robert M. Johnston, Harvard University. ‘“ Rdle de la Section Historique 
dans un Etat-Major Général,” Lieut. Col. Paul Azan, of the French Army. 
“Notes on American Manufactures during the Civil War,” Victor S. Clark, Car- 
negie Institution, Washington, D. C. “The reconstruction of the Southern 
railroads,” Carl R. Fish, University of Wisconsin. “The work of the commer- 
cial economy board,” H. F. Gay, Harvard University. 

1 p. m.: Luncheon tendered to members of all associations by the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania. Weightman Hall. 

2.30 p. m.: Recent Russian history. Houston Hall. Chairman—Worthing- 
ton C. Ford. “ The Réle of the Intellectuals in the Liberating Movement in Rus- 
sia,’ Alexander Petrunkevitch, Yale University. “‘ Factors in the March Reyo- 
lution of 1917,” Samuel N. Harper, University of Chicago, “The first week of 
the revolution of March, 1917,” F. A. Golder, Washington State College. ‘“ The 
Jugo-Slav movement,’ Robert J. Kerner, University of Missouri. 

3 p. m.:.Conference on English medieval history: English medieval taxa- 
tion. Room 213, College Hall. Chairman—Charles H. Haskins, Harvard Uni- 
versity. ‘Early assessment for papal taxation of English clerical incomes,” 
William E. Lunt, Haverford College. ‘‘The taxes on the personal property of 
laymen to 1272,” Sydney K. Mitchell, Yale University. ‘The English customs 
revenues up to 1275,” Norman S. B. Gras, Clark University. ‘‘ The Assessment 
of lay subsidies, 1290-1332,” James F. Willard, University of Colorado. 

4.30 p. m.: Visit to the collections of the University museum. 

6-8 p. m.: Supper and smoker tendered by the University of Pennsylvania to 
the members attending the meetings of the various associations. Weightman 
Hall. 

8.15 p. m.: Joint session with American political science association. Audi- 
torium, University Museum. Chairman—Josiah H. Penniman, vice provost, 
University of Pennsylvania. ‘“ A generation of American historiography,” Wil- 
liam A. Dunning, Columbia University. ‘‘ The background of American federal- 
ism,” Andrew C. McLaughlin, University of Chicago. “The psychology of a 
constitutional convention,” Albert Bushnell Hart, Harvard University. 


THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL MEETING. : 53 


Saturday, December 29. 


10 a. m.: Conference of historical societies—Historical Society of Pennsyl- 
vania. Chairman—Thomas Lynch Montgomery, State Librarian of Pennsyl- 
vania. Secretary—Augustus H. Shearer, Grosvenor Library, Buffalo, N. Y. 
\Business session; election of officers and committees. “The relation of the 
hereditary patriotic societies and the historical societies, with especial refer- 
ence to cooperation in publication,” Norris S. Barratt, judge of the court of 
eommon pleas, Philadelphia. Discussion by William Libbey, Princeton Uni- 
versity. Worthington C. Ford, Massachusetts Historical Society. John W. 
Jordan, Historical Society of Pennsylvania. L. Bradford Prince, Historical 
Society of New Mexico. “The collection of local war material by historical 
societies.” Discussion by Solon J. Buck, Minnesota Historical Society. Harlow 
Lindley, Indiana Historical Commission. Robert D. W. Connor, North Carolina 
Historical Commission. G. N. Fuller, Michigan Historical Commission. 

10 a. m.: Conference of teachers of history. Joint session with the asso- 
ciation of history teachers of the Middle States and Maryland. Clover room, 
Bellevue-Stratford. Chairman—Marshall S. Brown, New York University. 
“The school course in history: Some precedents and a possible next step.” 
Henry Johnson, Teachers’ College, Columbia University. Discussion by 
Herbert D. Foster, Dartmouth College. Lida Lee Tall, Baltimore, Md. Arthur 
M. Wolfson, DeWitt Clinton High School, New York City. Henry HE. Bourne, 
Western Reserve University. Oscar H. Williams, Indiana State Department 
of Education. R. M. Tryon, University of Chicago. A. C. Krey, University 
of Minnesota. 

10 a. m.: Conference on far eastern history. Red room, Bellevue-Strat- 
ford. Chairman—Hdward P. Cheyney, University of Pennsylvania. ‘The 
mid-Victorian attitude of foreigners in China,” F. W. Williams, Yale University. 
“ American scholarship in Chinese history,’ K. S. Latourette, Denison Uni- 
versity. “Twenty years of party politics in Japan, 1897-1917,’ W. W. Mc- 
Laren, Williams College. ‘The history of naturalization legislation in the 
United States, with special reference to Chinese and Japanese immigration,” 
Sydney L. Gulick, New York City. Discussion opened by Hon. John C. Ferguson. 

10 a. m.: Conference on Latin-American history. Green Room, Bellevue- 
Stratford. Chairman—Julius M. Klein, Washington, D. C. ‘The delimina- 
tion of political jurisdictions in Spanish North America to 1535,” Chas. W. 
Hackett, University of California. “‘The institutional background of Latin- 
American history,’ Chas. H. Cunningham, University of Texas. “An early 
diplomatic controversy between the United States and Brazil,’ William R. 
Manning, University of Texas. “The influence of the United States on the 
opening of the Amazon to the world’s commerce,” Percy A. Martin, Leland 
Stanford University. ‘A review of colonization in Brazil with especial refer- 
ence to the German migration, 1827-1914,” Reginald Orcutt, Washington, D. C. 

1 p. m.: Subscription luncheon. Junior room, Bellevue-Stratford. Dana 
C. Munro, Princeton University, presiding. ‘The war and the teaching of 
history.” 

2.30 p. m.: Annual business meeting. Bellevue-Stratford. Reports of officers 
and committees.. Election of officers. 

6 p. m.: Subscription dinner conference for members interested in far 
eastern history. Franklin Inn Club, Camac and St. James Streets. Subscrip- 
tion dinner of the Mississippi Valley Histrical Association. Kugler’s Res- 
taurant, 1412 Chestnut Street. 

8.15 p. m.: Joint session with the American Economic Association, the 
American Political Science Association, and the American Sociological Society. 


54 . AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


Gold room, Adelphia Hotel, Chestnut Street below Thirteenth Street. Chair- 
man—Subject: ‘“ International federation.” ‘The British commonwealth of 
nations,” Hon. R. H. Brand, deputy vice chairman of the British War Mission. 
““Pan-German use of history,” Wallace Notestein, University of Minnesota. 
“ Economie alliances,” Edward P. Costigan, United States Tariff Commission. 


SUPPLEMENTARY ANNOUNCEMENTS, 
Thursday. 


1. Louis Aubert, of the French War Commission, will speak at the luncheon 
on Thursday on “ French historians and the war.” 

2. A reception for the women members of the association will be tendered by 
the College Club Thursday from 4 to 6. 


Friday. 


3. The bureau of registration will also be open at the University of Penn- 
sylvania on Friday in Houston Hall. 

4. The session on medieval history on Friday afternoon at 3 o’cleck will be 
held in the library of the late Henry C. Lea, 2004 Walnut Street. 

5. Francois Monod, chief of the cabinet of the French War Commission, will 
speak at the session on Friday evening on “ Reflections on the present and 
future duties of historians toward world democracy.” E 


MINUTES OF THE ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING OF THE AMERI- 
CAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION HELD IN THE HOTEL BELLE- 
VUE-STRATFORD, PHILADELPHIA, PA., DECEMBER 29, 1917. 


The meeting was called to order at 2.45 p. m., ex-President William A. Dun- 
hing presiding. 

The secretary of the association presented his annual report. The total 
membership of the association on December 19, 1917, was 2,654, a loss during 
the year of 85. Membership losses have been heaviest in New England, in the 
North Central States, and on the Pacific coast, while there have been slight 
gains in the South Atlantic, South Central, and West Central States. He 
reported that, in accordance with action by the council, the secretary of the 
council and the secretary of the association have been assigned the task’ of 
making a special study of the membership of the association with a view to 
determining the best methods for maintaining and increasing it. He reported 
the attendance at Philadelphia to be 379. With regard to publications of the 
association, the secretary reported-that the general index to papers and annual 
reports from 1884 to 1914 was nearly through the press and would be dis- 
tributed from the office of the Superintendent of Documents during the coming 
year; that the Annual Report for 1915, in one volume, had been printed and 
would be distributed from the office of the Superintendent of Documents within 
- the next three months; that the Annual Report for 1916, in‘two volumes, was 
in press, aS was also the prize essay for 1916, being Richard J, Purcell’s “ Con- 
necticut in Transition, 1775-1818.” The secretary also reported that it has been 
impossible, for financial reasons, to publish the proposed quarterly bulletin. 
He reported that the association had been represented at the congress of 
history and bibliogyaphy, held at Montevideo during the last summer, by Dr. 
Charles Lyon Chandler; that in reply te an invitation from the Historical and 
Geographical Institute of Brazil the council had decided to participate for- 
mally in the International Congress ot History which is to be held at Rio 
Janeiro in September, 1922. He reportec that 33 members had died during the 


THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL MEETING. 55 


Miss Mary Alice Keach and Mr. Robert 


year, two of them being life members 
Lee Traylor. 
It was voted that the report of the secretary be received and placed on file. 
The treasurer’s report was read by the treasurer, Dr. Clarence W. Bowen, 
and showed the financial condition of thé association on December 19, 1917, to 
be as follows: 


Sea EIPUUNERESIRESI SI SE Me ese 9 Bel Ee ee ee ps $8, 659. 22 
Ie ies OST ONU GS a a ae A ed ed 9, 454. 51 
Peer Mma CIS ULSCMeNtS—. 32 25 Se 795. 29 
MAREE S01 (eae aN ea ea ea 2, 424. 35 
ap LSS Ea a a a 26, 091. 87 
SE) SSIS SHES eg Bee ae aa ale Se scree phe Sh per tae aes (ampere ck ee eee Dee he 28, 516. 22 
Do USE Sie Hi CURSE ASTE 2 SEIS RSE ae ore i el Sa gee eee a 494, 71 


Dr. Bowen made a statement respecting the endowment fund showing that 
$3,766 had already been subscribed, of which amount $1,490 had been paid. 

Dr. Bowen offered the following resolution: 

Resolved, That the American Historical Association approves of the action of 
the council to raise an endowment fund of $22,000, of which $3,365 has already 
been subscribed, so that the said $22,000 added to the $28,000 which the asso- 
ciation already possesses will make our total endowment $50,000; and would 
direct that a circular with a list of subscriptions inclosed be sent to the mem- 
bers of the association, so that any member, should he’so desire, may make a 
subscription payable one-half July 1, 1918, and one-half payable January 1, 1919. 

It was voted that the report of the treasurer be received and placed on file. 

The resolution of Dr. Bowen having been laid before the meeting, was sec- 
onded by Mr. H. B. Learned. The vote being put, it was adopted. 

Dr. Bowen then called attention to the fact that the finance committee esti- 
mated that there would be an excess of expenditures over receipts for 1918 of 
about $600 and also that there had been an excess of expenditures over receipts * 
during 1917 of $795. He urged that these deficits should be made up by special 
subscriptions and stated that he had already secured pledges of about $900. 

The report of the audit committee, Messrs. J. M. Callahan and I. J. Cox, was 
read, stating that the report of the treasurer and a report thereon of the Ameri- 
can Audit Co. had been examined and found to be in correct and satisfactory 
form. : 

The secretary of the council read for the information of the association the 
following resolution adopted by the council upon the occasion of the retirement 
of Dr. Clarence W. Bowen from the office of treasurer of the association: 

Whereas Dr. Clarence W. Bowen has announced his intention not to accept 
a renomination for treasurer of the association. 

Resoived, That the executive council has heard with deep regret Dr. Bow- 
en’s determination to retire from the service that he has so long and usefully 
performed. For 33 years he has guided the financial administration 
of the association and has guarded its treasury. In that long period the organi- 
zation has prospered greatly and has widely extended its activities and influ- 
ence. Dr. Bowen’s unselfish and efficient labors have been a powerful factor 
in the accomplishment of those ends. Zeal and caution have been happily 
blended in his management of fiscal affairs and in his judgments of the gen- 
eral policy of the organization. The executive council will greatly miss his 
faithful exhortations to economy, as well as his sympathetic approval* of 
progress. In his well-earned retirement he will be attended by the cordial 
gratitude and good wishes of all who understand what he has done for the 
cause of history and the welfare of the American Historical Association. 


Mr. D. C. Munro offered the following resolution: 


Resolved, That the members of the American Historical Association learn 
with regret that Mr. Clarence W. Bowen insists upon refusing a reelection as 
treasurer. By his long and unselfish devotion he has placed every member 


56 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


z* 
under a deep debt of gratitude. Through his careful management it has been 
possible for the association to carry on its manifold activities. 

Resolved, therefore, That a vote of thanks be tendered Mr. Bowen and that 
these resolutions be spread upon the minutes of the association. 

The resolution was seconded and was unanimously adopted by a rising vote. 

The secretary of the council presented his annual report, in which he in- 
cluded a summary of the more important acts of the council during the past 
year and a brief survey of the activities of the committees and commissions 
of the association. He pointed out that the war had affected the work of the 
council and its committees in various ways. The reduced income from mem- 
bership fees reported by the secretary and the treasurer had made it necessary 
to cut off the appropriations usually made to such important committees as 
the public archives commission, the committee on history in schools, and 
the committee on bibliography; and also to withdraw the subsidies hitherto 
given to the History Teacher’s Magazine and to Writings on American His- 
tory. The effect of this action was to leave the latter in a serious situation, 
which should appeal to the generosity of all who were interested in keeping 
up the apparatus of historical scholarship. 

Members of certain committees, including one committee chairman, had with- 
drawn from the active service of the association in order to enter upon public 
service of various kinds related to the war. In several instances members 
had been able to make contributions to the national service of a kind definitely 
related to historical scholarship, as for example, in the Committee on Public 
Information and the National Board for Historical Service. 

Having distinctly in view the present critical situation, the council reported 
two measures looking to a constructive treatment of certain larger problems. 
The two secretaries have been instructed to make a new and thorough investi- 
gation of the whole problem of maintaining and extending the membership 
of the association. Furthermore, a special council committee on policy has 
been constituted for the purpose of securing a fresh consideration of functions 
which might be regarded as properly devolving upon the American Historical 
Association as the chief organization of historical scholars in the United States. 

It was voted that the report of the secretary of the council be received and 
placed on file. 

The following resolution was offered by Prof. J. H. Breasted: 

In view of the large educational, humanitarian, and missionary interests 
which American organizations have long maintained within the limits of the 
Ottoman Empire, 

Resolwed, That the American Historical Association empower its president 

to appoint a committee of three to urge upon the Government of the United 
States the importance of adequately safeguarding, during the course of any peace 
negotiations, the future rights and activities of American educational and 
scientific enterprises in the Ottoman Empire, having in mind especially: 
_ General education for men and women; professional education, including 
medical schools and hospitals; training in agriculture, forestry, engineering, 
transportation and road making, economic geology and mining; geological and 
geographical explorations, scientific surveys, archeological excavations, and 
the legitimate interests of American museums. 

It is also recommended that a further function of this committee be to 
provide for the collection and presentation of all available information which 
would aid the representatives of the United States in securing the ends sug- 
gested in the above resolution. 

Upon motion of the secretary of the council it was voted to refer this resolu- 
tion to the executive council with power to take action relating thereto. 

The report of the conference of historical societies was presented by Mr. A. 
H. Shearer, secretary of the conference. He stated that at the conference 
held in Philadelphia in connection with the present meeting it had been voted 
to request the president of the association to appoint a committee to report on 


THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL MERETING. 57 


the subject of cooperation between historical societies with respect to publi- 
eations. 

The delegate of the Pacific coast branch not being present, Mr. H. H. Bolton 
spoke informally and unofficially on behalf of the branch, and reported that it 
had held a meeting on November 30 and December 1 which had been attended 
by a number of members of the association from the East. 

The report of the committee on nominations presented the final report of 
that committee to the association in which the following nominations were 
made: 

President—William R. Thayer. 

First vice president—Hdward Channing. 

Second vice president—Jean Jules Jusserand. 

Secretary—Waldo G. Leland. 

Treasurer—Charles Moore. 

Secretary of the council—Evarts B. Greene. 

Curator—A. Howard Clark. 

Members of the council—Henry H. Bourne, Samuel B. Harding, Lucy M. 
Salmon, George M. Wrong, Herbert BH. Bolton, William BH. Dodd, Walter L. 
Fleming, William H. Lingelbach. 

Committee on nominations—Charles H. Ambler, Christopher B. Coleman, 
Carl R. Fish, J. G. de R. Hamilton, Victor H. Paltsits. 

Nominations were called for from the floor and none offered. It was moved 
and voted without dissent that the secretary be instructed to cast the ballot of 
the association for the candidates placed in nomination by the committee. 

This was done and they were declared duly elected. 

The report of the board of editors of the American Historical Review was 
presented. by the chairman, Mr. E. P. Cheyney. 

It was voted that the report be received and placed on file. 

The chairman of the finance committee of the executive council, Mr. G. S. 
Ford, made a statement with regard to the financial condition of the asso- 
ciation. 

-The budget of appropriations for 1918 and the estimate of receipts were pre- 
sented by Mr. G. S. Ford, chairman of the finance committee of the council, as 


follows: 
Appropriations for 1918. 


Mimeevor secretary. and treasurer_——~_=. == $2, 000. 00 
Comonrhee on) Nominations = 2. = ks ee ee 75. 00 
ennemCDASt a DEAN Ch = commit cee U7 bee ee ee ee 50. 00 
get nen cOmMmptee. — soe eke soe ee ee ee en 150. 00 
Sountecence of nistorical societies. 22 2s) 8 ve ee ee 25. 00 
Wontmiitsee Ons pPublications==) 227222 2 ee 1, 000. 00 
EAGER VLCCS =. — etaeme i Seanes TS ee 150. 00 
AE CMELIPESU EV Melia Oe es ee ee Ne es 250. 00 
Americana historical reviewee. 2-2 a ee 5, 000. 00 
EMIS TORCH a MANUSCELpIS’ COMMISSION. = a= Ss = BE 150. 00 
MnSOD reZer COMM tL LeCek== sane. ee ee a eee 200. 00 
PGRORGL NTT ENE TAC URIS WETS fe aes ea ee SE a ee 150. 00 
TURN ISVRRUNS CO TeV an IZ GC. =e eee eee es Se 250. 00 
Committee on bibliography of modern English history______________ 125. 00 
Bilisspayabples December iG, VOiU722 = oe ee Se 28. 70 

9, 603. 70 

Estimated Income. : 

ESTE OUGED = ONUUS ISS ET a a ree os ee $7, 050. 00 
HGTLERTHENIDChS preCSmeese tetas cn TNs Ete Sei ei ee oh 100. 00 
SSPE E259) (61, 1's Secmete N eaee  wehe Rh e  Ba B  s ye e 400. 00 
BESO YEU OS eee et = eRe Se ne eS oe a Oe en a Ee 125. 00 
TYAN GIRO ENO IS NS ee ee ee a ee eae Los 1, 100. 00 
SR BS) ace Se ae ee ne ee Pee a een 100. 00 


Re SiSiba GON LOGS ae meee eee ce ee a De 150. 00 
9, 025. 00 


58 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


It was moved and voted that the budget be adopted as presented. — 
On behalf of the committee on nominations, Mr. Ff. M. Anderson offered the 
following amendment to by-law 2: 


Moved, that by-law No. 2 be amended as follows: In the second sentence ~ 


change the words “1st of October” to “15th of September ;” in the third sen- 
tence change the words ‘‘ twenty days” to “one month ;” insert the word “ busi- 
ness” before the word “ meeting,’ wherever it occurs in the by-law; in the 
fourth sentence change the words “five days” to “one day” and add at the 
end of the sentence the words “ but such nominations by petition shall not be 
presented until after the committee on nominations shall have reported its nomj- 
nations to the association as provided for in the present by-law.” 


It was moved by Mr. J. H. Latané to amend the amendment in such a way as 
to provide that returns of the informal ballot should be made directly to the 
committee on nominations. After discussion it was voted that the amendment to 
the amendment be laid upon the table. 

The original motion was then put and carried and by-law 2 as amended was 
read by the secretary in the following form: 


A nomination committee of five members shall be chosen at each annual 
business meeting in the manner hereafter provided for the election of officers 
of the association. At such convenient time prior to the 15th of September as 
it may determine it shall invite every member to express to it his preference 
regarding every office to be filled by election at the ensuing annual business 
meeting and regarding the composition of the new nominating committee then 
to be chosen. It shall publish and mail to each member at least one month 
prior to the annual business meeting such nominations as it may determine upon 
for each elective office and for the next nominating committee. It shall prepare 
for use at the annual business meeting an official ballot containing, as candidates 
for each office or committee membership to be filled thereat, the names of its 
nominees and also the names of any other nominees which may be proposed to 
the chairman of the committee in writing by 20 or more members of the 
association at least one day before the annual business meeting, but such nomi- 
nations by petition shall not be presented until after the committee shall have 
reported its nominations to the associaticn as provided for in the present by-law. 
The official ballot shall also provide, under each office, a blank space for voting 
for such further nominees as any member may present from the floor at the 
time of the election. 


Upon recommendation by the executive council presented by the secretary of 
the council the association passed the following votes with respect to the annual 
meeting of 1918: 


Voted, that the next annual meeting be held in Minneapolis; provided, how- 
ever, that if, in view of the emergency due to a state of war, there appears to 
the executive council to be sufficient reason for changing the place of meeting 
or for omitting the meeting altogether, the executive council be, and hereby 
is authorized to take such action and is directed to notify the association of its 
decision not later than September 1. ; 

Voted, that if the annual meeting of 1918 is omitted the officers of the asso- 
ciation shall continue in office until the next annual meeting of the association. 

Voted, that, except in respect to the adoption of the annual budget, the seere- 
tary of the council be, and hereby is authorized to take the votes of the council 
by mail, when in the judgment of the president and the secretary, such a 
procedure is expedient. 


On behalf of the executive council, the secretary of the council presented to 
the association the following rules governing competition for the Winsor and 
Adams prizes with the recommendation that they be adopted in place of the 
rules now in force: 

For the purpose of encouraging historical research the American Historical 


Association offers two prizes, each prize of $200: the Justin Winsor prize in 
American history and the Herbert Baxter Adams. prize in the history of the 


THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL MEETING. 59 


Eastern Hemisphere. The Winsor prize is offered in the even years (as here- 
tofore), and the Adams prize in the odd years. Both prizes are designed to 
encourage writers who have not published previously any considerable work 
or obtained an established reputation. Hither prize shall be awarded for an 
excellent monograph or essay, printed or in manuscript, submitted to or selected 
by the committee of award. Monographs must be submitted on or before July 
1 of the given year. In the case of a printed monograph the date of pub- 
lication must fall within a period of two years prior to July 1. A monograph 
to which a prize has been awarded in manuscript may, if it is deemed in all 
respects available, be published in the Annual Report of the Association. 
Competition shall be limited to monographs written or published in the Eng- 
lish language by writers of the Western Hemisphere. 

In making the award the committee will consider not only research, 
accuracy, and originality, but also clearness of expression and logical ar- 
rangement. The successful monograph must reveal marked excellence of 
style. Its subject matter should afford a distinct contribution to knowledge 
of a sort beyond that having merely personal or local interest. The monograph 
must conform to the accepted canons of historical research and criticism. A 
manuscript—including text, notes, bibliography, appendixes, etc.—must not ex- 
ceed 100,000 words if designed for publication in the Annual Report of the 
Association. 

The Justin Winsor prize—The monograph must be based upon independent 
and original investigation in American history. The phrase ‘“ American his- 
tory” includes the history of the United States and other countries of the 
Western Hemisphere. The monograph may deal with any aspect or phase of 
that history. 

The Herbert Baxter Adams prize—The monograph must be based upon in- 
dependent and original investigation in the history of the Eastern Hemis- 
phere. The monograph may deal with any aspect or phase of that history, 
as in the case of the Winsor prize. 


It was moved that the rules as presented by the council be adopted. 
The secretary of the association presented the following report from the 
committee on auditing the treasurer’s report for 1916; 


We have examined the statement of accounts by the treasurer, Clarence W. 
Bowen, and the report of the Audit Company of America relating thereto and 
find both accurate and satisfactory. 

Sipnrty B. Fay 
ALLEN JOHNSON. 
DECEMBER 27, 1917. 


The secretary of the council called the attention of the association to the com- 


mittee assignments, lists of which had been prepared and distributed to those 


so onic 


present. 

The secretary of the association announced that the newly elected committee 
on nominations would, in accordance with the usual practice, organize itself by 
the election of a chairman. 

It was moved by Miss Ruth Putnam and voted that the greetings of the 
association be sent tothe former president, Mr. H. Morse Stephens. 

The meeting adjourned at 5 p. m. 

WaLtpo G. LELAND Secretary. 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 


Comparative statistics of membership have been placed in printed form before 
the members of the association; in these it appears that there has been a net 
loss of 85, which is less than the loss last year, but that there is a loss of 246 
in paid-up memberships as compared with the gain of four a year ago. This 
loss it is to be hoped is more apparent than real, for since December 19, when 
these statistics were compiled, many membership dues that were in arrears 
have been paid. 


60 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


It is but natural, however, in these times of war to expect a certain decrease 
in our membership and it is encouraging, therefore, to note that the number of 
new members is not far behind that of last year. 

The regional losses have been heaviest in New England, the North Central 
States, and on the Pacific coast; while there have been slight gains in the South 
Atlantic, South Central, and West Central States, gains which have been due 
mainly to the persistent activities of some half dozen members who interested 
themselves in endeavoring to increase the membership of the association. 

It is proposed that during the coming year a careful study of the membership 
of the association, with especial attention to the problem of maintaining and 
increasing it, shall be made by the two secretaries. Consequently, there has 
been no committee on membership appointed for the coming year. 

The attendance at the present meeting is 379, which compares favorably with 
that at other meetings. Indeed, it might have been expected, in view of present- 
day conditions, that the attendance would be much smaller. 

The committee on publications has prepared and presented a complete report 
on that subject, but as this is not to be read at this meeting it may not be amiss 
to remark that the General Index to Papers and Annual Reports from 1884 to 
1914, which constitutes Volume II of the Annual Report for 1914, has been 
completed and is now in press; it will probably be distributed during the first 
half of the coming year. The Annual Report for 1915, in one volume, has been 
in press for some time and should have appeared before now. It will without 
doubt be distributed during the spring. The Annual Report for 1916, in two 
volumes, has been in the hands of the Public Printer for some months. The 
second volume is a collection of letters mainly addressed to R. M. T. Hunter 
and edited for the Historical Manuscripts Commission by Prof. Charles H. 
Ambler. The essay to which was awarded the Herbert Baxter Adams prize in 
1915. “The Leveller Movement,” by T. C. Pease, has been printed and distrib- 
uted. It will be noted that the appearance of the volume has been greatly im- 
proved. The essay which received the Justin Winsor prize in 1916, “ Connecti- 
cut in Transition, 1775-1818,” by R. J. Purcell, is nearly through the press. 

It will be remembered that at the annual meeting in Cincinnati the 
council announced its intention of publishing a quarterly bulletin provided 
arrangements could be made to finance such an enterprise. A certain 
amount was generously pledged by those in attendance at Cincinnati, but in 
view of the very heavy burden under which the treasury has labored 
during the past year it has seemed unwise to the finance committee of the 
council to inaugurate any undertaking not absolutely necessary which should 
increase that burden. The project is, however, merely suspended and it is 
earnestly hoped that in another year or so it may be put into execution. 

Attention is again called to the fact that the association has a stock of 
publications valued at several thousand dollars. The finance committee is 
anxious to dispose of as much of this stock as possible and it is probable that 
some plan for selling it will be devised and put into operation during the 
coming year. i 

During the past year the association was represented by Dr. Charles Lyon 
Chandler at the Congress of History and Bibliography held at Montevideo. 
In response to an invitation from the Historical and Geographical Institute 
of Brazil the council has decided to participate formerly in the International 
Congress of American History which is to be held at Rio Janeiro in Septem- 
ber, 1922, in connection with the celebration of the centenary of Brazilian 
independence. The form that this participation will take is to be determined 
by a committee of five, of which Prof. Bernard Moses is chairman, which has 


THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL MEETING. 61 


been appointed. It is the policy of the association to do all in its power to 
foster a solidarity of interest among the historical scholars of North and 
South America. A 

While the association is not officially engaged in any war activities, the 
historical scholarship of the country is, nevertheless, coming to the fore in 
work of all sorts. Many of our members are now in uniform. Others are work- 
ing in one capacity or another for the National or State Governments. Still 
others are devoting their time and efforts to the work of such bodies as the 
National Security League and the National Board for Historical Service 
which latter is composed entirely of members of this association. One member 
of the council is engaged in Young Men’s Christian Association work with 
troops at Camp Gordon, and other members of the association are writing or 
lecturing to general audiences and to soldiers. The association may justly 
feel that in all these activities it has its part since the spirit of service and 
cooperation which prompts them has been carefully fostered by it during all 
the years of its existence. : 

Thirty-three of our members have died during the year. Two of these were 
life members—Miss Mary Alice Keach and Mr. Robert Lee Traylor. A com- 
plete list of deceased members is herewith given: 


George HE. Adams. 
Elizabeth Talbot Belt. 
Josiah H. Benton. 
James H. Blodgett. 
George W. Botsford. 


Charles A. Kent. 
Stuart L. B. Kinzer. 
Virgil P. Kline. 
Blanche Leavitt. 
Henry M. Leipziger. 


Wayne MacVeagh. 
Nathaniel Paine. 
George L. Rives. 
Henry A. Sill. 
Arthur F. Strome. 
Mary K. Talcott. 
Robert Lee Traylor. 
Mrs. Audrey Updike. 
A. D. Wetherell. 
Frank S. Witherbee. 
P. Henry Woodward. 


Ora Butterfield. 

Rt. Rey. Charles E. Cheney. 
John H. Cuffman. 
George Perrin Davis. 
Theodore N. Ely. 
Henry Ferguson. 
Simeon Gilbert. 
Samuel Hart. 
Horace EH. Hayden. 
George H. Howison. 
Mary Alice Keach. 
A. L. Keister. 


Respectfully submitted, 
Watpo G. LELAND, Secretary. 


STATEMENT OF TREASURER, DECEMBER 19, 1917. 


Balance on hand December 19, 1916_____________________-_____ $3, 219. 64 


Receipts to date: 
Annual dues— 


eee at GSO ee aa Aa eg oe DG i eo $6, 756. 00 
(Gis SN Se ks cal ee Fee OS . 75 
, perp OK) eenees Week ee 2. 00 
1 lin ps a0 Beil a aie ee eee aay Spey in IE 2.94 
5 Ss EB | Ja. 9 SSE ee ae sae nee a Se 15. 25 
9 Seabee al (irene O51 See S52 SP tees 27. 90 
5 eee ote yee wee ts ee ee t 15. 75 
2 Use | BO aa ele a ie EE eee 6. 50 
1 G3) 5, BU ee A IE eee eied Ook BL AL Eee 3. 50 
1 Soe are (i) issn eS ae tS eS cin i ae 4. 00 
$6, 834. 59 
life membership, dweses5 2-25 ee ee 50. 00 
Dividend: con bank wstocke 222) 215 Bee ee 240. 00 
Interest on bond and mortgage__________________ 900. 00 


Heo ame VV. SOW Cis ee ee er 1, 642. 00 


62 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


Receipts to date—Continued. 
Publications— 


Prize essays 22 = a ee eee 318. 36 
Papers) and reporte: =e 48..70 
Writings on American History________ 40. 90 
Royalties. 20. 226) 0) iess eee 134. 27 
Gift for London headquarters_____________________ 
Miscellaneous— 
Lists of ‘members2=.3 =e eee 40. 00 
Amount paid for copy of American 
Historical Review for member of As- 
Sociation \ 222242 eS aes . 40 
Cash from unknown source____________ 2. 00 


542. 23 
50. 00 


42. 40 


Total receipts to date_-2_)23-. 2). eee eee 
Total disbursements to datess___-* -- = 22 2 eee 


Balance on hand December 19, 1917______-____-______ 


DISBURSEMENTS, DEC. 19, 1916, TO DEC. 19, 1917. 


EHapense of administration. 


Secretary and treasurer, vouchers 18, 19, 20, 21, 27, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 39, 40, 41, 
42, 51, 52, 58, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 66, 69, 71, 74 75, 81, 82, 83, 87, 88, 89, 92, 96, 
97, 100, 101, 105, 106, 107, 112, 113, 114, 117, 118, 120, 121, 122, 125, 126, 127, — 


128, 129, 186, 141, 152, 154: 
Itemized as follows— 


Executive council, 
Itemized as follows— 


Salary of 7aSsistan (as eee een $950. 00 
Additional assistance and services of all 

ein Ss css ee ee Ae See 177. 10 
Postage s in 2s Ee eg ie ee aes eee 


Telegrams, messenger service, express, money- 

order fees: notary. feeS_2 =) G32 6- see 
Stationerysandysupplest so. eee 
Furnishings. oes aes ad eee Poe 
Printing ‘andsduplicating== 28 ee eee 
Auditing treasurer’s report, 1916_______________ 
Collection: Chances. as eee ee ee ee 
Miscellaneoust= = 2 les) Be es ee es oe ee 
Express charges on account of Winsor Prize 

Committee £225 e284 25 aioe Ses a ee 


Expense incurred in travel to attend meeting of 
executive council, Dee. 1, 1917— 
W.e-G. -Leland=2. 33222 22 eee 
HM. Es, Bourne] 2222 a ae Se eee 
G. Se Bordsc ee eee a eees i NER 
BH. B.SGreene <2 5 ats es SS es as tee 
S. Bx Harding a2 2 ee es Se eee 
Lucy M:.-Salmone 2. S222 Sh es ae eee 
WB: sBhillipss ee ee ee 
Geo Mee WirOme ean ee ok ee ee 
Charles): Moore 22 So Se ee 


Secretary of the council, vouchers 28, 29, 48, 142, 143: 
Itemized as follows— 


Services: 2222052 Seo er Oe en ae eee 
Poste: Ses ea eee cer 
Berimpirie se  ea e 
Stationery: 22292 22 oes Rh Se ae ee 


7. 98 


ouchers 135, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 155: 


14. 96 
38. 31 
15. 55 
55. 76 
12. 20 

3. 10 
39. 94 
29. 63 
29. 59 


3. 90 
5. 00 
13. 50 
13. 75 


10, 301. 22 


13, 520. 86 
11, 096. 51 


2, 424. 35 


$1, 572. 86 


239. 04 


36. 15 


THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL MEETING. 


Committee on nominations, vouchers 108, 130, 131, 137, 138, 156: 


Itemized as follows— 


Committee on bibliography, voucher 158: 


SET TIGER 5 SE eae ace eae a eal 32s) Ses ee 10. 00 
E OSI DEG) =a oe eee ee ee ee ee 27. 00 
TLESE TESTS Sea eR SA a Soa ag ee 1. 50 
ECO UGE SS i ES aS ace PME Eee en 5 2p eenen 34. 00 
SLD DOS ts eee oe Re a eae as ey pote tt Lae 5. 00 
Annual meetings. 
Committee on program, 1917, voucher 140: 
Itemized as follows— 
NEVI CCS Meee tee am ees Teens Sas OE 15. 00 
TES REIGN ee ee eee 31. 14 
Sa MO NC Ie yates eg = ere eee lee eae ee re 12. 25 
Arp pt Opens eee ee eae eee eee a ee 65. 00 
Conference of historical societies, vouchers 54, 182, 157: 
Itemized as follows— 
GS Ta ee eee eee etn et Fe ge ee 14. 80 
LDS DURES SI eee eee Sees eee . 78 
Rane een aes ee ae SN eB 30. 75 
WS GONINGOURY i = Se ee he ee ae . 39 
Publications. 
Committee on publications, vouchers, 30, 38, 44, 45, 46, 61, 
62, 63, 64, 65, 72, 73, T7, 78, 85, 86, 90, 102, 110, 111, 139: 
Itemized as follows— 
Biinbinegvand. binginge Ss. wee wl Lee 844. 53 
Pana ppine and =magine ss 2s ee 33.18 
ostuseran dvexpress == ss Tae ee 49. 30 
Storageand Insurance 2232 7. oe ee 109. 33 
PARISIEN OY een Se Se LE eR NT pees eS meats, SU eee 11. 00 
Miscellaneous ~----_---_____ Se AGE Tee ae, eee cee qT. 15 
Editorial services, vouchers 387, 50, 60, 91, 98, 115, 123, 153__________ 
Cumulative index. 
SUES SUREIS 7D, IG ee ee a nee ee ee 2 
American Historical Review. 
Vouchers 47, 48, 49, 67, 80, 98, 94, 95, 103, 104, 109, 151_____________ 
Standing committees. 
Historical manuscripts commission, voucher 70: 
iemized=as: follows: Stationerye=-2<=— = =-) 228 8 
Public archives commission, vouchers 84, 124, 134: 
Itemized as follows— 
(SSSR CESS Sa ra ee vet oh a $2. 85 
TEAC) Sus Ce eee ae Les A ek eae A ee er 4. 85 
Expense of preparing report on archives of Idaho__ 75.00 
Committee on membership, voucher 31: 
Itemized as follows— 
CTI COS serene Perea al eee eae eT 8 3. 50 
IAG RUR Re Ss ee ea See a ae 6. 50 


hemized) as follows 3 Services=_—_— == 53 2 eee 


63 


77. 50 


123. 39 


53. 72 


1, 054. 49 
188. 55 


750. 00 


4, 261. 20 


6. 70 


82. 70 


64 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


Prizes and subventions. 


Adams prize committee, voucher 79: 
Itemized as follows— 
Amount ‘of prizé._=.-.-=5_ see eee 200. 00 
Author’s share of expense of printing additional 
pages, to be deducted=_2-- = = 75. 00 


Amounut paid author 2-222 22)) eee 125. 00 
Writings on American history, voucher 119: 

Appropriation for 19172220 = eee 200. 00 
History Teacher’s Magazine, vouchers 68, 99: 

Appropriation for 191%22_ 2-202) 22 ee eee 200. 00 


Committee on finance. 
Vouchers 22, 23: 
Itemized as follows: Printing-=2_- 22022) 2 = eee 50. 00 


Funds held wm trust. 
Voucher 24: 
London headquarters ...222_2_+ = =. 3) eee 150. 00 


Voucher 116..=.---. 2s ee ee ee 1, 642. 00 
Bills payable Dec. 19, 1916. 
Secretary and treasurer, vouchers 1, 2, 3, 4, 25, 26: 


Services 2.12232 eee ees eee $33. 25 
Prinung and! duplicate. eee 20. 50 
Furnishings) 52. 26) Seeker eee 4, 00 


$57. 75 
Executive council, voucher 5: 
Expense incurred in travel to attend meeting of 
executive council, Dec. 2, 1916: Lucy M. Sal- 
MON! = 2 ee eee ee 2. 80 
Committee on program, 1916, voucher 6: 
Expense of printing and mailing program of 


annual meeting, JOG see ee eee 178. 50 
Committee on nominations, vouchers 7,'8: 
Telegrams and telephones 23 = = 1. 65 
Printing _ 25-525 2. eee 6. 00 
——— 7.65 
241. 70 
Conference of historical societies, voucher 9: 
Services i212: 2553.4 42 Se ee ee 8. 50 
Mimeographing {2228205 i227 ee a se eee 4, 25 
Postage 22225223 See ee 7. 00 3 
19. 75 
Editorial services, voucher 10: 
Proof reading. — 2 Weer eee TE a a ees a 1. 00 
General committee, vouchers 11, 12, 13, 14: 
Services: 25 sok ag ac ne 16. 50 
Postage lib 3 eee ee 7. 80 
24. 30 
Committee on bibliography, voucher 15: 
Services 222. 2 dS. Pe ee ee 8. 87 
Committee on history in schools, voucher 16: 
Services 22 = Pe ee ee es 12. 00 
Postage: 2220-48232 ee eee ~ 5.00 
PIXpress\\ 22022255 S08 2Ue ee ee eee -29 
17. 29 
Winsor prize committee, voucher 17: 
Wxpress,2i256:/22 2. Save Sa Sa ee ee 5. 30 
318. 21 
11, 096. 51 
Net: TreéceiptS=2 9222 == ee eee u. 8, 659. 22 
ING disbursements] = ss 2 9, 454. 51 


Excess of disbursements over receipts____----------------_-~-~--_ 795. 29 


e 
THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL MEETING. 65 


The assets of the association are: 
Bond and mortgage on real estate at No. 24 East Ninety-fifth Street, 


Sige SUT, TNs: Ge EO ee Oe ee ree $20, 000. 00 
Accrued interest on above from Sept. 29, 1917 to Dec. 19, 1917____ 201. 87 
20 Shares American Exchange National Bank stock at $220___.__ 4, 400. 00 
Cash on hand (National Park Bank of New York)________________ 2, 424. 35 
Endowment fund on deposit in Central Trust Co. of New York____ 1, 490.00 

SUIS CT Se erent pe mean) OU ee Le ee 28, 516. 22 
PIN aASt ANNUal: TepOrts === 5 = Se 8 22 ee See 28, 021. 51 
mmrmerease: Gurine, the year of. -2_. == k 494. 71 

Among the assets of the association should be included: 

Per htONS 1 SLOCK., EStlimate2 =) = ee 6, 438. 00 
Furniture, office equipment, etc., estimate_-______________________ 250. 00 
6, 688. 00 


CLARENCE W. Bowen, Treasurer. 
PHILADELPHIA, PA., December 29, 1917. 


REPORT OF THE AUDIT COMMITTEE. 


We have examined the above report and also a report thereon by the Ameri- 
ean Audit Co. and find them to be correct and in satisfactory form. 
J. M. CALLAHAN. 
ee COX 


THe AMERICAN AUDIT Co. 
Mr. C. W. Bowen, 
Treasurer American Historical Association, 


New York, N. Y. 

Dear Sire: We have audited the accounts and records of the American His- 
torical Asociation from December 20, 1916, to December 19, 1917, and submit 
our report herewith, including the following exhibits: 

Exhibit A—Assets as at December 19, 1917. 

Exhibit B.—Receipts and disbursements from December 20, 1916, to Decem- 
ber 19, 1917. 

We verified the cash receipts as shown by the records and the cash disburse- 
ments with the receipted vouchers on file and found the same to agree with the 
treasurer’s report. 

The balances on deposit in banks, according to certificates from the banks, 
were reconciled with the check-book balances, and found to agree with the 
treasurer’s report, except 11 cents in the endowment fund. 

We inspected in New York the bond and mortgage on New York real estate 
and the stock certificates representing the 20 shares of the American Exchange 
National Bank. 

Respectfully submitted, 

: THE AMERICAN AUDIT Co., 
By C. R. CRANMER, 
Resident Manager, 


Approved: 
F. W. LaFRENTZ, 
President. 
Attest: 


[seau.] A. F. Larrentz, Secretary. 
WAsHINGToN, D. C., December 22, 1917. 


88582°—19——_5 


66 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


Exuisit A.—Assets as at December 19, 1917, 


Cash on hand: National City Bank of New York, N. Y_____________ $2, 424. 35 
Bond and mortgage on real estate at No. 24 East Ninety-fifth Street, 

New York City__ 2-2 +28 See eee 20, 000. 00 
Accrued interest on above__ 22-2244) Se eee 201. 87 
20 shares American Exchange National Bank stock, New York City 

at. $220 5 + Ss ee Se 4, 400. 00 
Endowment fund: Cash on deposit at Central Trust Co., New York 

Oiby 2.225532 2556s ee eS ee 1, 489 89! 


Inventories: (Not verified by The American Audit Co.) : 


Publications in stock 52-2 32222 ee eee 6, 438. 00 
Furniture, office equipment, ete. (estimate)________________ 250. 00 
Total assetS___-__+-) 22-22) eee 35, 204. 11 
Exuisit B.—Statement of receipts and disbursements from Dec. 20, 1916, to 
Dec. 19, 1917. 
Receipts : : 
Annual. dués2° 23236 ee Se ee $6, 834. 59 
Life membership: "=. a ee 50. 00 
Dividends on stock, American Exchange National 
Bank 0) 5. 2 ee ee eee 240. 00 
Interest.on bond and mortgage on real estate, 24 East 
Ninety-fifth Street, New York City________________ 900. 00 j 
Publications. ==>) - Ss 2 ee ee eee 407. 96 
Royalties,.- 12 ee ee ee 134. 27 
Gift to London, headquarters=_ = 22> S23) as 50. 00 
Receipts, services, ete., list of members______________ 40. 00 
Miscellaneous receipts= 2422 ee eee 2.40 - 
Total receipts, account 191(2-2 2 Ss eee $8, 659. 22 
Loans by C. W. Bowen2.222 2283") se eee 1, 642. 00 
Total receipts .._.2 2282S ee ee 10, 301. 22 
Cash on hand Dec. 20, 191Gs=" os! ee eee 3, 219. 64 
13, 520. 86 
Disbursements : 
Secretary and treasurers 32) aoe ee eee $1, 572. 86 
- Executive «Counc eee eee ee ne 239. 04 
Secretary, of the council] 2" ses ee ee 36. 15 
Committee on nomingiions= == eee TT250, 
Committee, on program: Os. eee 123. 39 
Conference of historical societies____________________ 53.12 
Committee on publicahions=225 hee ae eee 1, 054. 49 
Bditorial. services2222_=. = eS eee 138. 55 
Cumulative index se. See ae eee ee 750. 00 
American Historical Revie we se ee eee 4, 261. 20 
Historical manuscripts commission__________________ %. 70 
Public’ archives: commission=="=3))5 22s ees 82. 70 
Committee on membership. 2222 ee 10. 00 
Committee on bibliography == nee 5. 00 
Adams :pYrize-2 7 2o=) Ss. eS ee eee eee 125. 00. 
Writings on American history____-___=-------__-" __ 200. 00 
Bistory Teacher's (Magazine! =a se ee 200. 00 - 
Special committee on finance______=+_-=- = === “BO. 00 
Held in ‘trusts eS ee 150. 00 
Total disbursement, account 191(2_= 2) es Eee $9, 136. 30 
- Bills payable Dec. 19, 1916_= __..___- > = eae ee See 318. 21 
Payment of loans, C. W. Bowen________-- = se eee 1, 642. 00 
Total. disbursements 2---- =... eee ee 11, 096. 51 
Gash on hand: Dec..'19) 1917-222) -.. eee eee 2, 424. 35 


18, 520. 86 


Ae de le 


THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL MEETING. 67 


REPORT OF THE PUBLIC ARCHIVES COMMISSION. 


To the Erecutive Council of the American Historical Association: 

On behalf of the public archives commission I have the honor to submit a 
report for the year 1917. 

The report of the commission for 1916 was transmitted to the publication 
committee in season and is in press. With the publication of this report there 
will be available several more chapters treating of phases of the science of 
archives. These and those that have appeared in former reports make an 
almost complete series of tentative presentations toward the proposed “Primer.” 
The commission judges that it may well rest its labors at this stage and await 
future developments, under more propitious circumstances, for bringing the 
proposed work to completion in its final form. 

Prof. Thomas Maitland Marshall, formerly of the University of Idaho, and 
now of the department of history in the University of Colorado, was appointed 
an adjunct member of the commission for 1917. He has prepared a “ Report 
on the Public Archives of Idaho,” typewritten on 80 pages, letterhead size. 
His survey was confined to the archives in the old and new capitol buildings 
at Boise. No attempt was made to examine the records of the various State 
institutions; but for the assistance of investigators a list of the institutions is 
included. Likewise, boards and commissions whose records are not at Boise 
have been listed. ; 

Prof. Charles Edward Chapman, of the University of California, made in 
1916 a partial survey of a number of important archives of South America, 
including Buenos Aires, Santiago and Lima. The results he embodied in an 
article on “South America as a Field for an Historical Survey.” This article 
forms an appendix to the report of the public archives commission for 1916. 
It has also been printed as “Document X” in a pamphlet entitled, “A 
Californian in South America,” of which only 200 copies were issued for private 
distribution. 

The State of California, under the auspices of the California historical 
survey commission, has been making a survey of the county archives. During 
the past summer the Michigan historical commission began a survey of the 
State archives in the executive department and the department of state at 
Lansing, to be continued this winter; and a survey of the county archives is 
to be undertaken during the summer of 1918. It appears that the Legislature 
of Michigan has appropriated $800,000 for a new State building, in which the 
Michigan historical commission will have offices and accommodations for its 
records, including the centralization of the State archives, and for a pioneer 
museum. The substantial new building provided for the Minnesota Historical 
Society at St. Paul is about completed. A self-appointed body of citizens pre- 
pared a very informing “ Report on the Condition of the Public Records of the 
State of New Jersey,” which was used in an endeavor to secure legislation 
during the winter of 1917. This report has been reprinted as an appendix 
to the public archives commission report for 1916, with the consent of our 
publication committee and by permission of the New Jersey committee. 

A conference of archivists has been organized for Thursday afternoon, Decem- 
ber 27, in connection with the annual meeting of the American Historical 
Association. A paper will be read by Mr. Waldo G. Leland on ‘‘ The Archives 
of the War.” This paper will be introductory to a discussion of the subject 
in all aspects. Invitations have been sent out, and among the acceptances 
received are those of Dr. Clarence W. Alvord, representing Illinois; Dr. James 
Sullivan, of New York; Mr. R. D. W. Connor, of North Carolina; Mr. George 


68 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


S. Godard, of Connecticut; Dr. Solon J. Buck, of Minnesota; Dr. George N. 
Fuller, of Michigan; and Rev. Dr. Peter Guilday, of the Catholic University. 

For the year 1917 the executive council appropriated $50 as a budget for the 
public archives commission. As a report on the Idaho archives could be se- 
cured only if arrangements were made at once with Prof. Marshall, since he 
was to remove from that State in the summer, the chairman of the commission 
requested him to proceed. Prof Marshall’s expenses amounted to $75 and 
he waited several months to be reimbursed. It was only through an addl- 
tional grant in October of $40 by transfer from the committee on publications 
on authorization of the executive council that the public archives commission 
was able to certify the payment of Prof. Marshall’s bill. 

The total budget of the commission was therefore $90, of which $75 went 
fer the Idaho report; for typewriting the report of 1916 and carbons $2.85; 
for postage used $1.85; for postage in advance $8—a total of $82.70; leaving 
a balance unexpended of $7.30. 

The chairman of the commission was offered two contributions but deemed 
it inadvisable to accept them without authorization by the executive council. 
This raises a question. Could not provision be made by the executive council 
for the acceptance of voluntary contributions for special objects so that these 
contributions may be paid over to the treasurer of the association and be 
held as an addition to the budget for the particular object for which the 
money has been designated by the donor or donors? 

The experience of the year of 1917 would seem to suggest an appropriation 
for 1918 of not less than $100. 

Respectfully submitted. . 

Victor H. Pattsits, Chairman. 

DECEMBER 1, 1917. 


REPORT OF THE BOARD OF EDITORS OF THE AMERICAN HISTORTI- 
CAL REVIEW. 


Since their last report to the executive council, the board of editors have 
completed the transfer of the Review to the association by assigning the ex- 
isting contract between the board of editors and the Macmillan Co. to the 
association. This assignment was carried out by entering upon the back of 
the old contract a form of transfer previously approved by the Macmillan 
Co., its signature by the members of the board of editors and its acceptance 
by the association, testified to by the signature of the secretary and applica- 
tion of the association’s seal. The board also executed a bill of sale to the 
association of the tangible effects of the Review and received an acknowledg- 
ment of its receipts fromm the secretary, Mr. Leland. 

As it is the feeling of the board that a special duty has been laid upon it 
by the entrance of the United States into the war, and as this feeling may 
not, in the absence of explanation, be shared by all members of the association, 
the board desires to lay before the council its conception of its duty in the 
management of the Review at this time and of the course of action by which 
that duty should be fulfilled. It is possible for an historical journal to ignore 
the war, on the ground that it is not yet practicable to form solid judgments 
respecting any of its events, for want of adequate materials, and for want 
of proper perspective and of proper serenity of mind. On the other hand, it 
would be possible to. follow the course of filling its pages, both those which 
are devoted to formal articles and those devoted to book reviews, to patriotic, 
but none the less partisan, argumentation against Germany. 

We do not think it necessary to follow either of these two courses. We do 
not wish that the American Historical Review shall contain in 1917 and 1918 


THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL MEETING. 69 


anything that we or the members of the association shall regret in 1927 or 1928, 
as having been written under the influence of the passions of the hour. We 
feel no desire, and see no need, to disregard in war time the canons imposed 
on historical writing by universal judgment in times of peace and well under- 
stood to be valid at all times. ' 

We may, however, with entire propriety enlighten our public by good articles 
on any of the numerous historical matters that help to explain the war and the 
actions of individual nations in it, or that clarify the public intelligence re- 
specting present-day problems by bringing into full view the experience of the 
United States in preceding wars. We consider it our patriotic, as well as our 
scientific duty, a service to the cause of the United States as well as a service 
to the cause of history, to print such articles, and we have taken pains to elicit 
them. 

Thus, in our’ July number we printed an article by Prof. Fay on the ‘ Begin- 
nings of the Standing: Army in Prussia,” one by Prof. Fish on the “ Northern 
Railroads in April, 1861,” and one by Prof. Ramsdell on the “ Confederate Goy- 
ernment and the Railroads.” In our October number we had an article by 
Prof. Hayes entitled “The History of German Socialism Reconsidered.” In the 
January number we will print articles by Dr. Justin H. Smith on “American 
Rule in Mexico in 1846-1848;” by Prof. J. G. Randall on ‘‘ The Newspaper 
Problem in its Bearing upon Military Secrecy during the Civil War,” and by 
M. Serge Goriainov, formerly archivist of the ministry of foreign affairs in 
Petrograd, on ‘‘ The End of the Alliance of the Emperors,” an important chap- 
ter in the diplomatic history of the years between 1881 and 1890. These will 
serve as examples of the kind of article to which we have had reference in the 
exposition of policy made above. As to what shall be said in such articles, 
writers are given the usual freedom, and have shown no disposition to abuse it. 

If it be said that the effect will be to shift the center of gravity of our num- 
pers to a much later date in history than in the years preceding, we reply that 
in our judgment the times justify the change, that it corresponds to a shift, for 
the time at least, in the public interest, and that we shall thereby be more 
useful. We may add that to change our emphasis in such a way is to do no 
more than redress a balance which has long lain unreasonably far in the other 
direction. After the issue of our first 20 volumes we publish figures showing 
that out of 397 articles published only 8 have related to the history of Hurope 
since 1815. As we should at any time have been glad to publish more articles 
on this modern period, the fault must be charged to the indifference of the his- 
torical profession in America to its exploitation. A prodigious increase of in- 
terest in it is now being manifested ; the editors of the Review wish‘to do their 
part in meeting and sustaining that interest. 


Respectfully submitted, z ' 
EDWARD P. CHEYNEY, 


Chairman. 
December 29, 1917. 


REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


Only a small sum was allotted to this committee for its work during the pres- 
ent year, so small as merely to cover the necessary cost of correspondence. ~For 
that reason, if no other, it has not been possible to develop any new lines of 
work or to make any considerable progress on the lines of work already in 
hand. 

The outbreak of war has placed unusual burdens upon most of the members of 
the committee, so as to turn their attention away from their personal prob- 
lems of research. 


70 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


The outbreak of war has also brought special problems to the attention 
of the committee or its members. The chairman was one of those summoned 
to the conference in Washington at the end of April, which organized the 
National Board for Historical Service. In the discussions at that time, it 
was recognized that a certain amount of work of a bibliographical character 
would be necessary. At once the chairman was called upon to furnish a list 
of readings on the causes and issues of the war, which was published in the 
History Teacher’s Magazine for June. During the summer, the board, acting 
especially through Prof. Hull, took up the preparation of a fuller bibliography 
of somewhat similar scope, which should be accompanied with critical anno- 
tations on the several books. This work was carried nearly to completion by 
Prof. Hull, the chairman of the committee, Prof. Lybyer, and one or two 
others who assisted in some measure. The matter of printing has been delayed 
because of certain difficulties in making satisfactory arrangements. At pres- 
ent it is planned to make the work complete to the Glose of the calendar 
year, for printing early in 1918. 

Prof. Shearer reports the completion of the Bibliography of American His- 
torical Periodicals, and that it will be printed in the proceedings of the Ameri- 
can Library Institute for 1917.2 Prof. Rockwell reports that it is out of the 
question to undertake the Bibliography of American Church History along 
lines which he suggested in the last report of the committee. The other mem- 
bers of the committee, with the exception of Dr. Steiner, either have nothing 
to report, or merely report progress with their several lines of work. Dr. 
Slade, of the Library of Congress, has felt that the demands on his time have 
made it necessary to ask to be relieved from the committee. It seems to the 
chairman that either he or some other person from the staff of the Library of 
Congress should be continued upon the committee. 

Dr. Steiner has in charge the work on the Bibliography of American Travel, 
which was initiated by a special committee of the association and later trans- 
ferred to this committee. With the assistance of Mr. Dielmann, of the Peabody 
Library, in Baltimore, Dr. Steiner has collected a large number of title slips, 
and it is suggested that during the coming year the committee may arrange 
for the passing of this collection of slips about among the more important 
libraries, for the purpose of getting additional titles. When this shall have 
been done, it will be necessary to decide whether to print a title-a-line list as a 
preliminary edition, or whether to prepare at once the material for final — 
publication. 

As for some years previous, the chairman has during the present year con- 
tributed bibliographical notes with regard to European publications to each 
of the quarterly issues of the American Historical Review. 

While it is understood that the council of the association will find it impos- 
sible to place any appropriation at the disposal of this committee for the 
year 1918, yet the chairman wishes to emphasize the necessity of liberal ap- 
propriation for this committee by the association if any work of importance 
is to be completed and published. The preparation and publication of bibliog- 
raphies is a laborious and somewhat expensive task, and can only be carried to 
completion through the support of such a body as the American Historical 
Association or through some form of private contributions. Unless it seems 
probable that the association will be prepared within a reasonably short time 
to make adequate appropriations for the work of this committee, it is doubtful 
whether it is desirable to maintain the committee in existence at all, instead 
of merely in abeyance, as is the proposition for the coming year. So much 


1 Also printed in the Annual Report of the American Historical Association, 1916, 
Vol. I, pp. 477-484. : 


THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL MEETING. GFE 


work, however, has been done on the Bibliography of American Travel, and the 
work is so important for students of American history, that it seems desirable 
that provision of some sort should be made in the near future for the com- 
pletion and publication of this work at least. 

The committee, even though nominally in abeyance during the coming year, 
will obviously be glad to be of any service to the association or to the National 
Board for Historical Service which it may be able to render to the cause of 
historical research or the interests of the Nation in the present situation. 

The expenditures of the committee during the year 1917 have been $5 for 
stenographic services, for which a bill is inclosed. This leaves a balance of 
$5 from the appropriation of $10 placed at the disposal of the committee for 
the year. 


Respectfully submitted. 
Grorce M. DutcHeErR, Chairman. 
DECEMBER 14, 1917. 


REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATIONS. 


To the American Historical Association. 

GENTLEMEN‘ I beg to submit to your consideration the following report 
eovering the year 1917. As chairman of the committee on publications, I have 
had oversight of these matters: I. Annual reports (in part) for 1914, for 1915, 
and for 1916. II. The Justin Winsor prize essay of 1916 entitled “ Connecticut 
in transition: 1775-1818,” written by Dr. Richard J. Pureell, now at St. 
Thomas College, St. Paul, Minn. 

I. The first volume of the 1914 report was distributed in March, 1917. It 
contained the proceedings and papers of the Chicago meeting. The second 
yolume, consisting of an elaborate index of the papers and reports of the asso- 
ciation for a period of 30 years (1884-1914), is now going slowly through the 
press. It is in page proof and should appear during the coming year. It 
seems probable that the report for 1915—the proceedings and papers of the 
Washington meeting—will appear early this coming spring, for corrected page 
proof and index were sent to the printer in October. . The last report, that of 
1916, consists of two volumes: Volume I will contain proceedings and papers 
of the Cincinnati meeting; Volume II will be the twelfth report of the Historical 
Manuscripts Commission, and is made up of the “ Correspondence and papers 
(1826-1885) of Robert M. T. Hunter,” edited by Prof. Charles H. Ambler, of 
Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, Va. This latter work has now been revised 
in accordance with suggestions brought to your attention last year, and to 
some slight degree amplified. Altogether, then, there are four volumes now 
in the hands of the Public Printer which should all appear by next autumn. 
By that time we may hope to have our slate satisfactorily cleared unless 
unforeseen burdens are put upon the shoulders of your publications committee. 

May I call your attention to a cursory analysis of the contents of Volume I 
of the 1916 report, together with a few comments? It will contain about a 
dozen papers read at the Cincinnati meeting, excluding the presidential ad- 
dress (as usual) and all papers that appear in print elsewhere. Five papers 
read at Cincinnati have appeared in the American Historical Review*; two 
were taken by the Mississippi Valley Historical Review *; three others went to the 


1C. W. Ramsdell, “‘The Confederate Government and the railroads”; J. S. Reeves, 
“Two conceptions of the freedom of the seas”; S. B. Fay, ‘“‘ The beginnings of the stand- 


_ing army in Prussia’ ; J. A. Robertson, “‘ The Philippine Islands since the inauguration of 


the Philippine Assembly’; and A. L. Cross, ‘‘ The English criminal law and benefit of 
clergy in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.” 
23. A. James, “ Spanish influence in the West during the American Revolution”; and 


~ J. R. Robertson, ‘‘ Sectionalism in Kentucky from 1855 to 1865.” 


72 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


Political Science Quarterly,’ the Yale Review,” and the Journal of International 
Law,* respectively. Four papers‘ appeared together in a small volume brought 
out last spring by the Harvard University Press, entitled ‘‘ Three Peace Con- 
gresses of the Nineteenth Century and Claimants to Constantinople.” Six pa- 
pers* for reasons best known to their respective authors were withheld from 
consideration—one or two of them, perhaps, being printed elsewhere. It was 
thought best to reject four papers. Although the Cincinnati program was un- 
usually distinguished for the numbers of papers, yet the report of 1916 con- 
tains only about the average number of papers usually gathered. 

I should like to make at this point a first query: Is it rot desirable to print 
in our annual report the presidential address, which in a conspicuous way is — 
apt to mark the occasion of every meeting? This address, to be sure, always 
reaches our members through the Review. It would reappear months later in 
the report. On the other hand, it would mark the volume and so increase its 
value as a work of reference. 

II. There is no need this year of long comment regarding the prize essay. 
It will appear in the same garb as was given to Dr. Pease’s “The Leyeller 
Movement.” It is longer than that work and will probably be rather more ex- 
pensive, inasmuch as it will contain three charts. ‘The sales of Dr. Pease’s es- 
say thus far (December 19) amount to just 194 copies, for which the associa- 
tion has received $199. The total cost of the Pease volume, including wrap- 
ping, mailing, and postage, is close to $860. Dr. Purcell’s volume is likely to 
cost somewhat more. 

During the past two years the editor, aided by Mr. Leland, has-been unable 
to place the manuscripts of the essays in the hands of the printer before mid- 
August. Under good conditions, manuscripts then started can be got into page 
proof by October 15. Experience shows that the making of an index by more 
or less untried authors is a matter of at least two months. I wish very much 
that the making of the index for the prize essays could be regularly left to 
some expert such as can easily be found in the Washington office. The reason 
against this plan is a tradition that seems to be associated with these prizes, 
to the effect that it is good for the writer to try his inexperienced hand on 
this rather delicate matter. To be promptly published, these essays should be 
ready for the printer not later than June 1 of the year following the prize; 
the index should as a rule be done by an expert and not by the author. This 
recommendation means simply that the prize essay could appear without failure 
early in December of every year, and that a month or two of time would in 
every case be saved. 

Last year you appropriated for editorial purposes $250, an addition of $50 
ever the preceding appropriation ($200). I transferred to the Publie Archives 
Commission for a report on the archives of Idaho from this amount $40, 
leaving $210. Of this latter amount, I have expended already (Noy. 21) for 
the reading of proof (chiefly) $123.60. The balance now on hand is accordingly 
$86.40, most of which will be used within a month or so. 


1A, M. Schlesinger, ‘“‘The uprising against the East India Company.” 

2. Seymour, ‘“‘ The ententes and the isolation of Germany.” 

3 W. BE. Lingelbach, ‘England and neutral trade in the Napoleonic and present wars.” 

4C, D, Hazen, “ The Congress of Vienna”; W. R. Thayer, “‘ The Congress of Paris” ; 
R. H. Lord, ‘‘ The Congress of Berlin”; and A. C. Coolidge, ‘“‘ Claims upon Constantinople : 
national, geographical, and historic.” 

5 Laura A. White, “ Robert Barnwell Rhett and South Carolina, 1826-1852”; R. P. 
Brooks, ‘‘ Howell Cobb and the crisis of 1850’; A. B. White, ‘“‘ Was there a common 
council before Parliament? ’ Ernest A. Smith, ‘“‘ The influence of the religious press of 
Cincinnati on the northern border States’’; and R. C. McGrane, ‘‘ The Pennsylvania 
bribery bill of 1836”; also B. C. Semple’s paper (see program). 


THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL MEETING. 73 


Confining attention to the prize essays, the annual output for the year 
(Dee. 19, 1916—Dec. 19, 1917) in cost has been $996.52. Receipts have been 
$315.86. This means a net loss of $680.66. Of this loss the storing and insur- 
ance item alone is $109.33, which is slowly increasing with our increase of 
stock. 

The estimated value of the prize essays now on hand is $3,513. These 
essays consist of 4,209 copies—1,426 bound copies and 2,783 unbound copies. 
The following tabulation reveals the number of copies sold since last year: 


MeGee me Sey TLCherart YC G1 Uctaa) == ee Sire nee ee a eke 618 
Sere Minos; Country (092 ila) eee a 564 
MDE Pn ECrU Teta LOR (ore ee ee 517 
SEER PAGE Y. (10) 4-20 ee ee ee Se Se ne 435 
Turner’s Negro in Pennsylvania (406+9)_-----__-________. = 415 
ea ERMSEOES SU TALTSUSS CLC (54 t=O) rae ee es 855, 
Williams’s Anglo-American Isthmian Diplomacy (317+33)_______________ 350 
Pere NaneA HAT WOLcATLnetol (20 1-18) ie 285 
Muzzey’s Spiritual Franciscans (186+7)_-----________________ Fea Se AES 193 
Paes vellene WOVEMECNt= =a ee ee ee a 194 

SERPS] Dred NGS iN fen ne Ps eg Ie a ee ee 315 


The estimated value of all other publications held by us, including papers, 
annual reports, church history papers, and writings on American history, 
amounts to $2,925. Three of the essays have sold thus far upward of 500 
copies—those by Notestein, Carter, and Krehbiel. Of the others, Cole and 
Williams are still comparatively “ geod sellers.” The editions of Williams and 
Pease were limited to 750 copies. It might be desirable to limit still further 
the edition to 500 copies. I am inclined to believe that such an edition would 
supply the demand for some years to come of Dr. Purcell’s new volume in the 
series. ; 

Advertising the prize essays seems thus far to have cost the association about 
$227. Might it not be desirable to study this particular problem rather care- 
fully with a view to the possibility of forcing greater sales? The sum of $200, 
appropriated for this special purpose, might be judiciously spent over a year 
or so for advertising purposes, I think. Yet I still have grave doubt about 
the desirability of maintaining the series. My opinion as expressed last year 
still seems to me reasonable. While the two prizes have encouraged young 
doctors to get their doctoral dissertations into print under the favoring 
auspices of this association, one is safe in saying that this work, done by 
youthful specialists trained at various universities, would have been printed 
under other auspices and have reached very nearly the same limited reading 
public. Twenty-five years ago this method of encouragement was justified. 
It is, I think, no longer so. 

In conclusion, I should like to make two or three suggestions of a construc- 
tive nature. These suggestions, if feasible, mean the expenditure in future 
of such moneys as can be spared for larger tasks than have heretofore been 
done. As far back as November 24, 1908, an “ assistant committee on the docu- 
mentary historical publications of the United States Government,” headed by 
Mr. Worthington C. Ford, and composed of eight other members—Messrs. C. I. 
Adams, C. M. Andrews, W. A. Dunning, A. B. Hart, A. C. McLaughlin, A. T. 
Mahan, F. J. Turner, and J. F. Jameson—made a brief but notable report on 
the needs regarding the better organization and publication of documentary 
materials, papers (official and unofficial), and a considerable variety of matter 
of interest to students of social, economic, and political history, at present 
either in the archives of the Government or in private hands. So far as I 
know, this report led to no significant results. It was certainly remarkable 


74 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


enough to merit far more attention than apparently it gained from this asso- 
ciation. My thought in citing it is merely this, that such an excellent step 
toward putting this association in touch with widespread needs, some of them 
of a national character, ought not at this time to be overlooked. The present 
national emergency has already enlarged our horizon and must, if wisely met, 
strengthen the hope of widening the scope of our publication efforts. 

While the National Board for Historical Service is not formally related to 
this association, it developed out of it, and is certain to quicken our efforts and 
to react upon the aims of our best-endowed members. The war is bound to 
bring new needs to the light—there must be in future much careful collecting 
of papers, arranging these for use, making them accessible. And this work 
should be to some extent directed by the well-equipped members of this asso- 
ciation. The problem is to get ourselves recognized to a greater extent by the 
Government so that we may be useful. Tasks which we set about must be 
worth doing, and .carefully planned. In the summary of chief recommendations 
made or suggested by Mr. Ford’s committee, I note, among others, such enter- 
prises as these: (1) A collection of State trials; (2) the correspondence of 
John Adams; (3) plans of colonial union previous to the Congress of 1774; 
(4) a reprint of at least the first three volumes of the Executive Journals of 
the Senate; (5) the papers of Andrew Jackson; (6) the papers of Jefferson 
Davis; ete. To-day other subjects, especially in the fields of diplomacy, foreign 
relations, military and naval history, and Government administration will 
readily suggest themselves. Some of this work will undoubtedly be done in the 
course of years through private enterprise. Some of it must probably be done 
by the Government. I wish, however, to suggest that careful study of this com- 
mittee report to-day might lead to the projection of tasks that this association 
would heartily approve. Such tasks would strength our position, I think, in 
the eyes of public men and men of affairs. At any rate such tasks as I have 
in mind and have tried to suggest may make better worth while the time of 
the chairman of the publication committee, heretofore chiefly spent on the 
annual reports and the prize essays. The time spent on the annual reports I 
do not begrudge. The time spent on the prize essays is relatively very much 
more than that spent on the reports. In my judgment you are spending al- 
together too much money of the association and asking too much of my time 
as chairman of the publication committee for this particular work. 


Respectfully submitted. 
H. BARRETT LEARNED. 


REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE OF HISTORICAL SOCIETIES. 


To the Executive Council of the American Historical Association: 

The conference of historical societies met last December at Cincinnati and 
discussed various papers. In order to record the proceedings while they were 
still fresh in the minds of those who attended and while they were still wanted 
by those who could not attend, a booklet was published in February contain- 
ing the proceedings and reports of societies. 

Arrangements for the next conference at Philadelphia are practically com- 
pleted. The program has worked itself out in a satisfactory manner and a copy 
has been in Prof. Ames’s hands since November 10. 

At the coming conference an important part of the business will be to or- 
ganize. For this purpose a committee on financial contributions and voting 
powers has been appointed with Dr. S. J. Buck as chairman; a committee on 
needed officers and committees with Prof. B. F. Shambaugh as chairman; a 
committee on the nomination of chairman with Mr. Frank H. Severance as 
chairman. : 


THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL MEETING. 75 


My plan now is to publish a report of the conference in January or Feb- 
ruary, as in 1917, and a list of all known historical societies and their agencies 
in the United States and Canada with such facts as are known about them. 
It is gratifying to report that already 107 societies have answered the ques- 
tionnaire, which is 17 more than in any previous year, and additional answers 
may be expected up to January 1. Evidently the societies do not wish to be 
left out of the proposed handbook . 

The one unsettled matter is that of contributions. The conference was fos- 
tered for years by the American Historical Association, but hoped after last 
year’s action of the council to become independent financially. It must be re- 
membered, however, that the conference is very intangible. It has no definite 
membership as yet. The attendance fluctuates with always a certain interested 
number who are regularly present, mainly men from the State societies and 
a large number of casual attendants from the neighborhood of the meeting 
place. The subjects discussed are of value to those attending and if the pres- 
ent plan of immediate publication can be carried out they will be of value to 
distant societies. In the aggregate the papers at the conferences referring to 
historical societies and their problems would form a good-sized book, which, 
with considerable editing, might eventually be published separately. Discus- 
sions, however, are not enough to bind the societies together. Committees 
may do something in that line, but my idea is that the proposed annual hand- 
book will do more. The cost of this is uncertain and financial backing very 
uncertain. The plan to organize provides for contributions of 1 cent per mem- 
ber from societies. Already about eight societies have signified their inten- 
tion of contributing, but it has been deemed wise, after consultation, not to 
ask for these contributions for 1917. They will begin after Dr. Buck’s com- 
mittee report has been adopted. My hope is that the first year $50 or $75, per- 
haps more, will come from the societies. My expectation is that about $100 
witl, if economically expended, provide for postage, handbook, notices, etc., for 
1918. 

Under the circumstances as noted, I am forced to ask the council for an ap- 
propriation of not less than $25 for 1918, in order to carry over the work of the 
conference and provide for a probable inertia on the part of the societies in be- 
ginning to make contributions. 

Respectfully submitted. 


A. H. SHEaRErR, Secretary. 
NovEMBER 22, 1917. 


REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON MEMBERSHIP. 


To the Council of the American Historical Association: 

_ The committee on membership begs to submit the following analysis of the 
statistics of the membership of the association together with a report of its 
activities during the year 1916-17. 

Your committee has made no effort to carry on a general campaign for new 
members in the past year, partly because the war with its many claims upon 
the interest of people seemed to make it inadvisable, and partly because ade- 
quate funds were not voted for such a campaign. The work of the committee 
has, therefore, consisted chiefly in personal efforts on the part of individual 
members, and in some cases with highly gratifying results. 

In normal times it has been demonstrated that there is a fairly steady acces- 
sion to the membership year by year to offset deaths and withdrawals. But 
these are abnormal times. War-time economy has made serious inroads on the 
membership of scientific and social organizations. With our association this 
has manifested itself not only in resignations, but in a reluctance on the part 


76 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


of men and women who would normally become members, from joining at this 
time. Many replies to our invitations to become members urge this objection. 

In view of this, the decrease in membership during the year from 2,739 
to 2,642—that is, of 97—is not at all extraordinary. Even this I am confident 
will be materially reduced by the addition of new names between this and the 
new year, though the results of the local campaign in connection with the 
Cincinnati meeting were not successful. 

An analysis of the membership shows the following interesting distribution 
by regions: 

New England (Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode ; 
Island, Connecticut), 448. Additions, 10 (3 in New Hampshire, 4 in Massa- 
chusetts, 3 in Connecticut, and none in Maine and Rhode Island) ; altogether 
too small. 

North Atlantic (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, 
District of Columbia), 798. Additions, 51 (23 in New York, 4 in New Jersey, 
22 in Pennsylvania, none in Delaware and Maryland, and 2 in District of 
Columbia). 

South Atlantic (Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida), 
141. Additions, 12 (4 in Virginia, 2 in North Carolina, 1 in South Carolina, 
4 in Georgia, and 1 in Florida). Compare with 10 additions in New Mngland; 
comparatively this represents three times as large an increase. 

North Central (Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Miehigan, Wisconsin), 5383. Addi- 
tions, 42 (13 in Ohio, 3 in Indiana, 5 in Dinos, 12 in Michigan and 9 in 
Wisconsin). Evidence that general invitations such as were issued last year do 
not succeed even when the annual meeting is held in the region. 

South Central (Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, Kentucky, West Virginia), 
91. Additions, 14 (1 in Alabama, 4 in Kentucky, 1 in Tennessee, 8 in 
West Virginia). This represents the interested cooperation of Mr. McConnell, 
a member of the committee, and demonstrates clearly the kind of effort that 
brings results. 

West Central (Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, North 
Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas), 276. Additions, 
28 (1 in Arkansas, 4 in Minnesota, 2 in Iowa, 4 in Missouri, 2 in North 
Dakota, 1 in Nebraska, 2 in Oklahoma, 9 in Kansas, 3 in Texas). 

Pacific Coast (Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Idaho, Utah, 
Nevada, Arizona, Washington, Oregon, California), 260. Additions, 15 (Cal- 
ifornia 9, 2 in Idaho, 3 in Utah, 1 in New Mexico). 

Territories (Porto Rico, Alaska, Hawaii, Philippine Islands), 6. No changes. 

From this analysis of the distribution of the membership a number of 
deductions suggest themselves. One in particular has impressed your com-- 
mittee, namely, the indifference of the rank and file of the association’s mem- 
bership in securing the normal additions year by year from among the graduate 
students and the teachers of history. 

Additions from this source represent a much healthier and permanent growth 
of the association than the more or less temporary additions obtained through 
a whirlwind campaign in connection with the annual meeting. For this 
reason they should be on the conscience of all the active members of the 
association. That they are not, save in a few cases, is evident from the sta- 
tistics. How otherwise account for only four additions from Massachusetts, 
and five from Illinois, States with several large universities and graduate 
schools? ; 

In the estimation of your committee, an earnest effort should be made to 
impress the needs of the association in this particular upon its members, 


THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL MEETING. Tee 


In regard to the composition of the committee for 1917-18 it is understood, 
I believe, that a new chairman, preferably from the region of the next annual 
meeting, be appointed. The West Central States should have a stronger repre- 
sentation on the committee. Dr. Melvin, of Kansas, has done excellent work, 
as have Prof. Hulme and Dr. Gutsch, of Texas. 

The falling off in the membership of New England from 542 in 1913 to 448 in 
1917 suggests the appointment of one or two active persons in that region.” 
This year the committee lost a promising young member through the resigna- 
_ tion of Mr. George, who enlisted in the Army early in the summer. 

In my previous report I spoke of the desirability of working out a plan for 
associate membership with a possible difference in the annual dues, and a 
substitution of the History Teacher’s Magazine for the review or annual report. 
There seemed to be difficulties that made it unwise for the council to take 
the matter up at that time. Despite this, however, I am convinced that the 
association’s sphere of influence could and should be very widely extended 
by some such plan for coordination through joint membership with the many 
active history teachers’ associations of the country. The war has revealed 
the potentiality of the teachers of history throughout the country in the 
work of educating public opinion, and it seems to your committeee a rare 
opportunity to bring them together under the egis of the American Historical 
Association at this time. 

A further analysis of the membership by States with the vital statistics is 
appended. 


Respectfully submitted. 
Wo. H. LINGeELBACH, Chairman. 
DErcEMBER 1, 1917. 


Statistics of membership, 1917, by States. 


oo 
New 
Noy. 21, | members 
1917. Novy. 21, 
1917. 
EA UPIBE oc woh asabese COL OO EEDA SSE CROCS SBOP S ESE eee = eer aay Rao ante oa eee 9 1 
LNB SIED. «2. o «gelocled ood GUE BORED CES EO ec aee C ee Eel te ena a elt Eee AC daeE OR Seat (eee | eae 
AARAD OP, oe osc a Se CER BUC BENE ERIOU OTERO ORES oe ora Eee oe een Silaesescees 
AVES . 2. c pOE CS SMEM BREE Bee COBO ESRI aes ae ines ae ee nae A Lam 1 
CCID Gy TIE 5 Sgn SRB ECE O opted HOE oe Geta acetal eae Me tae ORI re aie ees ora 160 9 
(CONTIG oo ce GE GSES CCE GOO eRe Et len ica Bea eon On me Ree ae aE eae eae ae 
Connecticut.......- ain 95 3 
Delaware............ bo 1h aoe se 
District of Columbia. . Leal 88 2 
TORO, ood co SHO SU Eder SE ABE EBOERON SE BBA Ae ase Bian ae ton] SION Ais Gomme Ame mnaeH 5 1 
4 


ering AY Gem me eS oe Me ude yo OM eg RE ei c wl widtcicie wince ab view oes Ly ae ee 
ESCH RIGA. 2 Sess AO GUE Seat Ee ane ean ODE ethene eb a ea ne i hy 272 4 
pen Sane oe 92 12 

50 4 

Dil ceiapie visite 

49 4 

LONG ere stare eee 

24 1 

Au leasrennet eis 

NG PELE TITS LITO earner PERI Scien eat ek i Bee = RL CAR rm DEA os cats Skies 29 3 
New Jersey...... Eee ae RG ae ora en 82 4 
New Mexico a Ns eee Noe 7 1 
New York....... 28 LSP Ait 372 23 
North Carolina, a Bea Heaps e 30 2 
North Dakota 4 2 
in: ocitnd HQC BSBOSHC OSD Nc SHear ES ESE ete ere Sora Ite net ean Cen iene. ee Pyare 117 13 


78 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


Satistics of membership, 1917, by States—Continued. 


New 
‘ Nov. 21, | members 
1917. | Nov. 21, 

1917. 


Oregon......-...- 
Pennsylvania....-... 

Philippine Islands. .. - 
Porto Rico........-... 

Rhode Island... - 
South Carolina... 
South Dakota-... 


VAT SINNAY Secrest ects sya seneee 
Washinpton.2 222s eae 
WestaVireinia: 222-5. ae.cen. 
WVASCONSIN a2 sheen oe eee 
Wiyoming. #6255 S228 2208. 
Canadare.ci.c 2.0. ies enon ee eee eee 


ars) 


Institutions ss2- 1-2) a50c\- Sheen eee oe ee 

Total paid membership 

Delinquent; total’-.-2. 5...) 4. eee eee 
Since last bill 
Bord years <a. 42). sisi cathe cae ee 

Oss, total\q. 2. - caescisbsa-: doe eee eee eee cena 
Deaths 


REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON HISTORY IN SCHOOLS. 


To the Council of the American Historical Association: 

In accepting the honor conferred upon me by the American Historical Asso- 
ciation at the Cincinnati meeting last year I expressed to the secretary of the 
council a conviction that the scope of the problem assigned to the committee 
on history in schools should be enlarged. It seemed to me then, and it seems 
to me now, essentially futile to define the field of history for the high school 
without defining at the same time the field of history for the elementary 
school. The Madison conference of 25 years ago gave excellent reasons for 
dealing with both fields, and recent changes in school organization suggest 
additional reasons. The old plan of eight years for the elementary school and 
of four years for the high school is breaking down. We are substituting in some 
cases the 6-6 plan that is, six years for elementary education and six for 


ea 


~ 


into the hands of the “ medical faculty, 


THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL MEETING. 79 


secondary education ; and in many more cases the 6-3-3 plan—that is, six years 
for the elementary school, three years for the junior high school, and three 
years for a senior high school. This readjustment carries obvious opportunities 
for reconstruction of the whole history program for schools and creates for 
those whose duty it is to consider such matters obvious responsibilities. 

With the approval of the secretary of the council I therefore submitted to 
the committee the question: ‘Shall we accept as our field for investigation 
and report the entire 12 years of school work?” A majority replied in the 
affirmative, but there were some very earnest protests from the minority. An 
informal conference of western members held in Chicago in April resulted in 
the acceptance of the broader field, agreement on fundamental principles of 
procedure, and a variety of somewhat contradictory suggestions for the appli- 
eation of the principles. The conclusions were laid before an informal confer- 
ence of eastern members held in New York in May, and after an extended 
discussion reduced, with some important modifications, to a fairly definite and 
coherent plan. Almost immediately after this conference the chairman fell 
” and further work was kept waiting 
upon the expectation that he would soon be in condition to submit a full 
statement for formal action by the committee. As events have turned out, this 
proved exceedingly unfortunate. The full statement is still to be made and its 
Gate is still uncertain. It is now entirely clear that another chairman should 
have been found early in the summer. With deep regret, but with a sense of 
duty which has long oppressed my conscience, I therefore beg to be released 
from any further connection with the active work of the committee. 


Respectfully submitted. 
HENRY JOHNSON, 


Chairman. 
NOVEMBER 30, 1917. 


REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE HERBERT BAXTER ADAMS 
PRIZE. 


Prof. L. M. Larson, chairman of the committee on the Herbert Baxter 
Adams prize, reported March 4, 1918, that the prize had been awarded to 
Lieut. fF. L. Nussbaum, of the National Army. The subject of his essay is 
“Gq. J. A. Ducher: An essay in the political history of mercantilism during the 
French Revolution.” 


REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON NOMINATIONS. 


To the members of the American Historical Association: 

The committee on nominations recommends the election of the following 
officers for the year 1918: 

President, William Rostoe Thayer. 

First vice president, Edward Channing. 

Second vice president, Jean Jules Jusserand, 

Secretary, Waldo G. Leland. 

Treasurer, Charles Moore. 

Curator, A. Howard Clark. 

Secretary of the council, Evarts B. Greene. 

Members of the council, Lucy M. Salmon, Samuel B. Harding, Henry BE. 
Bourne, George M. Wrong, Herbert E. Bolton, William BH. Dodd, Walter L. 
Fleming, William BH. Lingelbach. 

Members of the committee on nominations, Charles H. Ambler, Christopher 
B. Coleman, Carl R. Fish, J. G. deR. Hamilton, Victor H. Paltsits. 


80 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


Further nominations may be made over the signatures of not less than 20 
members, but all such nominations must be in the hands of the chairman not 
later than 12 o’clock noon on December 28, 1917. Nominations may also be 
made from the floor of the annual business meeting. 

Respectfully submitted. 2 

FrRaNK Matoy ANDERSON, Hanover, N. H., 
Chairman, 
CHARLES H. AMBLER, Parkersburg, W. Va., 
CHRISTOPHER B, CoLEMAN, Indianapolis, Ind., 
H. Barrett LEARNED, Washington, D. C., 
ANDREW C. McLaucHrin, Chicago, [1., 
Committee on Nominations. 


DECEMBER 3, 1917. 


MINUTES OF THE MEETING OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL OF 
THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION HELD AT COLUMBIA 
UNIVERSITY, NEW YORK, DECEMBER 1, 1917. 


The council met at 10 a. m., and continued its session during the day, with a 
short recess at the lunch hour. Present: President W. C. Ford, Vice President 
W. R. Thayer, Messrs. Leland, Bowen, Miss Salmon, Messrs. Bourne, G. S. 
Ford, Harding, Moore, Phillips, Wrong, G. B. Adams, Dunning, Jameson, 
Turner, and the secretary. At the request of the president, the chair was taken 
by Vice President Thayer, and later by Mr. Jameson. . 

The following chairmen of committees also attended the meeting: Messrs. 
Dutcher, Johnson, Learned, Lingelbach, and Paltsits. Mr. EH. P. Cheyney at- 
tended as chairman of the board of editors of the American Historical Review, 
and Mr. F. J. Teggart, as the representative of the Pacific coast branch. 

The minutes of the meeting of December 29, 1916, were read and approved. 

The secretary of the association presented his report, showing that the mem- 
bership of the association on November 15, 1917, was 2,642 as against the en- 
rollment, at corresponding dates, of 2,719 in 1916 and 2,989 in 1915. The possi- 
bility of further decrease as a result of the war was pointed out. The report 
was received and ordered to be placed on file. 

On motion of Mr. Leland, it was voted that a committee of five be appointed 
by the chair to prepare for an appropriate representation of the American 
Historical Association at the International Congress of the History of America 
to be held at Rio Janeiro in September, 1922. 

The secretary of the council reported that, in accordance with action taken 
by the council at its meeting of December 29, 1916, the president of the associa- 
tion had named the following members of the four executive committees then 
authorized : 

Committee on the docket, President W. C. Ford, chairman; E. B. Greene, E. ©. 
Barker, G. L. Burr, A. C. McLaughlin. 

Committee on meetings and relations, President W. C. Ford, chairman; 
W. G. Leland, G. M. Wrong, U. B. Phillips, W. A. Dunning. 

Committee on finance, G. S. Ford, chairman; Charles Moore, C. W. Bowen, 
W. G. Leland, E. B. Greene. 

Committee on appointments, President W. C. Ford, chairman; H. EH. Bourne, 
S. B. Harding, Miss Lucy M. Salmon, E. B. Greene. 

He also reported the appointment of Mr. F. H. Hodder in place of Mr. W. EH. 
Dodd, who had declined to serve on the Winsor prize committee. 


The committee on appointments was authorized to select the members of the - 


program committee for the annual meeting of the association in 1918. 


a 


THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL MEETING. 81 


The treasurer of the association presented his usual preliminary report, 
which was received and ordered placed on file. It showed the financial condi- 
tion of the association on November 21, 1917, to be as follows: 


SEPP CCID US ef ase AS ee $7, 403. 95 
PRES UCSCINIENTS = 9 es et ee ee ee 7, 564. 20 
fees OL GiSbUTSeMentSS 2 ee 160. 25 
2 SEL QUES LNG a Uae aE es Se ee 3, 059. 57 
OE BOE CS ISTE Sa aI le eee 24, 732. 99 
Pectin tSNCUS == ee es Be ee eS ee 27, 792. 56 
MPBNeUse sIMWASNCUS=) S25 a Sea OS et 228. 95 
SUE E LEAR od GG es See eS ee eee ee ee =~ 1,490.00 


The secretary of the council reported briefly on the work of the following 
committees: Historical manuscripts committee, committee on the Justin Winsor 
prize, committee on the Herbert Baxter Adams prize, board of advisory editors 
of the History Teacher’s Magazine, conference of historical societies, committee 
on history in schools, committee on the military history prize, committee on 
program, and committee to cooperate with the nationat highways association. 

Reports from the following committees were presented by the chairmen in 
person : Public archives commission, board of editors of the American Historical 
Review, committee on bibliography, committee on publications, committee on 
membership, and committee on headquarters in London. Mr. Jameson reported 
for the committee on indexing the papers and proceedings of the association, 
that the index- which had been prepared by Mr. Matteson was now in press. All 
these reports were ordered received and placed on file. 

The following recommendations of the advisory board of the History Teach- 
er’s Magazine were referred to the council committee on finance: 


1. That a subsidy from the American Historical Association be continued 
although, if thought best, reduced in amount. 

2. That the number of issues of the magazine be cut down from ten to nine, 
omitting the issue for September. 


On behalf of the committee on finance, Mr. G. S. Ford reported that the 
committee had examined the contract of the board of editors of the American 
Historical Review with the Macmillan Co., together with the indorsement made 
on the said contract by the board of editors and the president and secretary of 
the American Historical Association, transferring all rights in the said contract 
from the board of editors to the American Historical Association, and found 

the indorsement satisfactory. The committee also reported that it had approved 
a bill of sale transferring to the association the tangible properties and the good 
will of the Review. The action of the committee on these matters was ap- 
proved by the council. 

On the recommendation of the committee on finance, it was voted to recom- 
mend to the association for final approval the following plan for the adminis- 
tration of the funds of the American Historical Review: 


1. That the treasurer of the American Historical Association be requested 
to institute a separate fund called the American Historical Review fund, to 
be used for purposes of the Review, consisting at its inception of the bal- 
ance now possessed by the board, and now transferred by it to the treasury of 
the association ; 

2. That Maemillan’s monthly payments of $200 and any payments of profits 
by that firm under their contract be hereafter paid to the treasurer of the 
eee ation and by him placed to the credit of the American Historical Review 

nd; 

8. That in order to meet the payments which the treasurer has to make to 
the Macmillan Co. for numbers of the Review sent to members at 40 cents each 
the council of the association at each annual meeting appropriate to the Ameri- 


88582—19—_6 


82 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


—_ 


can Historical Review fund a sum sufficient to cover a payment of $1.60 for 
each of the estimated number of members to receive the Review during that 
year, such estimate to be certified by the secretary of the association. 

4. That all such payments as have heretofore been made by the treasurer 


of the board be hereafter made by the treasurer of the association on warrant. 


from the managing editor. 


The committee on nance also reported a tentative budget for the year 1918, 
showing that the loss of income from membership dues would make necessary 
a considerable reduction in expenditures, and that after eliminating items to 
which the association was not already committed, there appeared a considerable 
excess of estimated expenditures over the estimated receipts. To prevent 
such a deficit, it was proposed to raise a guarantee fund of about $1,000. In 
accordance with these recommendations, the following votes were agreed upon 
as temporary measures made necessary by war conditions: 


1. That the usual November meeting of the council be omitted in 1918. 

2. That t-.e appropriations for the public archives commission, the committee 
on bibliography, and the committee on history in schools be suspended for the 
year 1918. 

3. That the subsidy of the History Teacher’s Magazine be withdrawn. 


It was pointed out that some provision was now being made through other 
agencies for the furtherance of the interests involved in these measures of 
retrenchment. 

The other budget recommendations of the finance committee were provision- 
ally agreed to, with the exception of that relating to the Writings on American 
History, which was referred back to the committee for reconsideration. 

The treasurer having made a statement showing that a considerable number 
of gifts had already been made for increasing the endowment funds of the 
association, the chairman of the finance committee reported that the committee 
did not think it advisable at this time to press the campaign for an increase 
of the endowment by sending a general and urgent appeal for subscriptions. 
In view, however, of the financial condition of the association, the committee 
recommended that a full statement be given to the members by way of sug- 
gestion to those who might feel able to make contributions at this time. The 
committee also expressed its approval of Mr. Bowen’s suggestion that he and 
other members of the association, who might be so disposed, should continue 
to solicit gifts wherever there seemed to be a prospect of success. 

The finance committee reported further that it had not seemed practicable 
to proceed this year with the issue of the proposed quarterly bulletin. 

It was voted that the next meeting of the council be held in Philadelphia on 
the afternoon of Wednesday, December 26, 1917, notice of the exact hour and 
place to be given later. ; 

It was voted to recommend to the association that the annual meeting for 
1919 be held in New Haven. 

It was voted that certain requests presented by the Council of Church Boards 
of Education and the Board of Education of the Northern Baptist Convention 
be referred to the committee on meetings and relations for report at the next 
session of the council in Philadelphia. 

It was voted, on motion of Mr. Leland, that the question of the advisability 
of appointing a special committee on policy be placed on the docket for the 
council meeting in Philadelphia. 

It was also voted to place on the docket for that meeting the question of 
asking the association to take action authorizing the council, as a war measure, 
to suspend the meeting of the association in 1918 and provide in some other 
way for the transaction of the routine work of the association, 


vk 200 


THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL MEETING. 83 


The item on the docket relating to the possibility of a special fund for 
research was then presented by Mr. Jameson, who spoke briefly on the new 
responsibility placed upon American scholars, and particularly the members of 
this association, by the European war. 

On behalf of the special committee appointed to consider a change in the 
conditions of award for the Adams and Winsor prizes, Dr. Dunning presented 
resolutions which were adopted, with amendments, as follows: 

Resolved, That the terms of award of the Justin Winsor and the Herbert 
Baxter Adams prizes be modified so as to provide: 


1. That the amount of the prize in each case be $200 (as at present). 

2. That the publication of the prize essays in the present form be discon- 
tinued. 

38. That competition for the prizes be open to monographs, submitted either 
in manuscript or after publication, provided that the date of publication has 
been within two years preceding the award. 

4. That the competition be limited to monographs in the English language 
by writers of the Western Hemisphere who have not previously published any 
considerable work or won an established reputation. 

5. That a monograph to which a prize has been awarded in manuscript may, 
if deemed in all respects available, be published in the annual report of the 
association. 

Resolved, That the modified system of competition go into effect for the 
Winsor prize in 1918 and the Adams prize in 1919. 

Resolved, That a committee consisting of the chairman of the committee on 
publications and the chairmen of the two prize committees be appointed to 
revise the published announcements of the prizes, in accordance with these 
resolutions. 


The motion to adopt the last resolution having been made by Mr. G. B. 
Adams, a ruling was asked on the question whether an ex-president of the 
association, not a voting member, was competent to make a motion. On this 
question the Chair ruled affirmatively, and on appeal from his decision the 
Chair was sustained. 

It was voted that the recipient of the Adams prize in 1917 be asked to waive 
his right of publication under the rules hitherto in force. 

It was voted to recommend to the committee on publications that the presi- 
dential address be hereafter included in the annual report of the association. 


The council adjourned at 4.30. 
Hyarts B. GREENE, 
Secretary of the Council. 


MINUTES OF THE. MEETING OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL OF THE 
AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION HELD AT THE BELLE- 
VUE-STRATFORD HOTEL, PHILADELPHIA, DECEMBER 26, 1917. 


The council met at 4 p. m. Present: Messrs. Bourne, Bowen, Clark, G. S. 
Ford, Harding, Jameson, Leland, Miss Salmon, and the secretary. In the ab- 
sence of the president and vice presidents the chair was taken by Mr. Jameson. 

The minutes of the meeting of December 1 were read and approved. 

The report of the finance committee was presented by Mr. G. S. Ford, to- 
gether with the treasurer’s statement for December 19, 1917. 

The budget for 1918 was agreed to as follows, subject to final approval by 
the association : 


ESTIMATED EXPENDITURES. 


SEeLeiminvan and sitheASUire reas: mace laos 2 ee Ee ee ee $2, 000. 00 
PiIMMLbLeesONwNOMINAONS = = ee Be Ee 75. 00 
Perea = OHS les UE Chien ene ek ee 50. 00 
Stanton COMM, CCCs = een ees See eS ee 150. 00 


Conference of historical societies________._________.-_--_-___-_____ 25. 00 


84 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


Committee on publications____________________________________- __ $1, 000. 00 
Hditorial services vf.) = sss ee eee a 150. 00 
Cumulative index _..._+-_.__ 5 = a ee eee - 250. 00 
American Historical Review _.--- =. _ 5 eee 5, 000. 00 
Historical manuscripts commission____-__---_--__________________ 150. 00 
Winsor prize committee________==_-_ _= =) eee 200. 00 
London: headquarters ~_------- +--+ =o eee 150. 00 
Military history prize..__-_.--1_=. =#-2 = _2s_ + eee 250. 00 
Committee on bibliography of modern English history______________ 125. 00 
Bills payable Dec. 19, 1917___-_=_ ____=_ 2+. 5) |) ee eee 28. 70 

9, 603. 70 

ESTIMATED INCOME 

Annual- dues ..--- 2. sie ee eee $7, 050. 00 
Life members’ fees__. 22+. 2200S EEE 100. 00 
Publications =. ..2-- 24 ee eee 400. 00 
Royalties -~-..°-. 2-252 ae ee eee 125. 00 
Investments '_-._--_-_=_ 53s 2 a eee eee 1, 100. 00 
Gifts ~_--2Ua0_ a eS SE ee 100. 00 
Registration fees_...--2.---2+._- Se eee 150. 00 

9, 025. 00 


On the recommendation of the board of advisory editors of the History 
Teacher’s Magazine it was voted to approve the reduction of the issues of that 
magazine from ten to nine on the understanding that the necessary ay eee 
would be made with the individual subscribers. 

It was voted that a definite effort be made by a special committee or other- 
wise to dispose of the stock of publications of the association now stored in the 
office of the secretary. 

It was voted that the treasurer be instructed to send a bill for the October 
number of the Review to members whose dues remain unpaid on the Ist of June. 

It was voted that in view of the present financial situation the board of 
editors of the American Historical Review be requested to consider ways and 
means of reducing expenses of publication. 

It was voted that the board of editors of the American Historical Review be 
authorized to negotiate with the Macmillan Co. respecting the price at which 
the Review is furnished to members of the association, with the understanding 
(1) that the price per number be 40 cents, as at present; (2) that the associa- 
tion guarantee the publishers against the deficit on account of the publication of 
the Review in 1918 to an amount not exceeding 10 cents for each copy fur- 
nished to members of the association. (Provided for in the budget.) 

It was voted to appoint a special council committee, of five members, on 
policy, with instructions to report to the council at its next meeting respecting 
the future scientific activities of the association. The committee on appoint- 
ments was instructed to present nominations for this committee. 

The president of the association was authorized to appoint an audit com- 
mittee of two members. 

Mr. C. H. Van Tyne, treasurer of the board of editors of the American 
Historical Review, attended the meeting and presented a report on the finances 
of the Review. 

The council adjourned to meet at 10 a. m. on Friday, December. 28. 

Evarts B. GREENE, 
Secretary of the Council. 


——— 


THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL MEETING. 85 


MINUTES OF THE MEETING OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL OF THE 
AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION HELD AT. THE BELLE- 
VUE-STRATFORD HOTEL, PHILADELPHIA, DECEMBER 28, 1917. 


The council met at 10 a. m. Present: President W. €. Ford, Messrs, 
Adams, Bourne, Bowen, Dunning, G. S. Ford, Harding, Jameson, Leland, Mc- 
Laughlin, Miss Salmon, and the secretary. At the request of President Ford 
the chair was taken by Mr. McLaughlin. 

It was voted to reconsider the action of the council at its meeting of De- 
cember 29, 1916, by which it was agreed to recommend that the annual meeting 
of the association of 1918 be held in Minneapolis. It was then voted to re- 
commend to the association: (1) That the meeting be held in Minneapolis: 
Provided, however, That if, in view of the emergency due to the state of war, 
there appears to the executive council to be a sufficient reason for changing 
the place of meeting or omitting the meeting altogether, the executive council 
be authorized to take such action and directed to notify the association of its 
decision not later than September 1; (2) that if the annual meeting of 1918 
is omitted the officers of the association shall continue in office until the next 
annual meeting of the association; (3) that, except in respect to the adop- 
tion of the annual budget, the secretary of the council be authorized to take 
the votes of the council by mail, when, in the judgment of the president and the 
secretary, such a procedure is expedient. 

On motion of Mr. Dunning, the council adopted the following resolutions re- 
specting the retirement of Mr. Clarence W. Bowen from the treasurership of the 
association : 


Whereas, Dr. Clarence W. Bowen has announced his intention not to accept 
a renomination for treasurer of the association. 

Resolved, That the executive council has heard with deep regret Dr. Bowen’s 
determination to retire from the service that he has so long and usefully per- 
formed. For 33 years he has guided the financial administration of the asso- 
ciation and has guarded its treasury. In that long period the organization 
has prospered greatly and has widely extended its activities and influence. Dr. 
Bowen’s unselfish and efficient labors have been a powerful factor in the ac- 
complishment of these ends. Zeal and caution have happily blended in his 
management of fiscal affairs and in his judgments of the general policy of 
the organization. The executive council will greatly miss his faithful exhorta- 
tions to economy, as well as his sympathetic approval of progress. In his well- 
earned retirement he will be attended by the cordial gratitude and good wishes 
of all who understand what he has done for the cause of history and the 
welfare of the American Historical Association. 


It was voted that the work of the committee on membership be temporarily 
assigned to a special committee consisting of the two secretaries with instruc- 
tions to make a careful study of the whole situation and with authority to 
add to their number if desired. 

It was voted to appoint members of committees and commissions as follows: 

Historical manuscripts commission—Justin H. Smith (chairman), D. R. 
Anderson, Mrs. Amos G. Draper, Logan Hsarey, Gaillard Hunt, C. H. Lincoln, 
M. M. Quaife. 

Committee on the Justin Winsor prize—Frederic L. Paxson (chairman), 
E. S. Corwin, F. H. Hodder, Ida M. Tarbell, Oswald G. Villard. 

Committee on the Herbert Baxter Adams prize—Ruth Putnam (chairman), 
C. D. Hazen, R. H. Lord, Louis J. Paetow, Conyers Read. 

Public archives commission.—Victor H. Paltsits (chairman), E. C. Barker, 
Solon J. Buck, John C. Fitzpatrick, G. N. Fuller, George S. Godard, Peter 
Guilday, Thomas M. Owen. 

Committee on bibliography George M. Duteher (chairman), F. A. Golder, 
Adelaide R. Hasse, William T. Laprade, Albert H. Lybyer, Wallace Notestein, 
William W. Rockwell, Augustus H. Shearer,. Bernard C. Steiner. 


86 AM.iRICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


Committee on publications (all ex-officio except the chairman).—H. Barrett 
Learned (chairman), George M. Dutcher, E. B. Greene, J. Franklin Jameson, 


W. G. Leland, Victor H. Paltsits, Frederic L. Paxson, Ruth Putnam, Justin H.- 


Smith. 

Committee on membership.—Work of the committee temporarily assigned to 
a special committee consisting of the two secretaries, with authority to choose 
other members. 

Committee on history in schools——J. M. Gambrill (chairman), Victoria A. 
Adams, Henry L. Cannon, Herbert D. Foster, Samuel B. Harding, J. A. James, 
D. C. Knowlton, A. C. Krey, Robert A. Maurer, Nathaniel W. a R. M. 
Tryon, J. H. Van Sickle, W. L. Westermann. 

Conference of historical societies——A. H. Shearer, secretary. 

Advisory board, History Teacher’s Magazine (to serve three years from Janu- 
ary 1, 1918)—Henry Johnson (chairman), Margaret McGill. 

Member board of editors American Historical Review (to serve six years 
from January 1, 1918).—Charles H. Haskins. 

Committee on program thirty-fourth annual meeting—Appointments de- 
ferred. 

Committee on local arrangements.—Appointments deferred. 

Special committee on policy—Carl Becker, W. E. Dodd, G. S. Ford, C. H. 
Haskins, D. C. Munro. (The committee to choose its own chairman.) ~ 

It was voted that the selection of the committee on program and the com- 
mittee on local arrangements be deferred until March 1. 

It was voted that a special committee of three, consisting of Messrs. Munro, 
Leland, and Greene, be appointed to confer with similar committees of other 
organizations respecting possible modes of cooperation in national service. 

It was voted to authorize the committee on headquarters in London to ap- 
prove proposals of the London committee respecting the use of those quarters 
as a reading room for Americans in London. 

The secretary presented a communication from Prof. F. J. Teggart in regard 
to the possibility of cooperation between the American Historical Association 
and other scientific organizations in securing the continuance of certain forms 
of scholarly cooperation, interrupted in Europe as a result of conditions dur- 
ing, or immediately preceding, the present war. It was voted to refer this com- 
munication to the committee on policy. 

The secretary presented a report from Mr. Learned, chairman of the special 
committee appointed to revise the published announcements of the Winsor 
and Adams prizes in accordance with the votes of the council of December 1, 
1917, embodying a revised statement which was agreed to as follows, for sub- 


mission to the association: 
La 

For the purpose of encouraging historical research the American Historical 
Association offers two prizes, each prize of $200—the Justin Winsor prize in 
American history and the Herbert Baxter Adams prize in the history of the 
Eastern Hemisphere. The Winsor prize is offered in the even years (as here- 
tofore), and the Adams prize in the odd years. Both prizes are designed to 
encourage writers who have not published previously any considerable work 
or obtained an established reputation. Either prize shall be awarded for an 
excellent monograph or essay, printed or in manuscript; submitted to or selected 
by the committee of award. Monographs must be submitted on or before July 
1 of the give.. year. In the case of a printed monograph, the date of publication 
must fall within a period of two years prior to July 1. A monograph to which 
a prize has been awarded in manuscript may, if it is deemed in all respects 
available, be published in the annual report of the association. Competition 
shall be limited to monographs written or published in the English language 
by writers of the Western Hemisphere. 

In making the award the committee will consider not only research, accuracy, 
and originality, but also clearness of expression and logical arrangement. 


a 


THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL MEETING. 87 


The successful monograph must reveal marked excellence of style. Its subject 
matter should afford a distinct contribution to knowledge of a sort beyond that 
having merely personal or local interest. The monograph must conform to the 
acéepted canons of historical research and criticism. A manuscript—including 
text, notes, bibliography, appendices, etc.—must not exceed 100,000 words, if 
designed for publication in the Annual Report of the Association. 

The Justin Winsor prize-—The monograph must be based upon independent 
and original investigation in American history. The phrase ‘ American his- 
tory” includes the history of the United States and other countries of the 
Western Hemisphere. The monograph may deal with any aspect or phase of 
that history. 

The Herbert Baxter Adams prize-——The monograph must be based upon inde- 
pendent and original investigation in the history of the Hastern Hemisphere. 
The monograph may deal with any aspect or phase of that history, as in the © 
case of the Winsor prize. 

Inquiries regarding these prizes should be addressed to the chairman of the 
respective committees, or to the secretary of the association, 1140 Woodward 
Building, Washington, D. C. 

The council adjourned at 10.30 p. m. 

ane Evarts B. GREENE, 
Secretary of the Council. 


MINUTES OF THE MEETING OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL OF THE 
AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION HELD AT THE BELLE- 
VUE-STRATFORD HOTEL, PHILADELPHIA, DECEMBER 29, 1917. 


The council met at 5 p. m. Present: Messrs. Bolton, Bourne, Dunning, 
Harding, Lingelbach, Miss Salmon, and the secretary. In the absence of the 
president and vice presidents the chair was taken by Mr. Dunning. 

It was voted to refer to a special committee consisting of the president and 
the secretaries a communication from Profs. Edward Channing, William Mac- 
Donald, and Herbert HE. Bolton, respecting the records of the census office in 
London. 

Certain resolutions presented at the annual meeting of the association by 
Prof. J. H. Breasted and referred to the executive council for action were, after 
amendment, agreed to as follows: 


In view of the large educational, humanitarian, and missionary interests 
which American organizations have long maintained within the limits of the 
Ottoman Empire, 

Resolved. That the American historical association empower its president 
to appoint a committee of three to urge upon the Government of the United 
States the importance of adequately safeguarding, during the course of any 
peace negotiations, the future rights and activities of American educational 
and scientific enterprises in the Ottoman Empire, having in mind especially: 

General education for men and women; professional education, including 
medical schools and hospitals; training in agriculture, forestry, engineering, 
transportation and road making, economic geology and mining; geological and 
geographical explorations, scientific surveys, archaeological excavations, and 
the legitimate interests of American museums. 

It is also recommended that a further function of this committee be to pro- 
vide for the collection and preservation of all available information which 
would aid the representatives of the United States in securing the ends sug- 
gested in the above resolution. 


It was voted to request the treasurer to prepare for the consideration of the 
council a memorandum indicating the methods by which the financial proce- 
dure of the association may be brought into conformity with the votes of 
the association at its annual meeting of December 29, 1916. 


Adjourned. 
Evarts B. GREENE, 


Secretary of the Council. 


88 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


Statistics of memtership. 


I. GENERAL. 


1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 

Total membership: . oo < s=.52.5-< 2m omen seni keene aes 2,843 | 2,913 | 2,926} 2,739 2, 654 

LOS h cakc Saito saeco cece sees ain nop een te ee eae 125 122 120 117 115 

LST Gagesscaccesec sognbe = See sas sasedsGnedssaseesse+35=- 2,516 | 2,578 | 2,587] 2,388 2,318 

Institutionss22 22 2 52. Wot ase eee eee eee 202 213 219 234 221 
Total paid membership...-.......--..-.--------------.-------- 2,490 | 2,176} 2,374] 2,378| 2,132 
Delinquent, total’: 26 seo ee ae seen eee eee 363 737 361 

Since last: bill: 55.2255. ee eee eee oe ee ae 282 610 391 361 508 

Forone'y ear: 31502422620. sone eee eae eee ne nee See 71 127 16D) sess 14 
Loss; ttotal ooo. 4.0 -S acc nceken cee aes eee eenten Se eeer oe aaaeoee 316 205 277 431 306 

Deaths os) a0 s+ ota eee ee Ree eee eee ee eee BY 30 32 40 33 

GSI PMATIONS |= 825-5. foes he ee eee ee ee seers 182 102 168 118 96 

EOP ES we ete sa ee 97 73 77 273 177 
Gain hota es oo 8 aoe ae aoe ae eee ete ete 313 275 290 244 221 

DIG ee Gace Sap ae eimtaieinie eas nn oe a eee ee ee ieee 1 bb) eae ae 1 

Amnual 2 fo seis Hock See ae ee Seen eee Onan ae 297 260 277 235 214 

MSU blONS 8: eSe eee eee eens eens ee ee ere 15 13 13 8 
Fotal number ofelections.<- 25.25 22.4- 2s ece eee eae eee 321 182 273 172 191 
Wet eainiOnloss sce. jaca ee enieme eee mse eee anise ee ren 3 70 13 | —187 - 

II. BY REGIONS. 
1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 

New England: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachu- 

setts, Rhode Island, Connecticut...........-.-.-------------. 542 549 445 
North Atlantic: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Dela- 

ware, Maryland, District of Columbia................---...-. 821 803 802 
South Atlantic: Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, 

Georgia, Plorida.2 3.242. Seen ess onias scar sen ees + 143 153 149 
North Central: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin. .. 583 607 529 
South Central: Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, Kentucky, 

West Virginia’. f a2 .cS toe neecee eee aera oe eee 105 109 90 
West Central: Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, 

North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, 

MEXAS: .. . . oe wan as oe sae ee Ree een eee eee eee ee eee 280 300 287 
Pacific Coast: Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, 

Idaho, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, Washington, Oregon, Cali- 

HOw Bon SARA emo seemeortecdscshshc5 = SoS onsenssooee chen, 259 276 258 
Territories: Porto Rico, Alaska, Hawaii, Philippine Islands.... 8 ll 5 
Other CowBtiieS so. o- sacee = aan eee eae CASS cco Sects se ccce 102 105 89 

2,83 | 2,913 2,654 
Ill. BY STATES. 
New 
Decem- | Decem- | Decem- | Decem- | Decem- |members, 
r, ber, T, ber, ber, Dec, 19, 
1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1917. 
AIA DaM aoe hes cas oon = cee an 14 17 14 10 9 1 
Alaskan sy sn eka. 2c ee ee wal eens 2 2 |e. cce mea] te eee eee Bat ae 
ATIZONa Oso oee Sc as oss 5 ee eee 2 1 1 2 3 leaewton ee 
WA RETISAS oo oe oes oe ee el ll 8 8 4 4 1 
Californias. 0222. So22-c 2. eee encom ee 156 167 190 169 158 ll 
Colorado... 10 10 13 15 LEE a ee 
Connecticut. . 97 110 100 99 94 3 
Delsware- 2286-2). 0a62-- eee = 2 3 9 12 ph ie en 
District of Columbia. . ...2922222a82----=-- 283 85 102 93 86 2 
Wlorida. . 2 B22. eee eee we 6 5 me} 5 6 1 
Georgiag ss 32k. 22 cede eee eee eee 26 28 23 21 21 4 
Hawai. 2 in 2 ooo a Sc Sees ee een eee 1 1 2 PB eres el en a 
Wdahos. . saccic cous cceeen eee ee eee 4 5 4 5 
Minos 3. odo sesacet Pea een ee ete em see eee 208 222 224 208 190 
Indiana -2 22 ccs aat cece: cee ee 61 61 58 61 50 
OWa: «2-2 Sao Bsc eee eee eee 45 52 52 46 43 
Kansas 2225. 2 ooshi 352 .ce ce ete eee ae 27 28 37 28 36 
Kentucky. fon. aento eaten ee eens 32 32 26 21 24 
Dovisiana Asics seaccaceeee ee eee 25 23 20 19 AGN Slo, Yesee 
Maines. 32: 2. jos. 2ceh kn cee ee ee 24 24 23 24 21 1 
Maryland onc osc ns Ook ca eae noe eae 56 53 50 55 56 1 
Massachusetts. 2222 oc (o2 - ace ee eee eens 346 340 319 295 268 4 
Michigans: 3-223. 524cncc ewe eeeeeeeees 96 102 105 95 90 14 
Minnesotacic.<.2-s- socsose eee eee 39 44 48 49 51 5 


THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL MEETING. 89 


Statistics of membership—Continued. 
Il. BY STATES—continued. 


SHES o- cteind SaaS EES SAS PR os eae 1 Un ent | i) eed Je (nee: 18 eee 
JSS. Ss ee 
AMEE aces ee eect et Oh AO fe ee Olle "40 feck 
1 
Coe ph... ee ae eee eee 1 
Soe. ok ease 4 
New Jersey. -.- 8 
New Mexico. . - 2 
New York..... = 391 393 383 373 25 
MinmanGaronmnn. oo... . 2. .<c---ccesee eee 31 30 30 30 2 
DOU DCI oS a er eee ae 5 3 4 2 
LDL! 2) 56S See ee ee eo ee esae 128 122 110 115 13 
DUET DTT 2 abs SS ar SS 12 10 x 
(Choo ey ee ee 32 30 24 
Pennsylvania. ...... 197 192 189 
Philippine Islands 6 5 4 
Porto Rico....... 2 2 2 
Rhode Island. ............ 36 30 28 
South Carolina 31 33 28 22 1 
RMI AKOTA «ee co oe aceon cca Sip ance 


31 2 
41 9 
12 3 
fa Eber 
70 15 
3 (AR at 8 
23 9 
84 10 
Gy Nectar 
33 1 
5 eae 
2 2 
52 2 
2, 654 221 


REGISTER OF ATTENDANCE AT THE THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL 
MEETING OF THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION, PHIL- 
ADELPHIA. 


A. 
Abbott, Frank Frost. Ambler, Charles H. Andrews, Mrs. Arthur 
Abel, Annie Heloise. Ames, Herman VY. Irving. 
Adams, Ephraim Douglass. Anderson, Frank Maloy. Appleton, William W. 
Adams, G. B. Anderson, J. F. Arragon, Reginald F. 
Adams, Victoria A. Anderson, Mary M. 
Allen, Freeman H. Andrews, Arthur Irving. 

B. 
Bacot, D. Huger, jr. Bartlett, Marguerite G. Bowen, Clarence W. 
Baird, Andrew Browning. Bayley, Frank W. Bradford, John E. 
Baird, Mildred. Becker, Carl. Brand, Carl Fremont. 
Baker, John W. Bedell, Rev. F. M. C. Brand, Hon. R. H. 
Balch, Thomas Willing. Belcher, Katharine Fisher. Brandt, Lida R. 
Baldwin, Alice M. Benton, Elbert J. Breasted, James H. 
Bancroft, Frederic. Benton, George W. Brown, Everett Somerville. 
Barbour, Violet. Bond, Beverley W., jr. Brown, Louise Fargo. 
Barker, E. C. Bevkemeier, Mary Lena. Brown, Marshall 8S. 
Barlow, Burt E. Biddle, Edward. Brown, Samuel H. 
Barnes, D.- G. Bieber, Ralph Paul. Buck, Solon J. 
Barnes, Harry E. Boucher, C. 8. Burnham, Smith. 


Barnes, Viola F. Bourne, H. E. Byrne, E. H. 


90 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


Cadwallader, Laura H. 
Caldwell, Grace F. 
Caldwell, Wallace E. 
Callahan, J. M. 
Carman, Harry J, 
Carpenter, William S. 
Carter, Clarence E. 
Chambers, Raymond. 
Cheyney, E. P. 
Chitwood, Oliver P. 


Davenport, Frances G. 
Davis, Alice. 

Dawson, Edgar. 

Deats, Hiram E. 
Demarest, Elizabeth B. 
Denoyer, L. Philip. 


Eddy, William W. 
Edwards, Martha L. 


Farr, Shirley. 

Fay, Frances Marion. 
Fay, Sidney B. 
Ferguson, William Scott. 
Ferry, Nellie Poyntz. 


Gallinger, Herbert P. 
Gallinger, Mrs. H. P. 
Garwood, L. E. 

Gerson, Armand J. 
Gibbons, Lois Oliphant. 
Gilbert, William Elbert. 
Golder, F. A. 


Hall, Clifton R. 
Hamilton, J. G. de R. 
Hammond, Otis G. 
Hanna, Mary Alice. 
Hannah, Ian C. 
Harding, Samuel B. 
Haring, Clarence Henry. 
Harley, Lewis R. 
Harlow, Ralph V. 
Harper, Mrs. Lillie Du 
Puy Van Culin. 


Ingalsbe, Grenville M. 


C. 


Christian, Asa Kyrus. 
Church, Frederic C. 
Clark, A. Howard, 
Clark, Arthur H. 

Clark, Victor S. 
Clauder, Anna Cornelia. 
Cochran, M. Hermond. 
Colvin, Caroline. 
Colwell, P. R. 

Connor, R. D. W. 


D. 


Dietz, Frederick C. 
Dilks, Clara G. 
Dodd, W. F. 
Dodd, William E. 
Donnan, Elizabeth. 
Doughty, Annie W. 


E. 
Egan, Joseph M. 
F. 


Fisk, Harvey HE. 
Fite, Emerson D. 
Flippin, Percy Scott. 
Yord, G. S. 

Ford, W. C. 


G. 


Goodykoontz, Colin B. 
Gould, Clarence P. 
Gras, Norman S. B. 
Gray, H. L. 

Gray, William Dodge. 
Greene, Evarts B. 
Greene, Garton S. 


H. 


Harper, Samuel N. 
Hart, Albert Bushnell. 
Haskins, Charles H. 
Hayes, Carlton J. H. 
Haynes, George H. 
Hazen, Charles Downer. 
Healy, Patrick J. 
Hehnron, Cleo. 

Heckel, Albert K. 
Hellweg, Edgar D. 
Henderson, Archibald 


iG 


-Irish, Florence C. 


Coolidge, Archibald Cary. 
Corwin, Edward S. 
Cotterill, R. S. 

Coulomb, Charles A, 
Coulter, E. Merton. 

Cox, Isaac Joslin. 

Cox, Laura J. 

Crofts, F. S. 
Cunningham, Charles H. 
Curtis, Eugene N. 


Douglas, C. H. 

Duncalf, Frederic. 
Duniway, C. A. 
Dunning, William A. 
Dutcher, George M. 
Dutcher, Mrs. George M, 


Evans, Jessie C. 


Foster, Herbert Darling. 
Fox, Dixon Ryan. 

Fox. George L. 

Fox, Leonard P. 


Greenfield, K. Roberts. 


‘Griffis, William Elliot. 


Grizzell, E. D. 
Grose, Clyde Leclare. 
Guilday, Rey. Peter, 


Hodgdon, Frederick C. 
Hoekstra, Peter. 
Hormell, Orren C. 
Howe, Samuel B. 
Howland, A. C. 

Hull, Charles Henry. 
Hull, William I. 

Hunt, Agnes. 
Huttmann, Maude A, 


a 


THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL MEETING. 


James, J. A. 
Jameson, John Franklin. 


Kellar, Herbert A. 

Kelsey, Rayner Wicker- 
sham. 

Kerner, Robert Joseph. 


Lamberton, Clark D. 
Latané, John H. 
Latourette, K. S. 
Lawson, Leonard A. 
Learned, H. Barrett. 
Leland, W. G. 
Lewis, Caroline. 


McConnell, J. Moore. 
McDonald, James G. 
Macdonald, Norman. 
MecDuflie, Penelope. 
McGrane, Reginald Chas. 
McGregor, J.C. 
McKinley, Albert HE. 
McLaughlin, A. C. 
McLaughlin, Robert W. 
MacLear, Anne Bush. 
McMaster, John Bach. 
McQueen, Alice HE. 
MacQueen, L. I. 

Mace, W. H. 


Neely, Thomas B. 
Newkirk, Alice M. F’. 
(Mrs. Walter M.) 


Oberholtzer, Ellis P. 
Ogg, Frederic A. 


Paine, Mrs. Clarence S. 
Paltsits, Victor Hugo. 
Paullin, C. O. 

Paxson, Frederic L. 
Perring, Louise F. 
Peterson, A. Everett. 
Phillips, Paul C. 


J. 


91 


Jenkins, Charles Francis. Johnson, Allen. 


Johns, Clarence D. 
K. 


Kilgore, Carrie B. 
King, Charles M. 

Knapp, Charles M, 
Knipfing, John R. 


L. 


Lincoln, Anna T. 
Lindley, Harlow. 
Lingelbach, Wiliam E. 
Lingham, Clarence H. 
Lingley, Charles R. 
Livermore, Col. W. R. 
Logan, John H. 


M. 


Magoffin, Ralph V. D. 
Manning, William R. 
Marsh, Harriette P. 
Martin, A. E. 
Melchoir, D. Montfort. 
Merritt, Elizabeth. 
Mims, Stewart L. 
Mitchell, Isabel. 
Mitchell, Samuel C. 
Mohr, Walter H. 
Moore, Charles. 
Moore, Clifford H. 
Moore, David R. 
Moore, J. R. H. 


N. 


Johnston, Robert M. 


Knowlton, Daniel C. 
Kollock, Margaret R. 
Konkle, Burton Alva. 


Longacre, Caroline. 
Lord, Eleanor L. 


' Lough, Susan M. 


Lowrey, L. T, 
Lunt, W. E. 


Montgomery, Thomas 
Lynch. 
Morgan, W. T. 
Morison, Samuel E. 
Mowbray, R. H. 
Munro, Alice B. 
Munro, Dana C. 
Munro, William Bennett. 
Musser, John. 
Muzzey, David S. 
Myers, Albert Cook. 
Myers, William Starr. 


Northrop, Amanda Carolyn 


Notestein, Wallace. 


O. 


Olmstead, A. T. 
Osgood, George W., jr. 


PR: 


Pierce, Elizabeth D. 
Pitman, Frank W. 


Pitman, Mrs. Frank W. 


Platner, Samuel Ball. 
Potter, Mary. 

Powell, Thomas Reed. 
Prentice, Leigh Wells. 


Prentice, W. K. 

Preston, Helen G. 

Price, Ralph Ray. 

Priddy, Mrs. Bessie Leach. 
Prince, L. Bradford. 
Pulsifer, William E. 
Putnam, Ruth. 


92 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 
R. 
Randal, James G. Richardson, Ernest C. Robinson, Chalfant. 
Randall, Mrs. J. G. Riley, Franklin L. Robinson, Morgan P. 
Randolph, Bessie Carter. Risley, A. W. Rogers, Elizabeth Frances. 
Read, Conyers. Robertson, James A. Rogers, Robert William. 
Renninger, Warren D. Robertson, Mrs. James A. Russell, Elmer B. 
Ss. 
Salmon, Lucy M. Shaw, Caroline B. Soule, Harold W. 
Sanford, E. M. Shearer, Augustus H. Spofford, Ernest. 
Saurwalt, Alma Y. Shipman, Henry R. Staples, Thomas S. 
Schapiro, J. Salwyn. Shotwell, J. T. Steefel, Lawrence D. 
Schlesinger, Arthur Meier. Siebert, Wilbur H. Steele, Esther C. M. 
Schmidt, Louis Bernard. Sioussat, Mrs. Albert. Steele, Rev. James Dal- 
Schmitt, Bernadotte E. Sioussat, St. George L. las. 
Schurz, William Lyttle. Smith, Justin H. Stephens, F. F. 
Schuyler, Livingston R. Smith, Preserved. Stevens, Ernest N. 
Schuyler, Robt. Livingston. Smith, R. R. String, William Paxson. 
Scott, Nancy EH. Smith, Theodore Clarke. Stryker, Florence EH. L. 
Seal, H. C. Smith, William Roy. Sullivan, James. 
Seligman, Edwin R. A. Snow, Alpheus H. Surrey, N. M. Miller. 
Severance, Frank H. Snowden, Louise Hor- Sweet, William Warren. : 
Shambaugh, Benjamin F. tense. . 
T. 
Tall, Lida Lee. : Thompson, C. Mildred. Turner, Edward Ray- ) 
Taylor, Bertha M. B. Thorndike, Lynn. mond. = 
(Mrs. M. Stanton). Townsend, Mary H. Turner, Frederick J. . 
Teggart, F. J. Townsend, Prescott W. ‘Turner, Joseph Brown. 
Textor, Lucy Elizabeth. ‘Trimble, William J. Turner, Morris K. 
Thallon, Ida Carlton. Tryon, R. M. Tyson, M. A, 
Thome, Anna. 
U. 
Updyke, Frank A. 
Vv. 
Van Nostrand, J. J., jr. Vaughn, E. V. Vincent, John Martin. 
Van Tyne, C. H. F Villard, Oswald Garrison. 
W. ; 
Walmsley, Jas. Elliott, Whipple, Mary Ella. Wilson, Martin L. 
Ware, Edith E. White, Albert B. Wing, Herbert, jr. 
Warfield, Ethelbert D. White, Fred C. Wood, William Hamilton. 
Wellman, Henry G. Williams, F. W- Wriston, Henry M. 
Wendell, Hugo C. M. Williams, Helen W. 
Wertenbaker, T. J. Williams, Mary Wil- 
Wharton, Anne _ Hol- helmine. 
lingsworth. Wilson, George G. 
ne: i 
Yeager, William A. Young, Levi Edgar. Young, Mary G. 
Young, Helen L. s 


Zéliqzon, Maurice. Zook, George FE. 


- 


II. REPORT OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH 
ANNUAL MEETING OF THE PACIFIC COAST BRANCH 
OF THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


BERKELEY, CAL., NOVEMBER 30-DECEMBER 1, 1917. 


By WILLIAM A. MORRIS, 
Secretary of the Branch. 


93 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING OF 
THE PACIFIC COAST BRANCH OF THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL 
ASSOCIATION. 


The fourteenth annual meeting of the Pacific Coast Branch of the 

American Historical Association was held at the University of Cali- 
fornia, Berkeley, Friday afternoon, November 30, and Saturday 
morning and afternoon, December 1, 1917. The morning session con- 
vened at 9.30, the afternoon sessions at 2.30, all in room 211, Wheeler 
Hall. The annual dinner Friday evening and a special luncheon 
Saturday noon were at the Faculty Club, Prof. H. Morse Stephens, 
presiding. In the absence of both the president of the Pacific Coast 
Branch, Prof. Edward B. Krehbiel of Stanford University, and the 
vice president, Prof. Levi E. Young, of the University of Utah, 
Prof. Payson J. Treat, of Stanford University, was called to the 
chair for the first regular session, and Profs. Ephraim D. Adams 
and Arley B. Show, of Stanford University, for the second and 
third sessions, respectively. 

At the opening of the Friday afternoon session it was voted, on 
motion of Prof. Stephens, that the good wishes of the Pacific Coast 
Branch be telegraphed to Dr. C. W, Bowen, now retiring from his 
office as treasurer of the American Historical Association after a 
long period of service. The first paper of the afternoon was pre- 
sented by Prof. Richard F. Scholz, of the University of California. 
Tt was entitled “ The Foundations of Cesarism and the Republican 
Tradition in Europe,” and gave a new interpretation of the noted 
Ancyra inscription relative to the deeds of Augustus. Prof. Scholz 
held that the ves gestae of this inscription is in theory an account of 
the principate of Augustus justifying its constitutional acts; that 
the posthumous deification of Augustus gave authorization and ap- 
proval to these acts; and that deification thus preserves the repub- 
lican tradition of the responsibility of the princeps to the Roman 
people. Mention was made of the fact that Tiberius was adopted 
ret publicae causa. For final ratification the will of Augustus was 
dependent on the senate, the representatives of the Roman people, 
legal authorization being attained after Augustus’s death. The first 
temple to the new imperial cult was erected at Ancyra in 29 A. D., 
and this inscription was recovered from its wall. The conclusions 
reached were: (1) That the res gestae is a report of the princeps 
to the senate; (2) that it was ratified by the act of deification; (3) 
and that the deeds therein recounted were a sufficient justification 

95 


96 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


for apotheosis. The speaker held that the document deals solely 
with the public acts of Augustus and that all other persons men- 
tioned stood in line of succession after him, their relationship in 
each case being specified. The arrangement of the three main sec- 
tions is topical, not chronological. In the view of Prof. Scholz 
this is the fundamental document which established Czesarism. 

Prof. Charles W. Spencer, of the University of Nevada, in the 
paper which followed spoke on “Tendencies toward independence in 
the early eighteenth century.” By the way of introduction he showed 
that contemporaries believed something to be amiss in the relations 
between England and her colonies and that the difficulty has usually 
been sought in the absence of machinery of representation in a com- 
mon assembly, a situation which surrounded imperial interests with 
an atmosphere of mere bargaining. The scheme for mutual under- 


standing implied mutual benefits. In their local struggles the colonies 


were not engaging in constitutional calisthenics, developing strength 
for liberty, but merely bargained for local advantage. Passing to 
his main theme, the speaker stated that there were difficulties quite 
apart from those inhering in the question of the injustice of the 
system itself. The agencies for the enforcement in America of the 
acts of trade and navigation were absolutely inadequate. Under the 
defects of the administrative system it was inevitable that incidents 
of an oppressive and blackmailing nature should arise. Some of 
these were cited, and it was maintained that they gave the impression 
of capriciousness. It is a question how far they figured in the inter- 
minable struggle of governors and assemblies, but in the crisis of the 
period 1709-1715 the conduct of New Yorkers was regarded in Great 
Britain as evincing dangerous separatist tendencies. 

In an address, the last of the session, bearing the title “ England 
and America,” Prof. Oliver H. Richardson, of the University of 
Washington, spoke of the importance of an appreciation of the work 
of England and of cementing friendly relations. He stated that 
England, the founder of the first constitution, stands as the champion 
of democracy. She has given representative government and liberty 


enshrined in the common law. Four times in 400 years Europe has . 


been threatened with the establishment of universal monarchy. The 
Armada, La Hogue, and Blenheim and Trafalgar worked the defeat 
of such attempts. Great Britain first established freedom of the 
seas. Never since Cromwell has she sought to be a military nation. 
She has not taken neutral lives nor sunk neutral ships. She seeks 
to solve her own particular problem, but it is at the same time the 
problem of the world. We-owe Great Britain respect and a fair 
representation of her history. — 

After the conclusion of this address, the chairman announced the 
‘ personnel of committees on nomination, resolutions, and auditing. 


. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE PACIFIC COAST BRANCH. 97 


Dr. James A. Robertson spoke on behalf of the American Hispanic 
Historical Review, the first number of which is soon to appear, and 
the secretary spoke in the interest of the American Pstovien! Asso- 
ciation. Adjournment was then taken. 

At the annual dinner in the evening the president’s address in his 
nbsence was deferred to a later asete. An unusual number of 
distinguished visitors being present, they were welcomed in brief 
addresses by Prof. Stephens, who presided, and by Prof. E. D. 
Adams. Those who were called upon and responded were Prof. 
William M. Sloane, of Columbia University, delegate of the Ameri- 
ean Historical Association; Prof. Edward Channing, of Harvard 
University; Dr. E. L. Stevenson, of New York; Prof. William Mac- 
donald, formerly of Brown University; and Prof. Bernard Moses, 
of the University of California. The attendance at the dinner, 63, 
was unusually large. 

The opening paper of the Saturday morning session was pre- 
sented by Prof. Franklin D. Daines, of the Utah State Agricultural 
College, and dealt with “Separatism in Utah, 1847-1870." After 
explaining that under Joseph Smith the right of supreme direction 
in ecclesiastical and temporal affairs had already been established 
by the head of the Mormon Church, and showing how the Mormon 
belief in continuous revelation both divine and satanic was ac- 
countable for a tendency to regard all opposition as satanic, Prof. 
Daines spoke of the relations of the Utah pioneers with the United 
States Government. Having sought asylum for their people where 
there were none but savages to trouble them, their leaders believed 
that isolation was necessary to recruit their strength and declared 
that for this 10 years were necessary. It was in this period that 
their judicial, military, and ecclesiastical institutions were perfected. 
. The Mormons, according to the speaker, were not disappointed at 
being in the jurisdiction of the United States, as Brigham Young 
had expected this. His original aim was local self-government dur- 
ing a brief period of exile until they might return to Missouri. 
Both he and his followers held the Federal Government responsible 
for their ills in Missouri and Illinois and believed in the satanic 
opposition of the United States. The Mormons asserted that the 
United States had no right to send officials to govern them. In 1856 
Young said they were bound to become either a sovereign State in 
the Union or independent. The sending of an army by Buchanan 
in 1857 increased bitterness of feeling in Utah. Prof. Daines held 


that during the Civil War the Mormons were loyal, but their loyalty - 


needs interpretation, being that toward an ideal government no- 
where in existence. In 1862 was adopted a constitution for the 


1 Printed in the present volume, 


88582°—19——7 


98 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


State of Deseret. This was in operation six years, its legislature 
solemnly adopting the laws passed by the Territorial Legislature of 
Utah. With the approach of the railway, concern over the entering 
of new influences led to the boycotting of merchants and the adop- 
tion of Zion’s Mercantile Association. 

In his paper, “ A forgotten pioneer of American history, John 
Gilmary Shea,” Rev. Joseph M. Gleason, of Palo Alto, dealt chiefly 
with Shea’s activities in relation to the history of French missions. 
A paper of O’Callahan’s in 1847 first called his attention to the im- 
portance of the Jesuit Relations. Shea had mastered Spanish in a 
mercantile house and French was spoken in his own home. After 
spending five years in a theological seminary before he realized that 
he was not intended for the priesthood, he married. At the age of 
29 he brought out his first work. From 1852 until his death in 1892 
not a single year passed without the publication of one of his articles 
or books. Not only was he very active in preparing for publication 
the noted set of Jesuit Relations collected by the Lenox Library and 
covering th. years 1632-1672, but he traced manuscript material 
later than 1672 and published it in 25 little volumes, soliciting sub- 
scriptions for one at a time to finance the publication of the next one. 
The pioneer work of men like Shea and O’Callahan has never re- 
ceived due credit, although Thwaites gave them appreciation for the 
edition of the Jesuit Relations published by the Quebec Government. 

Shea’s work is also illustrated in his edition of Miller’s account of 
New York province and city, in which he brought out many unknown 
facts. His book on the Catholic missions, 1529-1855, is the standard 
one on the subject. His work on the Spanish side is quite as impor- 
tant as that on the French side. He realized the importance of pre- 
serving the Indian languages before it was too late and was willing 
to undertake the work which Treubner of London took off of his 
hands. Among the native languages of the Pacific coast which he 
has preserved are those of the lower Santa Clara Valley, the Yakima 
language and those of British Columbia. In the year of his death 
Shea brought out the fourth of the five projected volumes of his his- 
tory of the Catholic Church in America. He was the founder of the 
Catholic Historical Society of the United States, and was among the 
first to place the missionary of the exploration period in his proper 
place among historical workers. 

The third paper of the morning was that of Prof. Perey A. Mar- 
tin, of Stanford University, whose topic was “'The influence of the 
United States on the opening of the Amazon River to the world’s 
commerce.”? Prof. Martin, after stating that lack of knowledge of 
the Amazon and its tributaries from 1500 to 1900 was due partly to 
the jealously exclusive policy of Brazil and partly to the slow begin- 


-1 Printed in the Hispanic-American Historiacl Review for May, 1918. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE PACIFIC COAST BRANCH. 99 


nings of steam navigation in the interior water of South America, 
proceeded to outline the relations of the United State$ to the ques- 
tion for some two decades prior to the opening of the Amazon. 
Secretary Clayton was balked in an attempt to send a ship to explore 
the Amazon, and two lieutenants of the Navy, Herndon and Gibbon, 
were in 1852 sent to Peru to explore its upper waters. The publica- 
tion of their report had a decided influence, but these beginnings bore 
no immediate fruit because of the opposition of the Brazilian Gov- 
ernment. A Peruvian-Brazilian treaty in 1854 restricted the use 
of the Amazon to the use of the citizens of these two Governments. 
An uccount was given of the activities of Lieut. Maury, superintend- 
ent of the Hydrographic Office, who was influenced to take up the 
matter by the report of Herndon and Gibbon, and through whose 
influence was held at Memphis a convention which adopted a bom- 
bastic memorial declaring that the opening of the river was essen- 
tial to the prosperity of the United States. This was followed by 
propaganda in the Washington press which Herndon published 
under a pseudonym. Its republication in Brazil appeared to con- 
firm Portuguese suspicions and to prove that the United States enter- 
tained schemes of annexation. From that time it was impossible to 
negotiate a treaty with Brazil. The extended notice given the matter 
in one of President Pierce’s messages shows the hold it had taken 
on the popular mind. In conclusion were presented the steps by 
which after 1860 the Brazilian Government was led to open the 
river to the world’s commerce. 

In an address on “The collection of war materials,” State 
Librarian Milton J. Ferguson, of Sacramento, described the library 
facilities soon to be created by the erection of new buildings at 
Sacramento and spoke of the gathering of war materials such as 
bulletins, magazines, and propaganda of the various belligerent 
powers as well as publications of the various departments of the | 
United States Government. 

After a brief intermission a business session was called to order 
with Prof. E. D. Adams in the chair. The auditing committee, con- 
sisting of Lieut. L. P. Jackson and Rev. Joseph Gleason, reported 
that they had inspected the vouchers and other records of expendi- 
ture made by the secretary-treasurer and had found them in good 
order. The report was adopted. 

The committee on resolutions, Edgar E. Robinson, T. C. Knoles, 
and F. D. Daines, subsequently reported resolutions, which were 
adopted, asserting the appreciation of the Pacific coast branch of 
the world situation, with the United States a participant in the war 
for democracy, and pledging the members to serve the Nation in 
every way in its hour of need; expressing the gratitude of the branch 
to the University of California for acting as host on this occasion 


100 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


and especially to the committee on arrangements, Dr. Priestley and. 


Dr. Leebrick, for their efforts on behalf of the comfort and pleasure 
of those in attendance; extending thanks to the program committee 
for the very enjoyable papers and discussions provided, and to the 
several readers for service so well performed; and expressing 
pleasure that the sessions had been graced by the attendance of so 
many visitors from the parent association. 

Prof. H. E. Bolton, chairman of the committee on the bibliography 
of Pacific coast history, reported that the members of the committee 
had provided him with but little information as to local materials 
and funds available, but that the general task is clearly immense, in- 
volving some work in the East as well as in the West. He further 
reported that the main undertaking is that of finding funds, and 
estimated the cost of necessary labor at from $10,000 to $20,000. 
Since the bibliography committee of the parent society has no funds 
for its own work, considerable aid from the parent society is out of 
the question. Some bibliographical work is already being done in the 
Bancroft Library. California materials in publications are being 
listed by Dr. Chapman, who is also listing published articles on 
Latin America. Another bibliography, that on early western travels, 
. is being prepared by Mr. Hill, and still another, covering recent ma- 
terials on Mexico, by the Mexican Commission. The chairman sug- 
gested that parts of this work be published in the reports of the 
American Historical Association and that, if continued, the com- 
mittee may. organize work and seek funds. This report of progress 
was accepted, and the committee as constituted was continued. 

The committee on nominations, of which H. E. Bolton was chair- 
man, associated with whom as members were E. D. Adams, O. H. 
Richardson, C. W. Spencer, and R. G. Cleland, reported the follow- 
ing named as officers for the ensuing year: 

For president, Rev. Joseph M. Gleason. 

For vice president, Oliver H. Richardson. 

For secretary- treasurer, William A. Morris. 

For the council, in addition to the above, R. C. Clark, Edward 
Maslin Hulme, Waldemar C. W estergaard, and Miss Edna H. Stone. 


On motion, the nominations were closed and the: secretary in-— 


structed to cast the ballot for these nominees, who were declared 
elected. Prof. E. B. Krehbiel was elected delegaté of the Pacific 
coast branch to attend the meeting of the council of the parent asso- 
ciation at its approaching meeting at Philadelphia. Under the head 
of new business it was voted that a committee of the Pacifie coast 


branch be appointed by the new council to cooperate with the Cali- 


fornia State Library in giving direction to local agencies for the 
collection of war materials. The meeting then adjourned. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE PACIFIC COAST BRANCH. 101 


After a luncheon, at which the speaker was Prof. William M. 
Sloane, of Columbia University, the afternoon session was called to 
order and Prof. E. E. Robinson read the annual address of the 
president, Prof. Krehbiel, reading of which was postponed from the 
previous evening.t The title of the address was “'The European com- 
mission of the Danube,” and it dealt with the organization and work 
of this body from 1856 to the outbreak of the present European war. 
The working principle was shown to be cooperation as contrasted 
with the usual rivalry of ambassadors.. The conclusion reached was 
that an international administrative agent is the most effective means 
of bridging the gap between nations. A Hague legislature would 
have an exceedingly difficult task, but an administrative body would 
not have to lay down coordinated rules to control the whole world. 
An administrative agent has all the advantage of the common law 
Inown to England and escapes the codified law of the continent. 

The regular program of the teachers’ session for the afternoon was 
then taken up. The general question for consideration was one 
under investigation by a commission of the California High School 
Teachers’ Association, and bore on the European history covered by 
high-school] students, whose course can include but one year in the 
European field. 

The first paper was presented by Miss Jane E. Harnett, of the 
Long Beach High School, the chairman of the commission. Miss 
Harnett showed from incomplete statistical returns of an investiga- 
tion made by the commission and covering the cases of 4,787 gradu- 
ates of California high schools in the year 1917, that 45 per cent had 
studied two years of European history, 28 per cent one year only, and 
that 27 per cent had studied no European history. The problem 
was found to be more acute in cities and in schools establishing the 
newer vocational courses. Of the high-school students who had 
studied but one year of European history, 888 had either ancient 
history or the new combined course, 299 medieval and modern his- 
tory, 71 English, and 72 general history. The greater demand for 
a one-year course comes from southern California. The main ob- 
jections offered to such a course are the probability of its drawing 
students who would otherwise take a two-year course and the im- 
possibility of adequately teaching European history in one year. 
The problem of the student who takes one year is bound up with that 
of the student who takes none. Miss Harnett suggested, (1) that 
there is no possibility of requiring all high-school students to take 
two years of European history; (2) that the question to be settled is 
that of a more satisfactory arrangement of a course for one-year 
students; (3) that this raises the issue of the possibility of the real 


1 Published in the Political Science Quarterly, XXXII, 38-55, March, 1918. 


102 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


profitableness of a one-year course; (4) that history “is to be con- 
sidered as a life current, explaining the problems of the present. 

Miss Harnett held that the ordinary citizen can not have an 
education which will permit his drawing on the facts at his com- 
mand. Curiosity in the past must be awakened and the student 
stimulated to the utmost use of his powers. He is to feel that the 
problems of the present are his, and must search in the past for these 
currents. The one-year course, therefore, can not be a mere con- 
densation of the two-year course. The problem must be one trac- 
ing something of present-day interest. No fixed course can be 
mapped out, for this depends upon interest and the ability of the 
teacher to direct. The child can best learn to marshal facts through 
the problem method and the socializing of the recitation. This kind 
of one-year course is likely to lead to several one-year courses. As 
to the question of text books, it may be said that several will be 
required as well as the library. But one must not look to a text- 
book to give him conclusions worked out. 

In the paper which followed, Miss Agnes E. Howe, of the State 
Normal School, San Jose, also gave statistics showing that a large 
number of high-school students take no history beyond the first 
year. She held that there is too much of the question and answer 
method based on the textbook, and that almost the only faculty de- 
veloped is memory. Attention was urged to the needs of the large 
percentage who have to earn their own living. A one-year course 
of biographical studies on interesting subjects was suggested» but 
- it was held that teaching ability must be the determining factor in 
making the selection. 

The discussion which followed the presentation of these papers 
and which preceded adjournment was spirited. The secretary held 
that whatever need the larger schools found for experiment with 
new high-school courses such as Miss Harnett advocated, it is not 
practicable in the smaller and many of the medium-sized schools 
and should not be recommended to schools of the type wherein the 
qualifications of the history teacher are of necessity uncertain. 
Prof. Show regarded such a course to be current events with an his- 
torical background; applying to high-school work the method 
of historical research. He did not believe that the demand for 
change came from the history people, nor that a scrappy course 
would take the place of a steady diet. He held that the ordinary 
high-school student is as much interested in Julius Caesar as in 
Abraham Lincoln, and objected to history teaching -from the stand- 
point of our own lives as self-centered in conception, whereas immer- 
sion in the life of the past would bring enlargement of life. Subse- 
quently he stated that the type of history advocated went out about 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE PACIFIC COAST BRANCH. 103 


1830, and in answer to a question as to whether decline of interest 
in history in schools is not due to failure of the old type of course, 
said that he attributed it in considerable part to new and mistaken 
views of history. 

Prof. Bolton reaffirmed the view that what is more remote is some- 
times more practical. Dr. T. J. Jones, of the Bureau of Education, 
protested against the conception of facts for facts’ sake and urged 
that facts be selected to meet. the needs of the pupils. Prof. E. J. 
MecCormac urged that history in schools is too often just “one thing 
after another” and that pupils should be taught to do intelligent 
thinking. He held that good teachers should be permitted to do the 
type of work advocated by Miss Harnett. Mr. J. G. Iliff of the 
Steckton High Schcol discounted the emphasis on the necessity of a 
superior teacher for this type of work, and, after describing the 
course which he gives in American history, denied that he was 
teaching current events. Dr. K. C. Leebrick asserted that the impor- 
tant question is whether students have been taught to think, and held 
that history taught by the newer methods is the better preparation 
for college work. Prof. W. S. Thomas, school examiner for the Uni- 
versity of California, also emphasized the needs of children, hold- 
ing that facts are worthless unless worked into life. He stated that 
the teaching of history is nearly dead and that children’s power to 
think has been damaged by high-school methods. Prof. T. C. Knoles 
objected to teaching ninth and tenth-grade students what their 
teachers learned in college, and Lieut. L. P. Jackson advocated the 
necessity of working to scale whatever the time allowed and what- 
ever the period covered. 


Il. EIGHTEENTH REPORT OF THE PUBLIC ARCHIVES 
COMMISSION, WITH APPENDIXES. 


DECEMBER Pate, MUS ( 


VICTOR HUGO PALTSITS, Chairman, 
476 Fifth Avenue, New York City. 


CLARENCE W. ALVORD, 
Urbana, Til. 


SOLON J. BUCK, 
Minneapolis, Minn. 
JOHN C. FITZPATRICK, 
Washington, D. C. 


GEORGE N. FULLER, 
Lansing, Mich. 


GEORGE 8S. GODARD, 
Hartford, Conn. 


PETER GUILDAY, 
Washington, D. C. 


THOMAS M. OWEN, 
Monigomery, Ala. 


105 


“ra i Wn EE 
&S 4 ‘ y as 
aK : Tot 
old 
+ ‘ 
ss ~ 
\ 
CONTENTS. 
- * 
Ce RO OE ee eee ee RES BS Ee ee OTS aE RE aA 
; A. Proceedings of the eighth annual conference of archivists. - 
B. 


Report on the public archives of Idaho, by Thomas Mait- 
arshall.....0ee-022-0eeeeees esse eeeeeete tess eec cess 


ee ee eee 


==. FF 


ey” | 


=e “sP?e ss 


ket rh sai 


ae 
‘- 
t 


REPORT OF THE PUBLIC ARCHIVES COMMISSION. 


DeceMBeER 27, 1917. 


To the Executive Couneil of the American Historical Association: 


The public archives commission of the American Historical As- 
sociation has the honor to submit its report for the year 1917. 

The report of the commission for 1916 was transmitted to the 
publication committee in season and is in press. With the publica- 
tion of this report, there will be available several more chapters 
treating of phases of the science of archives. These and those that 
have appeared in former reports make an almost complete series of 
tentative presentations toward the proposed “ Primer.” The com- 
mission judges that it may well rest its labors at this stage and 
await future developments, under more propitious circumstances, for 
bringing the proposed work to completion in its final form. 

Prof. Thomas Maitland Marshall, formerly of the University of 


Idaho, and now of the department of history in the University of 
_ Colorado, was appointed an adjunct member of the commission for 


1917. He has prepared a “ Report on the public archives of Idaho,” 
which forms Appendix B of the commission’s report. His survey 
was confined to the archives in the old and the new capitol buildings 
at Boise. No attempt was made to examine the records of the 
various State institutions; but for the assistance of investigators a 
list of the institutions is included. Likewise, boards and commis- 
sions whose records are not at Boise have been listed. 

Prof. Charles Edward Chapman, of the University of California, 
made in 1916 a partial survey of a number of important archives of 
South America, including Buenos Aires, Santiago, and Lima. The 
results he embodied in an article on “ South America as a field for an 
historical survey.” This article forms an appendix to the report of 
the public archives commission for 1916. It has also been printed as 
Document X in a pamphlet entitled: “ A Californian in South Amer- 
ica,” of which only 200 copies were issued for private distribution. 

The State of California, under the auspices of The California 
Historical Survey Commission, has been making a survey of the 
county archives. It has already issued a “Preliminary Report,” 
which is divided into three parts. The first part gives a general ac- 
count of the work done by the commission to November, 1916; the 
other parts relate to the county archives. The work of the Arkansas 
Historical Commission is set forth in its “ Publications” for 1917. 
Its aims are defined in Bulletin, pp. 21-23. A new Georgia Historical 

109 


110 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


Association was organized at Atlanta, on April 10, 1917, of which 
Dr. R. P. Brooks, of the University of Georgia, is secretary-treasurer. 
In the published proceedings of its first annual session are several 
sections of archival interest, such as “The Condition of Georgia’s 
Archives,” by Mrs. Maud Barker Cobb; “ Georgia’s Most Vital Need: 
A Department’ of Archives,” by Lucian L. Knight; and a “ Check 
List of Georgia Archival Material in Certain Offices of the State 


Capitol,” by Mrs. Cobb. During the past summer the Michigan His- 


torical Commission began a survey of the State archives in the 
executive department? at Lansing; and a survey of the county 
archives is to be undertaken during the summer of 1918. 

It appears that the legislature of Michigan has appropriated the 
generous sum of $800,000 for a new State building, in which the 
Michigan Historical Commission will have offices and accommoda- 
tions for its records, including the centralization of the State ar- 
chives and for a pioneer museum. The substantial new building pro- 
vided for the Minnesota Historical Society at St. Paul has been 
completed and occupied. 

A self-appointed body of citizens prepared a very informing “ Re- 
port on the condition of the public records of the State of New 
Jersey,” which was used in an endeavor to secure legislation during 
the winter of 1917. This report has been reprinted as an appendix 
to the public archives commission’s report for 1916, with the consent 
of our publication committee and by permission of the New Jersey 
committee. 

A conference of archivists, the eighth in succession, was organized 
for Thursday afternoon, December 27, in connection with the annual 
meeting of the American Historical Association. The proceedings 
of this conference are printed herewith as Appendix A. ; 

Although nearly every State legislature was in session in the year 
1917, the amount of legislation enacted, affecting archives, was small. 
The following laws, exclusive of sundry enactments defining the 
nature of proceedings to be made matters of record, represent the 
total of archival legislation during 1917: 


ARIZONA. 


Chapter 18, house bill 43. Approved March 6, 1917. Act pro- 
viding for the destruction of the records of the juvenile courts, 
under certain restrictions.. Records to be destroyed after the expi- 
ration of the period for which the defendant has been placed on 
probation, or within two years after his discharge, except where he 
has been, within this period, convicted of any offense against the 
laws of this or any other State. 


17The results have since been printed in the Michigan History Magazine, vol. 2, pp. 
238-256. 


Ye 


7 
eee EE 


° 


EIGHTEENTH REPORT OF PUBLIC ARCHIVES COMMISSION. III 


COLORADO. 


Chapter 104, senate bill 115. Approved April 21, 1917. Provid- 
ing that photographic copies of records be deemed recording. 


DELAWARE. 


Chapter 80. Approved April 19, 1917. Act amending section 24 
of chapter 49 of the revised code relating to coroner’s records. Coro- 
ners ordered to keep a record, character of which is described, and 
to index same. Record to be delivered by the coroner to his suc- 


cessor. 
FLORIDA. 


Chapter 7335. Approved June 1, 1917. Act amending sections 
1831 and 1832 of general statutes relating to keeping of circuit court 
records. Kind and character of records to be kept by the clerks of 
the circuit courts, with specific provision that all must be indexed. 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


Chapter 19. Approved February 21, 1917. Act relative to the 
manner in which records of cities and towns shall be kept. Defining 
the words “in books” where they relate to records as not prohibiting 
the keeping of the record in separate or loose leaves, provided same 
are afterwards bound in permanent book form. 


MISSOURI, 


Chapter 101. Revised statutes 1909. Approved April 10, 1917. 
Amending by adding a section, to be known as 10432a, to chapter 
101, providing that whenever records are to be transcribed into new 
books, or rebound, that photographic copies of same shall be deemed 
transcribing, and may be bound as such transcribed records. 


For the year 1917, the executive council appropriated $50 as a 
budget for the public archives commission. As a report on the 
Idaho archives could be secured only if arrangements were made at 
once with Prof. Marshall, the chairman of the commission requested 
him to proceed. Prof. Marshall’s expenses amounted to $75, and he 
waited,several months to be reimbursed. It was only through an 
additional grant in October of $40, by transfer from the committee 
on publications on authorization of the executive council, that the 
public archives commission was able to certify the payment of Prof. 
Marshall’s outlay. The total budget of the commission was there- 
fore $90, of which $75 went for the Idaho report; for typewriting 
the report of 1916, and carbons, $2.85; for postage used, $1.85; for 
postage in advance, $3—a total of $82.70; leaving a balance un- 
expended of $7.30. 


‘\ 


112 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. = = aja Fie 


The chairman of the commission was offered two contributions 
of money, but deemed it inadvisable to accept them without authori- __ 
zation by the executive council. This raises a question in finance. 
Could not provision be made by the executive council for the ac- 
ceptance of voluntary contributions for special objects, so that these 
contributions may be paid over to the treasurer of the association, 
to be held by him as an addition to the budget for the particular 
object for which the money has been designated by the donor or 
donors? It is conceivable that funds may be made available in this 
manner for work that can not now be carried on and for which 
there is a sound basis in need and demand. 

Respectfully submitted. 

Vicror Hueco Paurstrs, 
Crarence W. Atvorp, 
Soton J. Buck, 

Joun C. Frrzparricx, 
Grorce N. FULLER, 
GrorcE §. GoparD, 
Perer GuILpAy, 
Tuomas M. Owen. 


APPENDIX A. | 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE EIGHTH ANNUAL CONFER: 
ENCE OF ARCHIVISTS. 


88582 °—19—_8 113 


Bisi i! 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE EIGHTH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF 
ARCHIVISTS. 


The Eighth Annual Conference of Archivists was held in the hall 
of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, at Philadelphia, Pa., on 
Thursday afternoon, December 27, 1917. The program, which fol- 
lows, was carried out successfully. About 50 persons were in at- 
tendance. 

PROGRAM. 


Chairman, Victor Hugo Paltsits, New York City. 

General subject: ‘“‘The preservation and collection of war records.” 

“The archives of the war,” Waldo G. Leland, Washington, D. C. 

“The archives of the United States Food Administration as_ historical 
sources,” Everett S. Brown, U. S. Food Administration, Washington, D. C. 

“The collection of Catholic war records,” Rev. Peter Guilday, Catholic Uni- 
versity of America. 

Discussion: R. M. Johnston, Harvard University; R. D. W. Connor, North 
Carolina Historical Commission; Clarence W. Alvord, University of Illinois; 
Solon J. Buck, Minnesota Historical Society; James Sullivan, New York State 
Historian; George N. Fuller, Michigan Historical Commission, and others. 

The Cuarman. The conference will please come to order. I think 
it might be desirable to state to those who are in the habit of looking 
for the annual report of the public archives commission, that the last 
report issued was for 1914. The report for 1915 has been, for a long 
time, in the hands of the Government Printing Office at Washington. 
Thelatter report of the commission contains a report on the public 
archives of California, a report on the public archives of Vermont, 
and other matters. I am assured by the secretary of the American 
Historical Association that as soon as the congestion in the Govern- 
ment Printing Office is over, this material will be in the hands of the 
members of the association. The report for 1916, which contains the 
account of the conference held last December, in Cincinnati, embraces 
papers on the restoration and repair of manuscripts, by Mr. Berwick; 
on the housing of archives, by the architect in the Federal architect’s 
office, and other materials that were presented then, or held in the 
traveling bag of the chairman, detained for many hours on the way 
to Cincinnati. 

This report will also contain a reprint of an interesting report 
made particularly for legislative uses in the State of New Jersey, and 
which describes the condition and vicissitudes of the archives in that 

115 


- - a 


116 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


State. The report for 1917 is expected to contain the proceedings 
of this conference, and a report on the public archives of the State 
of Idaho, by Prof. Marshall. 

We come now to the conference of to-day. The general subject is 
“The preservation and collection of war records.” It was felt that 
a body like the public archives commission, serving as the agent of 
that greater body of American historical scholarship, represented in 
the American Historical Association, should not fail to signalize in 
this conference the great need of preserving the official documents and 
papers produced by Government, whether Federal, State, or local, 
as well as by those extra-official bodies which in times like these 
associate themselves with the necessary welfare of the Government, 
and so you will see on the program that various phases of this sub- 
ject are to be presented by those who have given thought to particu- 
lar problems, and who are able to suggest to us, representing different 
centers of gravity in the Nation, ideas that may be carried home and 
put into practice. It gives me pleasure, therefore, to announce as 
the one who is to present the first paper on the archives of the war, 
the secretary of the American Historical Association, who is also 
the secretary of the national board for historical service. I present 
Mr. Leland. 


> 


THE ARCHIVES OF THE WAR.* 


By Watpo G. LELAND. 


Tt is my purpose this afternoon to call your attention especially to 
the desirability of immediate provision for the preservation of all the 
official records of the war activities of the country—national, state, and 
local. I shall confine this paper chiefly to the official records, or 
archives in the strictest sense of the word, because this is a gathering 
of official archivists, and because the problem of collecting and pre- 
serving the many varieties of nonoflicial material is to be discussed 
at another conference. 

One has only to make a hasty survey of the national and state 
archives for the periods of our earlier wars to discover how incom- 
plete they are. The published “ Official Records of the War of the 
Rebellion ” seem indeed to be measurably complete so far as military 
operations are concerned, but when it comes to making a study of 
the economic and social history of the Civil War the historian is 
obliged to go far afield in his search for sources. It is, of course, 
true that at the present time there are many agencies of the National 
Government which not only did not exist, but were not even dreamed 
- of in 1861; and we should hardly expect to find as great a variety of 
official records for the earlier period when government was less com- 
plex, and when war was not so much the mobilization of an entire 
nation as it is to-day. 

It may be expected as a matter of course that the records of the 
executive departments and permanent offices of the National Govern- 
ment will be as carefully preserved for the present war period as at 
' any time during the last decade. They are protected by law from 
unauthorized destruction and we may look with confidence therefore 
to having access at some future time to the complete records of the 
departments of State, Treasury, Interior, Agriculture, Justice, Com- 
merce, Labor, War, and Navy, and the other regular establishments. 
All of these will have masses of records bearing most directly upon 
the war. The Department of Agriculture, for example, will have 
the records of its efforts to stimulate the production of food crops; 
the Department of the Interior will, to mention a single instance, 


1The manuscript of Mr. Leland’s paper having been lost, the text here printed repre- 
sents a rewriting of the article. U7 


118 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. _ 


have the records of the Bureau of Mines, which is esoponmiale with 
the Army in the production of gas for the chemical warfare service. 
The Department of State already has the records of our administra- 
tion of the interests of most of the belligerents before we ourselves 
entered the war. The Department of Labor will have, in the records 
of the employment service, most valuable material on the enlistment 
and distribution of labor in the war industries. In the Department 
of Justice the Bureau of Special Investigation, or the “ Secret Sery- 
ice” as it is now popularly designated, is accumulating masses of 
material and reports respecting the activities of alien enemies and 
other suspected persons, in comparison with’ which the corresponding 
records for the Civil War in the Department of State are insignifi- 
cant. In the Treasury Department will be found not only the 
records of the successive Liberty loans, but the archives of the 
Bureau of War Risk Insurance; while the Department of Commerce, 
through its Bureau of Domestic and Foreign Commerce, gathers in- 
formation of all sorts relating to commercial conditions. 

By no means of secondary interest will be the records of the 
_ temporary war boards and administrations. None of these comes 
nearer to the everyday life of the Nation than the Food Adminis- 
tration, the historical value of whose records will be described to you 
by Mr. Brown. The Shipping Board, engaged in one of the most 
spectacular and gigantic enterprises ever undertaken by any govern- 
ment, will have archives that will doubtless be a favorite hunting 
ground of the historian for many years. The Council of National 
Defense with its hundreds of committees engaged in an effort to ef- 
fect the complete economic and industrial mobilization of the Nation, 


is accumulating records of a sort never before brought together, ~ 


which should throw a flood of light upon the country’s resources and 
manufactures; especially is this true of the records of the War Indus- 
tries Board. The Committee on Public Information has in its files 
letters by the hundred thousand, from all parts of the country, which 
illustrate the state of public sentiment and the reaction of individuals 
to the conditions of war. Other organizations and offices, such as the 
Red Cross, the Fuel Administration, the War Trade Board, and the 
Alien Property Custodian, need only to be mentioned to suggest the 
nature and value of their archives. 

The military and naval records of the war are in a class by them- 
selves. The records of the local draft boards alone will contain 
such a mass of detailed information respecting millions of men of 
draft age that we shall undoubtedly be able to have a far better and 
more accurate picture of ourselves in the years 1917 and 1918 than 
it has ever, until now, been possible to draw. Already we are real- 
izing unpleasant facts with regard to illiteracy, disease, and physical 


_ 


a 


THE ARCHIVES OF THE WAR. 119 


defects, which are as astonishing as they are distressing to a people 
. that has prided itself on its intelligence and on its hardy manhood. 

It is earnestly to be hoped that in-the reorganization of the Gen- 
eral Staff, now being effected, some place may be found for an his- 
torical section or branch which shall insure the proper collection and 
organization of the military records and, if possible, their speedy 
utilization for historical purposes. It is already clear that the mili- 
tary records alone will present a problem in storage of unexampled 
magnitude. It is hardly too much to expect that the accumulation 
for the war period of records in the War Department, the canton- 
ments, the American Expeditionary Forces, the draft boards, etc., 
will greatly exceed the previous accumulation of 120 years. The ab- 
solute necessity, therefore, for an archive building becomes more ap- 
parent than ever. ‘ 

There is a class of records, not governmental in origin, but na- 
tional in scope and of great importance, that should be earefully 
preserved. These are records of semi-public organizations, such as 
the Y. M. C. A., the Knights of Columbus, the Young Men’s Hebrew 
Association, the American Library Association, etc., which are 
charged by the Government with the performance of certain func- 
tions. Other organizations, devoted to educational propaganda, 
such as the American Security League, must possess records which 
will be of great service to the student in estimating the spirit of the 
times. The National Board for Historical Service, to mention a 
minor example, has files of correspondence with members of the his- 
torical profession in all parts of the country, and these letters, many 
of them of considerable length, contain interesting and valuable ob- 
servations with respect to public sentiment and educational needs. 

Turning to the archives of the States and their subdivisions, we 
find accumulations of records that constitute an invaluable supple- 
ment to the records of the National Government. The State Coun- 
cils of Defense, with their subordinate county councils, deal with all 
phases of State and local war activity and their records should be 
carefully preserved. States in which cantonments are located come 
into close coatact with the organization of the military forces, and 
this should be reflected in the records of the adjutant general’s office, . 
as well as in those of other departments of the State government. 
State employment services are cooperating with the national service 
in securing labor for war industries and State departments of agri- 
- culture are actively engaged in stimulating production and in increas- 
ing the acreage under cultivation. The policy of the National Gov- 
ernment decentralizing many activities has resulted in the closest co- 
operation between National and State Governments, rendering the 
records of the latter of even more than usual importance at the pres- 
ent time. 


120 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


It is encouraging to note the very general tendency on the part 
of State historical agencies to take active measures for the collection - 
and preservation of all kinds of material that may serve to record 
and illustrate the war activities of the States and local communities. 
As these measures have to do quite as much with the collection of 
nonoflicial material, which would otherwise be hopelessly lost after 
a few years, as with the preservation of official records, I should 
wander beyond the prescribed limit of my subject were I to describe 
them at any length. A few typical cases should, however, be noted. 
The State historian of New York has sent circulars to the clerks 
of all counties, cities, towns, and villages calling upon them to make 
a special effort to collect material illustrating war history of their 
respective communities: 


To county, city, town, village clerks: 

The present war affords an excellent opportunity for you to gather and 
keep written and printed material relating to the activities of the citizens 
of your community in their relation to the war, whether these activities are 
carried on by individuals, committees, or other groups. If such material is 
not gathered now, the history of the part played by your locality in the war 
and in preparation for it is likely to be lost. 

Will you not, therefore, take the initiative in this matter and either on your 
Own account or as the member of an organized committee take steps to ac- 
cumulate the following, in so far as they relate to the war: 

(1) Documents: Official, such as municipal ordinances, proclamations of 
mayors, notices of boards, etc.; semiofficial, resolutions of public meetings, 
labor unions, church societies, ete.; issued by public service corporations, an- 
nouncements, notices, orders, etc. 

(2) Posters (recruiting and other), programs of concerts, meetings, fairs, 
price lists, advertisements. 

(3) Propaganda material. 

(4) Clippings from local newspapers, pamphlets. 

(5) Photographs or prints of local events, soldiers, bodies of troops, ete. 

(6) Manuscript material, letters, diaries, sermons, addresses. 

(7) Miscellaneous. 

You may file these collections in your own archives or forward them to 
this division for preservation. 

We hope that you will take action along these lines and let us know when 
you have done so. We also express the wish that if you have any suggestion 
to make to this office you will feel free to do so. <F, 

Very truly, yours, 
JAMES SULLIVAN, 
Director, Division of Archives and History, 
State Department of Education, Albany, N. Y. 


The Council of Defense of the State of Washington has organized 
a Department of Historical Service which has asked the County 
Council of Defense to organize a War History Committee in each 
county and has published the following circular of suggestions: 


THE ARCHIVES OF THE WAR. 121 


[State Council of Defense, Department of Historical Service, Edmond §S. Meany, Seattle.] 


UNIVERSITY STATION, 
SEATTLE, WASH., 24 October, 1917. 


HISTORICAL SERVICE DURING THE WAR. 
° 


The National Board for Historical Service, 1183 Woodward Building, Wash- 
ington, D. C., has appealed to the State Council of Defense for cooperation 
in the State of Washington. In response to this appeal, the State Council of 
Defense, through the County Councils of Defense and such other volunteer 
agencies as are available, will undertake the work as outlined. Die 

Every veteran of the American Civil War has long realized how important 
would have been the service if each county had saved the records of enlist- 
ments, drafts, battles, casualties, and evidences of public opinion from the be- 
ginning to the end of the war. Such work would have served not only to sat- 

_isfy a wholesome public interest in such events during the time of conflict and 
for the years immediately following, but such records would have sufficed to 
answer important questions for many years thereafter. They would also have . 
aided in making more accurate and more vital the national history and, above 
all, they would have been of immense value in any crisis like the present. 

By earnest cooperation it is now possible for the State of Washington to join 
with the other States of the Union in accomplishing this important national 
work for the present and for the future. Each county should have a com- 
mittee of at least three persons who are willing to give freely the long and 
patient hours necessary. The local newspapers, always patriotic, may surely be 
eounted upon for assistance to the limit of their abilities. 

The County Councils of Defense are being asked to name a war history com- 
mittee in each county. These committees will then be expected to go back at 
least to the time of the declaration of war, April, 1917, and collect every record, 
such as newspaper clippings, photographs, letters, manuscripts, posters, and 
other evidences of possible historical value. 

As the records are gathered they should be placed for permanent preservation 
in the most adequate and most central public library within the county. This 
will keep the collections closest to the home folks of those who make the 
records on distant land or sea or in the air. If any county should have nu 
adequate library as place of deposit, the State University of Washington will 
gladly volunteer to render that part of the service. 

The following suggestions may be of assistance to those who undertake the 
work: 


CLIPPINGS. ui 


Whenever a clipping of article or editorial is made from a newspaper or 
magazine, be sure to attach to it at once the name of the paper and its date, as 
very essential parts of the record. In order to give sequence to the collection, 
it would be well to keep the clippings in some receptacle until you feel that 
you have a proper beginning. Since many newspapers print large and valuable 
illustrations, it would be well to choose large sheets, preferably of tough manila 
paper, on which to paste the clippings, with the name and date of the paper 
neatly attached. When the collection is completed these sheets, uniform of 
course in size, can be bound in permanent form. 


122 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 
PHOTOGRAPHS. 


Each Sane should have written on its back at once as full information 
as possible. Brief titles may be used if the pictures are to be placed in albums 
or frames, but for ultimate value the fuller record on the back should not be 
omitted. " 
POSTERS AND PROGRAMS. 


This form of record is probably more elusive than any of the others. They 
seem so plentiful and common at the time that few think of saving them. Who 
would not now prize a program announcing Lincoln’s speech at Gettysburg? 
‘In a few years our own local programs and posters will have a real and inti- 
mate interest. <A collection of them is well worth saving in each county. 


LETTERS AND MANUSCRIPTS. 


Means must be devised to collect and save as many letters and manuscripts : 


as the committees ean secure. This will be difficult, but it is not impossible. 

“In starting thus early there is one good way that may be suggested: Let the War 
History Committee in each county write to some of their leading men in the 
Army or Navy and get some letters as to their experiences. The present writer 
has a bundle of precious letters obtained in that way from leaders in the 
Spanish-American War. And as the work progresses friends who receive valu- 
able letters may be induced to add them to the local collections. _ 


INDEXES. 


As this work proceeds, sample index cards will be sent to each War History 
Committee so that a uniform system of indexing may be established. This will 
add very much to the value of each collection. 


VOLUNTEER WORK. 


There will be expenses connected with the assembling and care of such mate- 
rials. No public funds are available for such expenses. It is believed, however, 
that, among those who are privileged or who are compelled to remain at home 
in times like these, there will be interest and enthusiasm enough to render 
adequately the important service outlined above. 

Respectfully submitted. 

. Epmonp S. MEANY. 


The Minnesota Commission of Public Safety has forwarded to all 
the county directors the following request from the Minnesota His- 
torical Society: 


The records of the public safety work in your county should be preserved 
for historical purposes. This material will one day be of great service in ~ 
writing a most important chapter in the history of our State and Nation. The 


historical records desired are the following: 

1. Preserve all records of proceedings, account books, letter files, and other 
records developing in the conduct of the organization’s activities. Make the 
record as full and detailed as possible, bearing in mind that what is common- 
place to-day may be of peculiar interest to-morrow. 


oe ee oe ery le 


THE ARCHIVES OF THE WAR. 123 


2. The county director and each local representative of the Public Safety 
Commission should file and preserve all letters and papers received by him in 
his official capacity. = 

38. Preserve copies of all official, printed, mimeograph or typewritten matter, 
notices, circulars, and letters. 

4. Whenever there is a change of officials, see that the retiring officer turns 
over to his successor all the records and papers in his office with these instruc- 
tions. = 

5. When the commission’s work is done, all these records and papers are to 
be sent to the Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul. The public safety 
archives of the whole State are to be made a permanent record. 


. The North Carolina Historical Commission has addressed the 
following letter to the sheriffs of the State: +5 


RatereH, N. C., June 5, 1917. 


Dear Str: Many of the sheriffs of North Carolina are sending notices, 

posters, circulars, etc., relative to the registration of June 5, under the selective 
' draft law. If you have done anything of this sort, will you not kindly mail 
to me a copy of each notice, circular, poster, etc., which you have issued? 

The North Carolina Historical Commission is attempting to collect all such 
material possible, bearing upon North Carolina’s part in the war, to be pre- 
served for the use of the future historian of the State. Such material as that 
referred to above will some day be of considerable historical value as showing 

the efforts made by the officials of the State and counties to perform their 
‘ parts in this great national crisis. 

I hope, therefore, that you will consider this request of sufficient importance 

to deserve your attention and favorable response. 
Very truly, yours, 


R. D. W. Connor. 


The cases cited are but illustrations. The example is spreading, 
and it is clear that many States will eventually have collections of 
war materials that will be of the utmost value to the future historian. 

The Cuatrman. We will nowvhave the paper by Prof. Everett S. 
Brown, of the United States Food Administration, Washington. 


ARCHIVES OF THE FOOD ADMINISTRATION AS HISTORICAL 
SOURCES. 


By Everett S. Brown. 


In discussing the records of the Food Administration it will per- 
haps be wise to descrike briefly its organization. It is highly proper 
that the Food Administration should be considered as a war organi- 
zation, and that its records should be regarded as war records. In 
every instance where the Food Administration has been officially 
referred to, its status has never been considered other than that of a 
temporary war measure. For instance, when on May 19, 1917, 
President Wilson issued his first statement of the administration’s 
food-control program, he said: “ The proposed food administration 
is intended, of course, only to meet a manifest emergency and to con- 
tinue only while the war lasts.” The enacting clause of the food 
control law, approved August 10, contains the words, “That by 
reason of the existence of a state of war, * * * ™”3 and section 
24 provides: “'That the provisions of this act shall cease to be in 
effect when the existing state of war between the United States and 
Germany shall have terminated, and the fact and date of such termi- 
nation shall be ascertained and proclaimed by the President. ” 

Because of its temporary nature, it was decided by Mr. Hoover, 
the United States Food Administrator, to treat the entire question 
of administration of the food control law as one of a series of prob- 
lems. As each new problem arises a man is selected to deal with it. 
When a problem demands a more or less permanent staff, a head 
is selected to devote his entire time to the subject, or commodity, as 
the case may be. In this way a number of divisions have been es- 
tablished, each of which keeps records and data of its own particular 
activities. 

The principal records of the Food Administration may be summed 
up under the following heads: 


PRINTED DOCUMENTS. 


First under this heading come the Government documents, such 
as the text of the food control law, the Congressional Record for the 
debate on the bill, and the reports of investigating committees. 

An important series of printed documents is the one issued by the 
Food Administration, beginning with the President’s statement of 

124 


ARCHIVES OF THE FOOD ADMINISTRATION. 125 


May 19, telling the need for food control and naming Mr. Hoover 
as head of the organization to be formed, and containing important 
speeches of Mr. Hoover and members of his staff. 

Then, too, there are various printed bulletins issued by the conser- 
vation library, or other divisions of the Food Administration. 


NEWSPAPER RELEASES, 


All important statements and information which the Food Ad- 
ministration wishes to make public are mimeographed and released 
~ to the newspapers. These releases form one of the most valuable 
sources for the writing of the history of the Food Administration. 
They are issued as a numbered series. These releases are placed in 
folders, and a table of contents giving the number, date, and title of 
each, is pasted on the outside. To facilitate still further the use of 
the releases a card subject index is kept. Going back to the first 
statements of Mr. Hoover upon his arrival in this country from 
Europe, in May, a complete record of the Food Administration is 
5 thus available. 


DAILY PRESS REPORT TO MR. HOOVER. 


A brief summary of the principal newspaper stories and editorial 
comments is sent to Mr. Hoover every day. Accompanying the sum- 
mary goes a digest of the clippings used in making up the report. 
These daily reports would be of great assistance to anyone wishing to 
trace the trend of newspaper opinion on the food question. 

Copies of these reports are kept on file according to date. 


NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS. 


In order to keep in touch with newspaper opinion and to make out 
the reports already noted, a press clipping section is maintained. 
Aside from the big dailies which are received regularly, clippings 
are purchased from clipping agencies in different parts of the coun- 
try. These clippings are sorted according to subject matter and sent 
to the various chiefs of divisions. After having been read by these 
men the clippings are returned to the press clipping section for filing. 
The clippings are filed according to date, being pasted on loose sheets 
of paper. An alphabetical arrangement by State, city, and paper 
is maintained. News items and editorials are kept in separate 
folders under the name of the particular paper. 

A card subject index of the articles on the Food Administration 
contained in the New York Times is kept, and assists greatly in run- 
ning down news items. Such an index of all newspaper clippings 
would require too great an expenditure of time and labor for the 
benefit to be derived therefrom. 


126 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 
LETTERS, 


Every letter received, together with a copy of the answer, is filed 
by the division to which the letter was sent. A second carbon copy 
of every letter sent from any department or section of the Food Ad- 
ministration is preserved in the general filing room. There are, 
therefore, on record two copies of every letter which goes out. 


SPECIAL DATA. 


Some of the divisions of the Food Administration are of such im- 
portance from the historical point of view that a short description 
of their organization and records seems imperative in this connection. 

The first of these, the States Administration Division, has to do 
with the relations between Federal and State Governments. On Mr. 
Hoover’s recommendation, Federal Food Administrators in the 
States and island possessions have been appointed by the President. 
They form a link between the United States Food Administration 
at Washington and all State activities relating to food matters. 
They are the official representatives of the Food Administration. 

The States Administration Division keeps constantly in touch 
with the Federal Food Administrators in the States. It handles all 
correspondence with them. This correspondence, therefore, will in 
the future have a distinct historical importance. 

Within the State there is also a definite organization, although 
there is no-one fixed form for all of the States. A typical State or- 
ganization is as follows: 

The president of the largest bank in each county is asked to call 
in a representative of each bank in his city, the editors of the lead- 
ing newspapers, and the chief executive of the commercial club, to 
nominate for county food administrator the most active and aggres- 
sive man in the county, who will give his services without com- 
pensation and who will devote considerable time to the work. 
These nominees are appointed by the Federal Food Administrator 
of the State. 

A meeting of the county administrators is then called. Each one 
“is asked to appoint a committee to assist him, this committee to in- 
clude one person from each town in the county. All publications are 
distributed through these committees. They are also charged with 
the duty of investigating complaints regarding the violation of the 
food laws in their respective counties, and reporting to the Food Ad- 
ministrator for the State the cases which prove to be well founded. 

Another very important division is that which handles statistics. 
It is engaged in collecting and collating data on the production, con- 
sumption, movement, and prices of food material both in the United 
States and in European allied and neutral countries. 


ee a ee oe 


ARCHIVES OF THE FOOD ADMINISTRATION. a A 


' Mimeographed information service bulletins are prepared and dis- 

tributed to heads of divisions and to Federal Food Administrators 
in the States. 
_ Weekly reports on retail prices of staple commodities are received 
from all parts of the country, and monthly reports from man- 
ufacturers and dealers in food commodities, who are under license. 
The information contained in these reports will be tabulated so as 
to show profits, overcharges, and speculations in the various trades. 
The data so collected will constitute perhaps the most complete sta- 
tistics ever gathered in any country relative to its food manufactur- 
ing industries. 

The last of these special divisions is that of coordination of pur- 
chases. The functions of this division are to purchase foodstuffs 
(other than grains, which are purchased through the United States 
Food Administration Grain Corporation for the Allies), and to har- 
monize the purchases of the Allies, the Army, the Navy, and the 
Food Administration, of the most important staple food supplies 
and to cooperate with the Army and Navy, and other Government 
departments in an endeavor to coordinate, so far as practicable, their 
purchases of such food supplies. 

Under the contracts between the United States Treasury and the 
Allies all food purchases must be made with the approval of, or by, 
the United States, and this power has been delegated to the Food 
Administration. 

The Cuarrman. We will pass now to the next paper, “ The collec- 
tion of Catholic war records,” by the Rev.. Peter Guilday, editor of 
the Catholic Historical Review, and professor at the Catholic Uni- 
versity of America, Washington. 

The Rev. Perer Guiipay. Mr. Chairman, ladies, and gentlemen, I 
regret that illness has prevented me from preparing a paper upon 
the subject which has been given to me. When the National Cath- 
olic War Council was inaugurated last April the first committee to be 
started was the Committee on Historical Records. This committee 
was directed by the administrative committee of bishops to bend 
every effort to secure immediately, and to preserve, an accurate and 
complete record of all Catholic American activity in the present war. 
Tn all the preliminary meetings of the council, this part.of this work 
was constantly emphasized. It was seen that unless provision was 
made at once for the history of Catholic patriotism and effort in this 
war, the church would be guilty of a neglect which can never be reme- 
died and of a mistake which can never be retrieved. The purpose of 
the Committee on Historical Records was to secure every record and 
document and the description of every kind of spiritual and patri- 
otic service which would assist the future historian in telling the 
story of Catholic activity in the war. In the matter of collecting 


128 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


these Catholic war records two things have been begun—the compi- 
lation of the census of Catholic men and women in the service of the 
United States and the collection of every possible kind of historical 
material. Aiding and assisting the national committee are the dio- 
cesan committees, which act as central boards in directing the work 
of collecting war history material throughout the diocese. This 
means that the national committee functions through 104 sub- 
committees, the chairmen of which are appointed by the bishops of 
the dioceses. In each one of these ecclesiastical centers workers have 
been appointed to keep files of service lists, promotions, honors, deco- 
rations, etc., and a casualty list of the diocese is also being kept. It 
is from the parish, however, that the diocesan war council receives its 
most thorough cooperation. Here, the pastor is not’ only the leader 
and guide, but it is from him that the parochial committee on histori- 
cal records will receive its best inspiration. 

There are in the United States about 16,000 parochial units, and 
an appeal is being made to each one of these units to secure as accu- 
rately as possible all material of importance from the families of the 
men in the service, which can later be used in writing the history of 
the war. It is the hope of those in charge of this work that this 
project may eventually be the basis for the foundation of a national 
Catholic archives. For the first time in the history of the church 
in this country the Catholic body has been awakened to the realiza- 
tion of how important and necessary is such a central archival home. 
Outside of the three national councils of the bishops, held in 1851, 
1866, and 1884, there has never been any concerted movement on the 
part of the church in the United States. Those who were instru- 
mental in forming the National Catholic War Council hope to see 
it continue after the war is over for just such practical purposes as 
that of creating a national Catholic archival center. It is thought 
by the leaders that once the collection of war material is completed 
and properly housed, the hierarchy and the Catholic public will then 
appreciate the crying necessity of a central bureau where the 
sources and materials for the study of Catholicism in the United 
States may be brought together for the use of students, both Catholic 
and non-Catholic. At present, however, all our energies are being 
expended to gather in a complete record of Catholic activities during 
these days of storm and stress to the Nation. I wish again to ex- 
press my regret that I have been unable on account of illness to pre- 
pare a paper describing this work more in detail. This, however, is 
being done, and within a short time a “ handbook” will be published 
giving an exact idea of the scope of the historical committee’s work. 

The Cuarrman. I have had a letter from Prof. Alvord, of the 
University of Illinois, in which he stated that he felt that he ought 
to conserve his energies for his work, the work he has on hand, and 


ARCHIVES OF THE FOOD ADMINISTRATION. 129 


therefore he has not come to this meeting. He had intended to take 
part in the discussions at this meeting. I received, a few hours ago, 
a telegram from Mr. Godard, of Connecticut, in which he stated that 
he was sick with the grip. I was almost prevailed upon by necessity 
to stay away myself; but I have come on with a cold, which is evident 
from my speech, and for which I apologize; a sense of duty impelled 
me to come here. We have with us Prof. Johnston, of Harvard Uni- 
versity; Mr. Connor, of the North Carolina Historical Commission ; 
Dr. Buck, of Minnesota; and Dr. Sullivan, of the division of archives 
and history, New York. I think that any one of the gentlemen just 
named might now engage in the discussion. After these gentlemen 
have spoken, anyone in the audience may take part, as we wish to 
have a consensus of opinion and advice, as Mr. Leland suggested, 
with respect to the problem of war records and material. 

Prof. Jounston. I feel that I should not get up on my feet and 
try to tell you archivists anything on this subject, and the only rea- 
son I am presuming to address you on this occasion is because of the 
request of Mr. Leland; he suggested that I should do so. Another 
reason is, because I am so deeply interested ; indeed I am boiling over 
with indignation on this question of a national building for archives 
and documents, and before the war began it-seemed that our hopes 
might be realized. We are suffering very severely in consequence of 
not having such a building, and I think that now that the war has 
come on it is perfectly outrageous. This matter should not be 
neglected, and I don’t really think that it is a difficult thing at the 
present time for the Government to undertake the erection of a 
national archive building. I think it would be a matter of economy. 
You can always leave the ornamental front until afterwards; all that 
you need is concrete and plenty of glass. It would be an economy to 
have such a place in which to store the new documents; and it would 
be an enormous economy to substitute a handful of trained archivists 
for the staff of Government clerks who are handling those documents 
inefficiently in a few buildings in Washington at the present time. 
It should be done if for nothing else than as a war economy. It isa 
perfectly fair argument that the building for public archives is a 
present-day necessity. I don’t know that I can add very much to this 
discussion; but you can see that I feel very strongly on this subject. 
Not being an archivist, and dwelling in a remote part of the country, 
far from the center of affairs, I have not been able to do much, yet 
I have pitched in and done what I could, and I think that is what 
everyone should do. I want to tell you of one or two steps forward 
that I have taken, which I hope will lead to other steps that may 
eventually bring about the much desired result. 

88582°—19 9 


130 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


We had a dinner about four weeks ago—a dinner at which almost 
all of the patriotic societies of Massachusetts were represented by 
their presiding officers, and at which Mr. Worthington C. Ford, Prof. 
Turner, and myself were present; we put forward the case for the pub- 
lic archives building. Now as we all know, patriotic societies are 
pretty generally not making use of archivists and historians as they 
should, but on the other hand, they are deeply interested in the records 
of the past, and they wanted to know something about it. Now, that 
meeting was of a most hopeful character. I am accustomed 
to speak pretty plainly about things and I told them of the 
attempt to organize the records of the war; I told them things that 
I think some of them did not altogether like, but the response on 
the whole was excellent; we passed a resolution on this subject, and 
that resolution is being submitted to all the. patriotic societies 
throughout the country, especially in the Southern States, and the 


support of these societies will be enlisted. Another step—I got - 


in touch with a member of the Commercial Economy Board, work- 
ing with the Council of National Defense, and we have now some 
one working for us at Washington. You all know of the work that 
Mr. Leland is doing. I think this is a very practical and workable 
proposition. Several of the most influential members of the Council 
of National Defense were approached with the idea of seeing how 
they would view this, regarding the right representation that should 
be made. Now that is just an example of what a person living in a 
remote part of the country tried to do, but I think if everybody 
would be stirred up, if we could get the people interested, sooner 
or later we could get hold of the right man in Washington or some- 
where out West, to take hold of the thing, use influence, and get it 
done. I think we have been talking about this for some time and the 
time has now come for action. 

Mr. Connor. It has been suggested that I should say something 
about the collection of war archives and war material from the 
viewpoint of the State organization—the collection of State mate- 
rial rather than that of the Nation. I should say that in my own 
efforts along that line I have found that some valuable work has 
been accomplished through two different organizations—one the 
North Carolina Historical Commission, of which I am secretary, 
and the other the State council of defense, the historical committee 
of which I have been made chairman, so that I work through these 
two organizations. In some cases I find I can get a certain class 
of matter better through the historical commission, and other mat- 
ters better through the State council of defense. In some cases we 
have issued a number of appeals to people engaged in war work, 
urging upon them the necessity of collecting war material and the 
importance of the preservation of such material now, rather than 


Oo 


_— 


ARCHIVES OF THE FOOD ADMINISTRATION. 131 


to wait later, when much of it will be destroyed. We have asked 
them in a general way to collect materials, such as illustrate the 
mind of the people, their points of view toward the war, local as 
well as State events and activities, the effect of the war on social, 
educational, economic, agricultural, political, religious conditions, 
personal achievements or sacrifices, or distinguished services of in- 
dividuals, and we have grouped those general descriptions under ten 
or a dozen different headings. The great difficulty is that the aver- 
age person does not appreciate the importance of documents of the 
moment, at the time at which they are issued. They do not think 
a document has any historical value until it is a hundred or two 
hundred years old; it is a fact we must impress upon their minds, 
that the documents of to-day will be of great historival value in the 
future, and that these documents are of great historical value now, 
greater than those of former national crises. 

I shall not go into all of the details, but I will give you an illus- 
tration of what we are asking of them. We are asking them first 
of all to keep official documents, municipal ordinances relating to 
the war, proclamations and other public papers of the governor, 
sheriffs, mayors, and other public officials; documents issued by 
State or local boards of food conservation, and other public boards 
and commissions growing out of the war or relating to the war, 
posters of the Red Cross, Liberty loans, etc. The second, semiofficial 
documents. Among them we have, for instance, the classification 
‘of documents issued by the various committees on the Liberty loans. 
Now, I have-recently requested the chairman of the campaign com- 
mittee of the State to write for me a complete report of the work 
of his committee in connection with the Liberty loan campaigns, 
both the first and the second, which would come under this heading. 
The third is public-service documents, which include public-service 
corporations, mills, factories, etc.; educational material, showing 
the effect the war has had on schools; economic material, quotations 
from local markets, advertisements showing the effect of a state of 
war on economic conditions. 

We also urge the making of photographs wherever possible, and 
I had quite an interesting photograph recently. A dealer had re- 
ceived a shipment of sugar of about 60,000 pounds, and as soon as it 
was rumored, about two or three hundred people gathered, and they 
stayed there; there was always a crowd there, and they were demand- 
ing sugar, so I had a picture taken of the crowd, showing the senti- 
ment. Another division, propaganda material, including circulars, 
letters, advertisements, resolutions of meetings, etc.; pictorial mate- 
rial, pictures of military affairs. In regard to that, it seems to me 
inadvisable just now to collect, i. e., to make a list of soldiers and 


132 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


sailors, to try to keep up with them individually, as that will be done 
by the War Department, and done better than the local organization 
could do it. Of course, if anything unusual comes up with any of 
the boys a record should be made of it. Another division is devoted 
to military material, manuscript material (such as letters received 
from friends or relatives at the front or in camps), diaries, and ser- 
mons and public addresses. Another classification relates to woman’s 
work; women doing Red Cross work, nursing, knitting, ete.; and, 
finally, newspaper clippings from the local papers. I have attempted 
to get a report from each county through a county collector. Just 
what the results will be I do not know. It really is too early to say. 
We have not as yet received any great amount of material, but what 
we have received is all more or less of value; but I think that the 
total results are going to be very good. For instance, I received 
promises from the food administrator, the fuel administrator, and 
also from the heads of other war organizations, to turn over to me 
at the close of the war all the records of their offices, provid- 
ing the National Government at Washington permits them to do so, 
and the State council of defense will do the same. The counties 
will preserve all such records and correspondence and turn them over 
to the North Carolina Historical Society at the close of the war; so 
that all of these results have been accomplished up to the present time. 
They are not great, but I think that the promise of the future is ex- 
ceedingly bright and encouraging. 


Dr. Buck. I trust that Mr. Connor will keep the picture of the © 


hungry mob demanding sugar out of the hands of the German 
propaganda, as its circulation in Germany might be considered as 
giving aid to alien enemies. At the present time it is not necessary 
to call attention to the distinction between archives and other ma- 
terial for history, and yet there has been considerable confusion, I 
think, in the discussion this afternoon with reference to these two 
subjects, and of course the collection of both is of very great impor- 
tance. I am going to confine my remarks to the collection of official 
archives, official records of governmental activities. In the State 
of Minnesota we have an organization corresponding to the Council 
of National Defense of North Carolina, which has been mentioned, 
known as the Committee of Public Safety. This body does not have 
any historical department, or commission, and takes no special inter- 
est in history, or in the historical bearing of its work. The only 
official organization in Minnesota with authority to look after the 
historical records is the Minnesota Historical Society. This society 
has, as yet, no definite archive function; but it expects to have in 
the future, and it has taken considerable interest in reference to war 
archives. I am going to tell you two or three things we have tried 
to do. In the first place we persuaded the Committee of Public 


a oT? ee 


ARCHIVES OF THE FOOD ADMINISTRATION. 133 


Safety to issue an order to every county agent that had been ap- 
pointed, to cooperate with the committee, directing the agent to 
preserve all of the correspondence and records of every sort, and to 
turn that material over ultimately to the Minnesota Historical 
Society, or whatever other authority might be designated by law, or 
by an official order, to preserve the archives. 

Considerable time has been devoted to the investigation of the 
situation in the various localities, and we are trying to urge upon the 
county agents the necessity of preserving the records of the present 
day, particularly as they relate to the war. It occurs to me that there 
is another phase—another variety of records that are undoubtedly 
accumulating in great quantities, and that need special attention. 
They are Federal rather than State documents. I refer to the records 
of the local registration boards. The mass of this material is very 
great. We had some investigation in the way of handling and 
classifying it, and we find that in most cases it is being well handled 
and cared for at the present time, but it is a question what will 
become of it in the future. Will the War Department look after it— 
after the preservation of this material? Or, is it advisable for the 
State and State institutions to go into the matter of the proper pres- 
ervation of this material which belongs to the Federal archives or 
is in the jurisdiction of the Federal archives? The only other point 
which I care to make is, this work that we are doing now is special 
work; we are preserving material for the history of America, of: 
America’s participation in the war. It should be looked upon as 
part of the general work of archivists and historical collectors, and, 
had the Government done its duty along these lines before the war, 
it would be now a simple matter—simply a continuation of this duty, 
and we would have been sure of the preservation of this material. 
It seems to me that we must not lose sight, in our collection of war 
material, of the equal importance of collecting other material, that is, 
materials that do not pertain to war. I think that special emphasis 
should be laid on that matter at the present time, on the collection 
of things of the present day which may ultimately be needed by 
future historians who write the history of this present day, regardless 
of the war, but with respect to the ordinary aspects of civil life. 

Dr. Sutxivan. In interpreting this title of the program, I think I 
have taken a somewhat broader view of this matter of records than 
Dr. Buck. Of course, if we were to interpret the word “record,” we 
should probably confine ourselves more nearly to public records, and 
not pay attention to the subject that is going to be discussed later at 
the conference of historical societies. When the war broke out, we 
were very much interested, in the State of New York, in getting the 
machinery for collecting war material at work, immediately. A letter 
was drafted, which was sent to historical societies and to public offi- 


134 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


cials, with reference to utilizing their opportunities to get this war 
material together. Shortly after that a communication came from 
Mr. Leland with reference to a plan for the collection of that material 


and we immediately got out a supplementary letter, which was printed. 


and sent to agencies that we regarded as war material agencies; that 
is, certain agencies which it seemed possible to get to work for the 
collection of material relating to the war. In other words, I should 
class them as gathering agencies. We have in the State of New York, 
of course, public agencies such as would be found in a village clerk’s 
office, the village board minutes, the town board minutes, and the 
county board of supervisors, council, and so on, who will get together 
material relating to any special matter. We felt, however, that we 
should not stop at that point and therefore we sent this letter far 
afield. In other words, we sent a letter to all of the history teachers 
in the high schools of the State and to all of the libraries. There 
are about 750 high schools in the State and about 750 libraries. We 
further sent this letter to the historical societies and the patriotic 
societies. This letter urged the members of these societies to gather 
the fugitive matter for preservation, for the reason that if they did 
not take care of it immediately, it would be lost. 

Another agency that we approached, was that agency connected 
with the Committee of Public Defense in the various counties, known 
_as the publicity committee, and we also sent the letter to the local 
newspapers. Our object in doing this was merely to get local 
material together; we did not care, in a certain sense, for the material 
that might be gathered by the larger agencies, such as would be found 
in a metropolitan city like New York, Albany, Syracuse, or other 
large centers; but we have wished to get the material that existed 
around throughout the State, which could be gotten by the various 
little organizations, so we urged them to do it. We did not expect to 
have a great percentage of good returns. Anybody who has had any 
experience with local officials realizes that they are not the kind of 
people who seemingly care much about historical matters. They sel- 
dom answer their correspondence; we found that that was a fault not 
confined to local political officers, but that one of the most energetic 
of the so-called publicity bureaus, with a college professor at its 
head, did not answer four letters which were sent, showing that even 
in the seats of the mighty there are some people who are deficient in 
doing some of the things they are asked to do, even though they pro- 
fess enthusiasm for doing it in a public meeting. 

Now I could expand at some length on the deficiencies of some of 
these agencies. Three letters were sent out to each of the publicity 
committees and out of a total of 62 committees we succeeded in 
getting 31 answers; that is, after three different sets of letters had 
been sent out to thosemen. They were seemingly willing enough to get 


i 
ARCHIVES OF THE FOOD ADMINISTRATION. 135 


their names into print at the head of a sheet of paper, but they did not 
seem willing to come down to earth and get at the task of collecting 
this material. We also got up a uniform filing system for the filing 
of this material. In each county there was a library, a central place 
established to which material could be sent, and we urged all of the 
62 libraries to get material in duplicate, so that they could keep one 
set and send the other to the State library. One experience has 
come out of this that I think would be valuable to anyone who is 
doing the same work, and that is the necessity for what we might 
eall circularizing at regular intervals. The first letter is not suffi- 
cient; it ought to be followed up throughout the length of the war 
at regular intervals, with other letters, asking, “What have you 
done?” “What are you doing?” “ Have you done anything?” “ Will 
you do something?” We have gotten good results from many of the 
historical societies. I could read clippings that I have here from 
the various societies, showing exactly what they have done, how 
they have taken hold of the work. We have encouraged the people 
to send in material—not only the historical material, but other ma- 
terial. The newspapers have done a very good. work in publishing 
appeals from us to send in material. We have sent letters to the 
newspapers, asking parents to send in the letters they receive from 
their sons who have gone over to France, or who are still located in 
this country. Some of these letters that have been published are re- 
markably good and show the spirit of the men. Of course, there are 
published volumes of such letters, but I have seen letters published 
in local newspapers which are far more indicative of a spirit of the 
times, are better war records, than any I have seen published in 
books edited by certain well-known men. That is all that we have 
been doing, but I have listened with pleasure to the remarks of Mr. 
-Connor. He has suggested some things which we can put into op- 
eration. 


Following the remarks by Dr. Buck there was a brief discussion 
respecting rumors of the unauthorized destruction of records of the 
National Government having historical value, and the conference 
voted to request the public archives commission to employ its offices 
in preventing the destruction of such material. 

The conference then adjourned. 


APPENDIX B. 


REPORT ON THE PUBLIC ARCHIVES OF IDAHO. 


By THOMAS M. MARSHALL, 
Department of History in the University of Colorado. - 


137 


CONTENTS. > 


Page 

Ll. i) DMA c222 2) 65 Sega ee 5 ue ee ae ee PRL a ey re Se 141 
© SPO RTIEGIES 2 5 ce RRS RE RE Re a eh a 142 
ERT cae SE ere Sie GS SR tre te Oh as Ae ee ere 142 

PEE a IS oe aot nn aS ome sre hoo sees Soe ee GS ke 143 

PEE EPEIMRURG TN NGS ro = tas oleae eee nc Sass le ete eereeeee koe 144 
EMCEE UeOtMune -Lereltonyes = pee Se oer ee es we ee Be 144 
BEMPerARMOLEREALC = Ss) ft orga as = ook Ue Oe na a che a Sinne 144 

2. AUT ec Ree ee eee ee mene en | eee ee 147 
“1 FOLTIST 2 2 Ba Rat oo ee eee 147 

SSUES = ocd eS 5, Sg i ee ta fp he De ce 148 

ee DY EDU ote Se SRS cles ee aa gh ere a 150 
DCO eta OE cient Se crt aR, Ska ace eae Nae, Cs nes i ee 150 

SSUP 2 204 CESS, eRe oe Se 2 Se Or See ee le ga 150 

3. SUPPLE) CaTGigr pS ARSE eRe ies ep cae ee ee 152 
(2 TIA eecce tee Se Ske ROSES Ee eee See eee re 152 

SAUL. oodeise set Rea 28 0p ae eae ee oe ee eee 152 
Gaonmpermicndent of public mstruction.-...-2=<-----..-.-.-.+.-.<---+------- 153 
YF. LUBSPPSCUOI QUAINT ea eare tte er = ei ee, a oc a re a i 153 
2. SE GIST GaTe eee ee oe EEN Seco ie ek a8 age ee 154 
2. RED DING GaNTEN CA Gr ea SS ee ee 154 
MEREETPAne’ COMMISSHONEr:.. 2.5... =2--s55--5----25-26-2222205-5-5 epiiud eee 155 
Le 210.7 ADT O aR a a e  e e ee e ee 156 
EPEC EIOROL arm Markets 9.065 6-250) 2. 2 sie Se ce sSka sce ss - eden ese eee en 156 
MISMO N CAPs fore ee ee 2. Pk Ae os Pe em iw oo). oa cet e eee es Se 157 
PRE Rca nee ae eee een fe eee ar A eatin dy At 157 

SERGE. ong de See SR ee ee Se Ree eee eee 157 
EMEGRENMENIONer OL CQUCAION-=<2--—--2==.-- ct s2---2- <2 2-2scnn-- 252 cusee 158 
PeDOMCEMASpECLOL. — =... ..-------2-s--c-<% Se aE Re Ee a ee ee 158 
LO. CIDE LASI . 1 cu eh aR RR al ge a ge a RRR NR 1,5 
tec LDYSEEL BUTT! ORIEL ASS 2 gaa SIR ne yg i a 158 
Pee eveniood unG sanitary, IMSpeetor. -- =. 6525-2226 -5 ssa s-t ee ease neces 158 
BETORRGN ELIA TNSPECLOL sus — 5 < Se eee mee Se ae Sen Sisss <a ana ees se 159 
PoP EERE ERCCLOR SS ae serio a Pie ae eg Se win «a SS 159. 
PaMEMELS BEREE SOE ATIEMCOT Ge ae mae ee ee TRL. ean oe eee 159 
PPR NUMEPEIESRE Potters ore eps Ne ei ER | * 160 
TIED Se eg Se RE IIE aa cae a ir a 160 

SULUDAc pure. Bee Peeks Se ae ae Sree 2 eee eee a or ea ata 160 

23. Commissioner of immigration, labor, and statistics.............-....------- 160 
PopED ius MHGr arti INSPECUOL. =... 2-0 - <a: Soe od mms Soe Sane aos +  eeyae eee 160 
Brerdvon land Commissioners. .: 22.5.2... 22225225. see+ Sosa stot ceases 160 
Pembina ee OMIM SAI ON) 5 ee, ed es Se Boe tee wt oe Sao VE 163 
eee nbbrentislities COMMISSIION----2.-. 05 .220.520 25-6 aes deae Se dees ose 163 
Bo. ETT, Ci GLUES Gates ee a nce, ee ag 164 
pee SERCeS EEC KAITOS (8 See PR aye Fs a sl oe oe coe Seca ee ae 164 
SPMBEMrOhequaAllZALIONe >. S025 ~- Sse Seek oo ate a ce gitgene Sec tr 164 
31. Board of State prison commissioners. -.......---- Pt Pee see ee 165 
SEPMEINAEC OMHATAONS. 221. So 5a anise cae Saat er Son ae ee ot he ee peace sete 165 


140 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


33. Board of health. 
34. Board of horticultural inspection 
35. Live stock sanitary board 
36. Board of canvassers 
37.’ Depository board... .....2. 22.42 o2c2 ewee ne eee oe eee 
38. Board of trustees of soldiers’ home.----.--.-......---.s2ssssee seuss eneeee 
39. Board of management of capitol building and grounds 
40. Board of medical examiners... . 2... .2 22.201: 45 -- oe ee 
41. Board of osteopathy. ..... page danctbeccbaceses leases sae 
42. Board of dental examiners. ....5....2..--s..--s-022-ee eee 
43. Boara of optometry 
44, Board of pharmacy... ==... --...25.5 «206.2: 22.50) eee 
45. Board of examination and registration of graduate nurses 
46. Board of veterinary medical examiners 
47. State grain commission 
48. Board of arbitration 
49. Library commission. ---.:.... 22... $222... 7..2. 2.20 eee 
50. Supreme court building and library commission 
51... Fiscal board having sale of bonds-.2.............2.2 see eee 
52. Commission to locate northern asylum 
53. Commission to revise nrigation laws-.-......:....._. 252 se=e ee eee 
54. Commission to investigate wages of women and minors 
55. Labor commission 
56. Code commission: -.<-.-----.25.05..---.2- +2 2-0e.-6 = 5 
57. Board of control of Heyburn Park.<...:....-- 22.22. eee 
58. Lumber inspectors. 2. ..0c-20.-..-.-2---2---- 0-2 3 ee a 
59. Board of accountancy..-..2.222220.-+--2 -2---+- eke aoe 
60.. Board of examiners of architects..-.........------------2e-0eeeseseeeee 
61. Industrial accident board .....-----2--..-<-2-----+.--5- === 
62. Insurance manager of State industrial insurance fund..--..--- 2c See 
Educational institutions.....-..5.2. 2222. 22-2 2 2-0-0- 05 02 eee 
University of Idaho: Extension department.........----.-..--.-.-------- 
Other:State institutions....-.-.. 0.200222: e222 ope ee ; 
State Historical Society--...... 2. J: ..-52-05--2--4.-- 0-8. oo 
E:x position papers-s-asa- ees eee ee eee RP son nese 
Columbian Exposition...-.-....-- SRC S eh Bhs fy PP oe sc 5 
Alaska- Yukon Pacific Wxposition.---..--...2-. <2 222-4 ere 
Panama-Pacific International Exposition.................--.---------- we 
Supreme court. .~..- os osc es sai o-oo ei einai i te = 
Territory. ..--- 3222 os piesg ese ocst et oese ose ee ser 


a ee ee ee ee ey 


i i i 
CO eee i ie i ee ae | 


Legislature... 2.2.0. Hees sete. caste sie shoes J ae es oe er ia 
‘Territorye =: 2: Baseeee eee Getetecessecdescseescets: 


THE PUBLIC ARCHIVES OF-IDAHO. 


By THomMAS MaIrLANp MARSHALL. 


INTRODUCTION. 


The organic act, by which the Territory of Idaho was created, 
was approved on March 38, 1863. The first capital was located at 
Lewiston, but the legislature of 1864 passed an act removing it to 
Boise. After a spirited legal battle between the people of Lewiston 
and the legislature, the United States marshal received orders from 
Washington to take charge of the archives and convey them to 
Boise, an action which settled the contest. Idaho became a State 
in 1890. ae ra 

All of the territorial records and most of the State records are 
housed in the new capitol, a fireproof building, the wings of which 
have not been completed. In consequence office space is inadequate, 
and several offices are still in the old capitol, a brick structure 
which is a veritable fire trap. In the new capitol the vaults are 
fireproof, but they are small, greatly overcrowded, and inconven- 
lently arranged. The shortage of space and frequent changes of 
administration have not been conducive to the establishment of a 
well-organized system of record- filing and deposit. The most 
crowded vault is that adjacent to the office of the secretary of state, 
designated below as vault 1, and it is probable that the investiga- 
tor will find many of the records here listed in that vault removed 
to vaults 2 or 3. The governor’s vault, designated in this report 
as vault 4, is too small and the filing system is such that it would 
take a far longer period than at my disposal to determine with 
certainty the contents of the filing cases. The overflow from many 
offices has been stored in boxes in the basement, the records now 
being inaccessible. The land-office vault in the old capitol is a 
sad commentary on political waste, for it houses about a hundred 
expensive ledgers which contain not a scratch of a pen. These are 
filed indiscriminately with volumes containing records. 

The survey was confined to the archives in the old and new capitol 
buildings. No attempt was made to examine the records of the 
various State institutions, but for the assistance of investigators 
a list of the institutions is included. Boards and commissions whose 

141 


142 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


records are not at Boise have also been listed. The last legislature 
created several boards and commissions, and a list of these is also 
given. In the report the word “ file,” with the exception of court 
records, means a narrow drawer. The wide drawérs are designated 
as drawers. The investigation of the archives was made in June, 
1917. 

The State officers showed unvarying courtesy to the compiler of 
this report, who was authorized by the governor “ to see everything.” 
Especial courtesies were extended by ex-Gov. James H. Haw- 
ley and by many members of the office forces. Of those to-whom I 
am especially indebted, I wish to mention Mr. Sanford F. Hartman, 
chief clerk of the secretary of state; Mr. Charles A. Groves, deputy 
State treasurer; Mr. E. G. Gallet, secretary of the public utilities 
commission; Dr. Edward Biever, secretary of the board of health; 
Mr. I. W. Hart, clerk and ex officio reporter of the supreme court; 
Mrs. Edith R. Turner, clerk in the adjutant general’s office; and 
Mrs. Clara Brown, proof clerk in the engineer’s office. 


A. Exvrecrive OFFicers. 
I. GOVERNOR. 


The Territorial governor was appointed by the President and held 
office for four years, and until his successor was appointed and had 
qualified. In case of his death, removal, resignation, or absence from 
the Territory, the secretary assumed his functions. 

The State governor is elected for two years and has the usual 
powers, with the exception that the pardoning power is vested in-a 
board of pardons. . 

The records are kept in the vault off the office of the secretary of 
state, designated below as vault 1; in the secretary of state’s vault 
off the library, designated below as vault 2; and in the vault off the 
governor’s office, which is designated as vault 4. 


TERRITORY, 


Messages, proclamations, and other executive documents, 1863-1874, 1876— 
1881, 2 volumes. Vault 2. 

Executive military orders issued during the Nez Percés war, 1877. These oc- 
cupy the first part of the bill book of the Territorial legislature of 1880. 
Vault 2. 

Appointments: 

Appointment book, 1869-1880. Vault 2. 


Appointment book, 1880-1889. Vault 1. 
Pardons: 


Register of applications for pardons, 1887-1889, 1 volume. Vault 4. 
Book of pardons and proclamations. Vault 1. 
Record of pardons, 1870-1881, 2 volumes. Vault 2. 
Correspondence : 
Letter book, 1881-1883. Vault 2. 
Letter books, 1887-1890, 4 volumes. Vault 4. 
Papers labeled “ Old State matters, 1886-87.” Vault 4. 


PUBLIC ARCHIVES OF IDAHO. 143 


STATE. 

Appointments: 

Record of appointments, 1890-1917, 3 volumes. Vault 1. 

Register of appointments, 1893-94, 1 volume. Vault 4. 

List of appointments, 1901, 1 volume. Vault 4. . 

Appointments, 1903-1906. 1 drawer. Vault 1. 

Record of appointments, 1905-6, 1 volume. Vault 4. 

Notary public appointments, 1890-1917. 3 drawers. Vault 1. 

Notary public applications for appointments, 1895-1911. 4 drawers. 
Vault 1. 

Miscellaneous appointments, 1907-1915. 1 drawer. Vault 1. 

Miscellaneous appointments. 1 drawer. Vault 1. 

Applications and indorsements for appointments, 1912-1914, 1 volume. 
Vault 4. 

Extradition and convicts: 

Extradition papers, 1899-1912. 8 drawers. Vault 1. 

Extradition papers, 1917. 1 drawer. Vault 1. 

Extraditions, requisitions, writs of mandate; supreme court decisions, 
judgments, 1891-1898, 1 volume. Vault 4. 

Extradition and requisition papers, 1913-14. 1 drawer. Vault 4. 

Proclamations, reprieves, and rewards, 1890-1917. 2 drawers. Vault 1. 

Reeord of discharge of prisoners, proclamations, and extradition of crim- 
inals from Idaho, 1905-1917, 2 volumes. Vault 1. 

Restoration papers, 1903, 1907-1914. Vault 4. 

Parole of convict papers. 1 drawer. Vault 1. 

Papers regarding indeterminate sentence law, 1909-10. Vault 4. 

Proclamations and messages: 

Book of messages, 1890-1899. Vault 4. 

Communications to the legislature and bills approved, 1901. Vault 1, 

Communications to the legislature, 1903-1907. Vault 4. 

Proclamations, 1903, 1905-1914. Vault 4. 

Proclamations received, 1911-1914. Vault 4. 

Communications to the secretary of state in re matters connected with the 
legislative sessions, 1907, 1909. Vault 4. 

Record of bills before the legislature, 1911, 1 volume. Vault 4. 

Bills of the eleventh legislature approved -or vetoed by Gov. Hawley, with 
his messages and receipts for bills from the secretary of state. Vault 4. 

Institutions: 

Reports of State institutions, 1902, 1903, 1906-7. Vault 4. 
Reports of State institutions, 1903-1905, 1909-10. Vault 4, 
Account book and vouchers: 
Duplicate vouchers, 1903-4. Vault 4. 
Account book, 1905-1907. Vault 4. 
Vouchers, 1909-1914. Vault 4. 
Requisition papers: . 
Old requisition papers. Vault 4. 
Requisition papers, 1897. Vault 4. 

Official letters, 1890-1917. These are in three groups: (1) those kept in steel 
filing cases; (2) letters of 1903-1906 and 1909-10, in 35 paper boxes; (3) 
letter books of 1901. 1903-1905, 3 volumes. No system of filing has been fol- 
lowed and State papers have been mixed with letters. All are in vault 4 

Papers regarding land contests, 1889-90. Vault 4. 

Record of deeds to State lands, 1892-1907, 1 volume. Vault 4. 

Coal investigation papers, 1897. Vault 4. 

Record of visitors, 1905, 1 volume. Vault 4. 


a 


144 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. ~ 


Signatures of governor and private secretaries, 1907-1909, 1 volume. Vault 4. 
Supervisor’s district plan, 1910. Vault 4. 
Annual reports of Northern Pacific Railway Co. and Great Northern Railway 
Co., 1910. Vault 4. 
Report on Payette-Boise project. Vault 4. 
Idaho Industrial Training School investigation papers, 1912. Vault 4. 
Papers regarding creation of boundary. Benewah and Madison Counties. 
Papers regarding creation of boundary, Benewah and Madison Counties. 
Vault 4. : 
2. SECRETARY OF STATE. 


The Territorial secretary was appointed by the President and held 
office for four years. He was required to record and preserve all laws 
and proceedings of the legislative assembly, and all the acts and 
proceedings of the governor in his executive department. In spite 
of the legal provision, the laws of the second and third legislatures 
are missing from the archives. 

The secretary of state is elected for two years. He is the custodian 
of legislative acts, resolutions, memorials, and journals, of the State 
seal, and of records, deeds, parchments, maps, and papers which the 
law requires shall be deposited in his office. Since 1913 he has been 
in charge of motor vehicle registration. The records are kept in 
vault 1, which is off the office suite; vault 2, which is off the library 
and is known as the secretary of state’s vault, and vault 3, which is 
in the basement off the engine room. 


SECRETARY OF THE TERRITORY, 


Book of election returns, 1866. Vault 2. 
Letter books, 1867-1879, 1884-1889, 6 volumes. Vault 2. 
Notarial bonds, 1863-1889, 2 drawers. Vault 1. 
Oaths and bonds of Territorial, State, and county officials, 1887-1890, 2 volumes. 
Vault 2. 
Inventory of books, furniture, and stock in the secretary’s office, 1883, 1 volume. 
Vault 2. 
List of persons to whom copies of the Idaho supreme court BF were sent 
in 1885, 1 volume. Vault 2. : 
List of persons to whom governmental publications were sent, 1887-1889, if: 
volume. Vault 2. 
Corporations: 
General index of incorporations of the Territorial period, included in the 
first volume of the State index. Vault 1. 
Record of incorporations, 1 volume. Vault 1. 
Lists of foreign corporations with agents operating in Idaho. n. d., 1 
volume. Vault 2. 
Fee books, 1886-87, 4 volumes. Vault 2. 
Notebook of A. J. Pinkham giving county divisions, n.d. Vault 2, 


SECRETARY OF STATE. 
Corporations: 
General index of incorporations, 1864-1917, 2 volumes. Vault 1. 
Record of foreign corporations doing business in Idaho, 1891-1917, 8 vol- 
umes. Vault 1: 
Articles of incorporation of several foreign corporations of various dates. 
Too large to file in boxes; 1 shelf. Vault 1. 


Ve ae —— 


OO ae 


PUBLIC ARCHIVES OF IDAHO. 145 


Corporations—Continued. 
Record of incorporation of domestic corporations, 1898-1917, 29 volumes. 
Vault 1. 
Certificates of incorporation, 1899, 1 volume. Vault 2. 
Articles of incorporation, 1903-1917, 83 drawers. Vault 1. 
Record of corporation fees, 1907-1909, 1 volume. Vault 2. 
License and tax-receipt books, 1907, 1910-1917, 5 volumes. Vault 1. 
Designation of agents, 1 volume. Vault 1. 
Annual statements of corporations, 1908-1910, 8 drawers. Vault 1. 
Record of nonproductive corporations, 1909-10, 1 volume. Vault 1. 
Cooperative irrigation and telephone company reports, 1910, 1 drawer, 
Vault 1. 
Reports of nonproductive corporations, 1910, 1 drawer. Vault 1. 
Annual statements of corporations, 1910-1917, 30 drawers. Vault 1. 
Memoranda, 1911, 1 volume. Vault 2. 
Newspaper announcements of charters forfeited in 1912. Roll of papers. 
Vault 1. 
Tax receipts, 1912-1916, 9 volumes of stubs. Vault 3. 
Report on corporation tax, 1 file. Vault 5. 
Bonds and oaths: 
Notarial bonds, 1890-1917, 15 drawers. Vault 1. 
Official bonds, 1890-1917, 2 drawers. Vault 1. 
Official bonds, 1909, 1910, 1917, 1 file. Auditor’s office, room 1. 
Notary records of bonds and oaths of State officials, 1890-1917, 5 volumes. 
Vault 1. 
Official oaths and resignations, 1892-1912, 1 drawer. Vault 1. 
Notary bond and oath books, 5 volumes. Vault 1. 
Official oaths, 1913-1915, 1 drawer. Vault 1. 
Hlections: : 
Convention nominations and platforms, 1890-1908, 1 drawer. Vault 1. 
Abstracts of votes, 1896-1910, 9 drawers. Vault 1. 
Abstracts of State elections, 1898, 1904-1910, loose papers. Vault 2. 
Nominating petitions for National, State, and county officers, 1910. These 
are in a wooden box and are unclassified. Vault 2. 
Primary nominations and platforms, 1910-1916, 4 drawers. Vault 1. 
Abstract of vote for National, State, and county officers, 1912. Large 
sheets bolted together. Vault 2. 
Abstract of primary elections, 1912-1916, 3 volumes of large sheets bolted 
together. Vault 2. 
List of scattering votes for National and State officers, n. d., 1 volume. 


Vault 2. 
Certification of result of vote in new counties, 1 drawer. Vault 1, 
Abstract of Portneuf County vote, 1917. Vault 4. > 
Correspondence: 


Letter books, 1890, 18938-1902, 46 volumes. Vault 2. 

Letters to, regarding corporation tax, 1908-1911, 2 filing boxes. Vault 2. 

Letter books regarding corporation tax, 1908-1911, 5 volumes. Vault 2. 

-Correspondence regarding corporation tax, 1911-1914. 6 boxes marked 

“Corporation tax.” Vault 3. 

Letters to and from, 1911-1912, 6 filing boxes. Vault 2. 

Letters to and from, 1912-1915, 19 filing boxes, marked “ official.” Vault 3. 
Duplicate claims of legislature and secretary of state, 1907-1911, 1 drawer. 

Vault 1. 


88582 °—19——_10 


146 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


Bids and contracts: 
Public building specifications, bids, and contracts, and warranty deeds, 1 
drawer. Vault 1. 
New capitol building contracts and bonds, 1 drawer. Vault 1. 
Penitentiary ditch bids, 1 drawer. Vault 1. 
Penitentiary supply bids, 1 drawer. Vault 1. 
Bids for buildings at Deaf, Dumb, and Blind School, 1 drawer. Vault 1. 
Bids and contracts for printing and binding laws, 1 drawer. Vault 1. 
Motor vehicles: 
Registration of, 1913-1915, 2 volumes. Vault 1. 
Registration of, 1913-1915, 20 drawers. Vault 2. 
Registration of, 1915, 2 drawers. Vault 1. 
License receipts, 1913-1914, 1916-1917, 9 drawers. Vault 1. 
License receipts, 1915, 4 drawers. Vault 2. 
Record of fines, 1913-1914, 1 volume. Vault 1. 
Registration of automobile dealers, 1913-1915, 1 volume. Vault 1. 
Record of motor vehicles in Idaho, 1915, 1 volume. Vault 2. 
Record of motor vehicles in Idaho, 1916-1917, 2 volumes. Vault 1. 
Fees: 
Fee book, 1892-1898. Vault 2. 
Fee books, 1897-1916, 4 volumes. Vault 1. 
Fee book, 1905-1906. Vault 2. 
Receipts and Expenditures: 
Expense book, 1892-1893. Vault 1. 
Duplicate receipts, 1903-1906, 1 drawer. Vault 1. 
Account book, 1909-1910. Vault 1. 
Record of expenditures, 1911-1916, 1 volume. Vault 1. 
Duplicate vouchers, 2 drawers. Vault 1. 
Cash receipt book, 1917. Vault 1. 
Daily deposit slips, 1917, 1 file. Auditor’s office, room 1. 
Certificates for appropriations, 1917, 1 drawer. Auditor’s office, room 1. 
Record of State warrants paid, 1892-1893, 2 volumes. Vault 2. 
Duplicate claims, legislative, 1918, 1 drawer. Wault 1. 
Duplicate claims, Capitol building maintenance, 1913-1914, 1 drawer. Vault 1. 
Trade-Marks and Labels: 
Index of trade-marks and labels, 1 volume. Vault 1. 
Record of trade-marks and labels, 1907-1916, 1 volume. Vault 1. 
Reports: 
Reports, 1903-1906. Vault 4. 
Reports to the treasurer, 1915-1917, 1 file. Vault 5. 
Copies of reports to the treasurer, 2 drawers. Vault 1. 
Quarterly reports, 1917, 1 file. _Auditor’s office, room 1. 
Reception book, recording all documents received by the Secretary of State, 
1912-1914. Vault 1. i 
Mailing register of State publications, 1890-1891, 1 volume. Vault 1. 
Record of criminals indicted, 1896-1898, 1 volume. Vault 2. 
Registration of citizenship, 1 drawer. Vault 1. 
Receipts of house bills, 1915. Vault 1. 
Bundle of photographs of plans of the State capitol. Vault 2. 
Maps: 
Maps and profiles, 5 drawers. Vault 1. 
Bundle of maps of proposed counties, 1917. Vault 1. 
Miscellaneous papers: 
Receipts, petitions, and miscellaneous papers, 5 drawers. Vault 1, 
Old miscellaneous papers, 2 drawers. Vault 1. 


a 
PUBLIC ARCHIVES OF IDAHO. 147 


Miscellaneous papers—Continued . 
One bundle of unclassified papers. Vault 1. 
One bundle of miscellaneous papers of the Secretary of State, mainly let- 
ters to the Secretary, 1912. Vault 2. 
Record of deeds of property transferred to the State, 1905-1907, 1 volume. 
Vault 1. 
Book of photographs of deeds of property owned by the University of Idaho. 
Vault 1. 
List of State property, n. d., 1 volume. Vault 2. 


3. AUDITOR. 


The office of auditor was created by the first Territorial legislature, 
but no records covering 1863-1876 were found. The State auditor 
is elected for two years. He keeps a record of legislative appropria- 
tions, issues warrants for money paid from the treasury, and keeps 
a record of these warrants and upon what funds they are drawn. He 
also calculates the amount of the biennial appropriations, and keeps 
the account of the State with the United States, with other States, 
with counties, and with persons and corporations. As ex officio State 
examiner he keeps an inventory of the State’s chattel property, and 
supervises the system of accounts used in State and county offices, 
and in State institutions. 

The records are kept in the auditor’s office, designated below as 
room 1, in a basement room under the land office, designated below 
as room 2, and in the vault off the land office. At present the records 
in room 2 are in a chaotic condition, as the present auditor is install- 
ing a new system of accounting and is engaged in sorting the vouch- 
ers and warrants which have accumulated since 1890. 


TERRITORY. 
Bonds: 
Bond register, 1877-1889. In book with State record, 1890-1918. Room 1. 
Record, 1880-1884; 1 volume. Room 2. 
Official bonds of county auditors, 1880-1883, 1 volume. Room 2, 
Record of public printing, 1881-1888, 1 volume. Room 2. 
Licenses and taxes: : 
Poll-tax record and license account, 1882-83, 1 volume. Room 2, 
Memoranda of licenses, 1885, 1 volume. Room 2. 
Record of licenses and poll taxes, 1886, 1 volume. Room 2. 
License account, 1887-1889. The book also contains the State record to 
1893. Room 2. 
Poll-tax account, 1887-1889. The volume also contains the State record 
until 1892. Room 2. 
Assessment books, property tax, 1887-1889; with State record, 1890-1894, 
2 volumes. Room 2, 
Ledgers, 1887-1889, 2 volumes. Room 2. 
Letter book, 1888-89. Room 2. 
Journals: 
Journal, 1889-1914, 18 volumes. Room 2. 
Journal, 1914-1916, 1 volume. Vault 7. 
Journal, 1917, 1 volume. Room 1. 


148 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


STATE, 
Account books: 


Ledger, 1890-1910, 1912-1916, 10 volumes. Room 2, 

Ledger, 1910-1912, 3 volumes. Vault 7. 

Ledger, 1916-17, 1 volume. Roem 1. 

Appropriation account books, 1892-1908, 11 volumes. -Room 2, 
State-fund ledger, 1892. Roonr 2. 

Cashbook, 1906-1911. Room 2, 

Vouchers and warrants: 

About 300,000 warrants and vouchers, 1890-1917. Now being arranged in 

; chronological order in filing cases. Room 2. 

General and special fund warrant registers. About 250 volumes. Stored 
in alcove off room 2. 
Register of State warrants, 1896-1901, 1 volume. Room 2. 

Carey-act voucher record, 1901-1915, 1 volume. Vault 7. 

Warrant books, 1911, 1917, 6 volumes. Vault 7. 

General-fund warrant register, 12 volumes. Room 1. 

Undelivered warrants, 2 files. Room 1. 

Applications for duplicate warrants, 1917, 1 file. Room 1. 

Voided warrants, 1917, 1 file. Room 1. 

Miscellaneous orders for warrants, 1917, 2 files. Room 1. 

Bonds: . 

Bond register, 1890-1913. In the book with the Territorial record, 1877— 
1889. Room 1. 

Record of surety bonds, 1902-1912, 1 volume. Room 2. 

Record of surety bonds, 1905-1917, 1 volume. Room 1. 

Receipts for surety bonds, 1917, 1 file. Room 1. . 

Certificates of appointment of officers of national surety companies, 1917, 
1 file. Room 1. 

Lands: 

School land receipt books, 1891, 1897-1905, 3 volumes. Room 2. 

University land receipt book, 1892-1905, 1 volume. Room 2. 

Land board receipts for State land sales, 1903-1917, 1 volume. Room 2. 

Register of land receipts, 1905-1909, 1 volume. Room 2. 

Land department abstracts. Room 2. 

Licenses and taxes: = 
Assessment book, 1890-1894; with Territorial record, 1887-1889. Room 2. 
Assessment book, property tax, 1890-1894. In book with Territorial 

record, 1887-1889. Room 2. 
Abstract of assessment rolls, 1905-1914, 7 volumes. Room 2. 
County auditor’s abstract of assessments, 1914-1916, 5 files. Room 1. 
Poll-tax account, 1890-1899, 2 volumes. Room 2. The first volume con- 
tains the Territorial poll-tax account. 
Tax and license account, 1891-1893, 1 volume. Room 2. ) 
License register, 1891-92, 1901-1904, 1907-1912, 3 volumes. Room 2. 
The first volume contains the Territorial register, 1887-1889. : 
License register, 1914-1917. Room 1. 
License accounts, 1892-1900, 1 volume. Room 2. 
Tax register, 1906-1915, 1 volume. Room 2. : 
Transfer tax register, 1907-1914, 1 volume. Vault 7. 
Transfer tax reports, 1917, 6 files. Room 1. | 
Inheritance tax reports, 1916-17, 2 files. Room 1. 
Certificates of valuation, 1891-1895, 2 volumes. Room 2, 
Certificates of valuation, 1913, 1 file. Room 1. 


PUBLIC ARCHIVES OF IDAHO. 149 


Licenses and taxes—Continued . 
Certificates of valuation of Bonner and CaSsia Counties, 1906, 1 file. 
Room 1. . 
County auditors’ affidavits of valuation, 1908, 1 file. Room 1. 
Annual financial statements of county auditors, 1909-1916, 10 drawers. 
Room 1. , 
Certificates of tax apportionment, 1913-1916, 19 volumes. Room 2, 
Certificates of tax apportionment, 1917, 3 volumes. Vault 7. 
Register of apportionment to funds, 1917, 1 volume. Room 1, 
Register of certificates issued, 1917, 1 volume. Room 1. 
Record of receipts, 1914, 1 volume. Vault 7. 
Notices of receipts of money from treasurer, 1917, 1 file. Room 1, 
Treasurer’s license receipts, 1917, 3 drawers. Room 1. 
Claims: 
Claim register, 12 volumes. Room 2. 
Record of claims, 1899-1900, 1 volume. Room 2. 
Claims certified to legislature, 1913, 1 file. Room 1. 
Deficiency claims record, 1895-96, 1905-6, 2 volumes. Room 2, 
Claims, 1917, 3 drawers. Room 1. 
Claims against the State, 1917. Unfiled vouchers. Room 1. 
Disallowed claims, 1917, 1 file. Room 1. 
Correspondence: 
Letter books, 1893, 1896-1899, 1901, 7 volumes. Room 2. 
Correspondence, 1901-1917, 88 files. Stored in alcove off Room 2, 
Correspondence, 1917, 5 drawers. Room 1. 
Miscellaneous : 
_ “Seratch ” book, 1898. Room 2. 
Treasurers’ receipts, 1893-1895, 1 volume. Room 2, 
Treasurers’ monthly statements, 1893-94. Room 2. 
Appointments, 1905-6, 1 file. Room 1. 
Deputy State auditor’s appointments, 1917, 1 file. Room 1. 
Requisitions filed from legislature, 1907, 1 file. Room 1. 
Requisitions from legislature, 1917, 1 file. Room 1. 
Authorizations of deficiencies, 1908-1911, 1 file. Room 1, 
Game fund record, 1911-1914, 7 volumes. Room 2, 
Subsequent roll, 1913, 1 file. Room 1. 
Reports of private car companies, 1915-16. Room 1. 
Abstract of personal property assessment roll, 1916, 2 files. Room 1. 
Inventories of State institutions, 1917, 1 file. Room 1. 
Inventory, chattel property, 1917, 1 file. Room 1. 
Book of expenditures and miscellaneous and contingent appropriations, 
1917, 1 volume. Room 1. 
Daily deposit slips of bank commissioner, 1917, 1 file. Room 1. 
Orders of commitment to insane asylum, 1917, 2 files. Room 1. 
State and county examination reports, 1917, 7 drawers. Room 1, 
Miscellaneous reports of State officials, 1917, 2 files. Room 1, 
Opinions of attorney general, 1917, 1 file. Room 1. 
List of mortgages filed with treasurer, 1917, 1 file. Room 1. 
Post-office receipts, 1917, 2 files. Room 1. 
Forest reserve apportionment, 1917, 1 file. Room 1. 
Approved bills, 1917, 1 file. Room 1. 
District court decrees and deposit slips, 1917, 2 files. Room 1 


150 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


Miscellaneous: 
Depository securities and releases, 9 boxes. Room 1. 
Requests for future State publications, 1917, 1 file. Room 1. 
Suits against the State, 1917, 1 file. Room 1. 
, Miscellaneous papers. On a shelf in the alcove is a mass of disorganized 
papers. Room 2. 
Index, 1 volume. Room 2, 


4, TREASURER. 


The act of Congress by which the Territory of Idaho was created 
provided that the legislature should appropriate annually “the usual 
sum to be expended by the governor to defray the contingent expenses 
of the Territory * * * and * * * a sufficient sum, to be ex- 
pended by the secretary of the Territory, and upon an estimate to be 
made by the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States, to de- 
fray the expenses of the legislative assembly, the printing of the 
laws, and other incidental expenses; and the governor and secretary 
of the Territory shall, in the disbursement of all moneys entrusted 
to them, be governed solely by the instructions of the Secretary of 
the Treasury of the United States.” In the document no provision 
was made for a treasurer but the office was created by the first 
legislature. 

The State treasurer is elected for two years. He is required to keep 
a separate account for each fund in his possession and how the 
money is disbursed. The records are kept in vault 5 off the treasurer’s 
office and in vault 6 which is off the library and is used jointly by 
the treasurer and bank commissioner. 


TERRITORY. 


Register of warrants, 1863-1889, 3 volumes. Vault 6. 
Bonds: 
Bond registers, 1866-1869, 1885, 4 volumes. Vault 6. 
Bond register, insane asylum, 1885, 1 volume. Vault 6. 
Bond register, capitol building, 1885, 1 volume. Vault 6. 
Cashbooks, 1863-1871, 1887, 2 volumes. Vault 6. 
Letter books, 1869-1871, 1880-1889, 2 volumes. Vault 6. 
Ledger, 1872-1888, 3 volumes. Vault 6. 
Journal, 1872-1891, 3 volumes. Vault 6. 
Day book, 1875-1889. Vault 6. 
Reports of treasurer and controller, 1880-1890, 2 volumes. Vault 6. 
Book of receipts and expenses, 1887-1891. Vault 6. 


STATE. 
Bonds, mortgages, and loans: 
Bond registers, 1890-1917, 4 volumes. Vault 5. 
Record of dead mortgages, loans, and bonds, 1 volume. Vault 5, 
Record of bonds redeemed, 1885-86, 1 volume. Vault 6. 
Wagon-road bond register, 1890, 1 volume. Vault 6. 
Refunding bond register, 1891, 1 volume. Vault 6, 
Mortgages, farm loans, 1890-1917. Vault 5. 


PUBLIC ARCHIVES OF IDAHO. 151 


Bonds, mortgages, and loans—Continued. 
Loan register, 1892-1906, 1 volume. Vault 5. 
School bonds, 1901-1917, 1 volume. Vault 5. 
Five packages of surety bonds. Kept in safe. Vault 5. 
Notes, 1902-1917. Keptin safe. Vault 5. 
Surety bond register, 1915-1917, 1 volume. Vault 5. 
Register of collections, bonds, mortgages, and certificates, 1 volume. 
Vault 5. 
Reports on collections, bonds, loans, and certificates, 1915-1917, 1 file. 
Vault 5. (The word file as here used means a narrow steel drawer.) 
Banking: 
Monthly bank statements to 1912. Two shelves of unassorted papers. 
Vault 6. 
Book of daily fund balances, 1903-4. Vault 6. 
Register of deposits, 1905, 1 volume. Vault 6. 
Bank balance books, 1905-1908, 3 volumes. Vault 6. 
Bank balance books, 1910-1917, 6 volumes. Vault 5. 
Book of check stubs, 1907, 1 volume. Vault 6. 
Deposit book, 1908-9. Vault 6. 
Register of interest on State deposits, 1909-1917, 1 volume. Vault 5. 
Local bank deposit percentages, 1915-17, 1 file. Vault 5. 
Monthly and quarterly bank statements, 1915-1917, 10 files. Vault 5. 
Check registers, 1915-1917, 1 file. Vault 5. 
Cancelled checks, 1915-1917, 11 drawers. Vault 5. 
Deposit slips, 1915-1917, 6 drawers. Vault 5. 
Deposit slips in active banks, 1915-1917, 1 file. Vault 5. 
Cancelled checks, 1915-1917, 2 files. Vault 5. 
Statements of outside banks, 1917, 1 drawer. Vault 5. 
Receipts and expenditures: 
Register of warrants, 1890-1908, 4 volumes. Volume 1 also contains Terri- 
torial warrant records, 1886-1889. Vault 6. 
Warrant registers, 1910-1917, 4 volumes. Vault 5. 
Auditor’s duplicate warrants, 1917, 2 files. Vault 5. 
Book of receipts and expenses, 1890-91. In the same book are Territorial 
records, 1887-1889. Vault 6. 
Receipt books, 1907-1912, 16 volumes. Vault 6. 
Receipt-book stubs, 22 volumes. Vault 5. 
Summary sheets of money received, 1 file. Vault 5, 
Account books: 
Ledgers, 1894-1896, 1901, 2 volumes. Vault 6. 
Ledgers, 1910-1917, 6 volumes. Vault 5. 
Journal, 1890-1894, 2 volumes. The first volume contains Territorial 
record, 1886-1889. Vault 6. 
Journal, 1905, 1 volume. Vault 6. 
Cashbooks, 1890-91, 1895, 1897-1907, 7 volumes. Vault 6. 
Cashbooks, 1915-1917, 3 volumes. Vault 5, 
Reports: 
Book of monthly reports, 1891-1901. Vault 6. 
Reports, 1893-1897. Vault 6. 
Reports to the auditor, 1901-1906, 3 volumes. Vault 6. 
Report, 1908. Vault 4. 
Unapportioned reports to auditor from treasurer, 1 file. Vault 5, 
Auditor’s certificates, 1915-1917, 2 files. Vault 5. 


152 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION, 


Reports—Continued . 
Auditor’s receipts, 1915-1917, 1 file. Vault 5. 
Treasurer’s daily and monthly reports to the auditor, 1916-17, 1 file. 
Vault 5. 
County record book, 1905-1907. Vault 6. 
County treasurer’s reports, 1915-1917, 2 files. Vault 5. 
Report on docket fees from various counties, 1 file. Vault 5. 
Claims: 
Capitol building claims to 1917, 1 file. Vault 5, 
Capitol building expense book. Vault 5. 
Book of capitol building claims, 1915-1917. Vault 5. 
Books of claims. treasurer’s office, 1915-1917. Vault 5. 
Claims, 1915-1917, 1 file. Vault 5. 
Apportionments: 
Apportionment record, 1902-1904, 1 volume. Vault 6, 
Auditor’s apportionment sheets, 8 files, Vault 5. 
Correspondence : 
Letter books, 1893-1900, 1903-1909, 13 volumes. Vault 6. 
Correspondence and bank statements, 1908-1910, 6 paper Seq Vault 6. 
Correspondence, 1911-1915, 4 files. Vault 5. 
Correspondence, 1915-16, 5 drawers. Vault 5. 
Active correspondence, 1917, 12 files. Vault 5, 
Miscellaneous : 
State sales certificates, 16 files. Vault 5. 
Collection account book, 1908-9. Vault 6. 
Remittance sheets, 3 files. Vault 5. 
Textbook accounts, 1899, 1 volume. Vault 6, 
Stenographic fees, 1915-1917, 1 drawer. Vault 5. 
Docket fees, 1915-1917, 1 file. Vault 5. 
Motor vehicle registration, 1915-1917, 1 file. Vault 5. 
Miscellaneous papers, 1915-1917, 1 file. Vault 5. 


5. ATTORNEY GENERAL, 


The organic act by which the Territory of Idaho was created pro- 
vided for the appointment of an attorney who was to serve for four 
years. The attorney general of the State is elected for two years. 
With the exception of a single volume no records of the Territorial 
attorney were found. The letters, letter books, and cases, 1890-1912, 
of the attorney general are stored in boxes in the basement and are 
not accessible. The other records, with two exceptions, are in the 
office of the attorney general, the loose papers being kept in steel 
filing cases. 

TERRITORY, 


Letter book, 1887-1890. Vault 2. 


STATE, 
Correspondence: 
Correspondence, 1913-1917, 3 drawers. 
Correspondence index book, 1915-1917, 
Abstract letters, 1917. 


PUBLIC ARCHIVES OF IDAHO. 153 


Docket book, 1897. 
Opinion on University bonds, 1905. Vault 4. 
Cases: 
Index of cases, 1905-1917, 4 volumes. 
Cases disposed of, 1913-1916, 4 drawers. 
Land cases, 1911-1917. 
Carey Act project cases. 
Public Utilities Commission opinions and cases, 1917. 
Cases pending, 2 drawers. 


6. SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, 


The superintendent of public instruction is elected for two years 
and is also ex officio a member of the State board of education and 
of the board of regents of the University of Idaho. Since 1911 the 
records of the office have been kept with care; but few documents 
before 1911 have been preserved. The documents are kept in filing 
cases in the office of the superintendent of public instruction, which 
is in the same suite with the board of education. 


Record of apportionment of common school fund, 1891-1912, 1 volume. 
Minutes, Idaho State Teachers’ Association, 1892-1913, 2 volumes, 
Teachers’ register, 1898, 1 volume. 
Index of appropriations, 1905-6. 
Journal containing record of life and State certificates, 1904-5. 
Receipts and expenditures: 
Expense book, 1907-8. 
Vouchers, 1911-1914, 6 drawers. 
Receipts of certificate fees, 1911-1916, 5 drawers. 
Day books, entry of applications, 1911-1917, 3 volumes. 
Summer normal school records, 1911-1917, 4 drawers. 
Correspondence and certification of teachers: 
Correspondence and certification of teachers, 1911-1917, 12 drawers. 
Applications for certificates, 1916-17, 1 drawer. 
Correspondence with county superintendents, 1917, 2 drawers, 
Records of certificates granted, 1911-1917, 4 volumes, 
After apportionment, daily deposit slips, 1917, 2 files. 
Auditor’s office, room 1. 


7. INSPECTOk OF MINES. 


The inspector of mines is elected for two years. His records are 
kept in filing cases in his office. No documents before 1905 were 
found, but the inspector was out of the State and his office force on 
vacation at the time the survey was made, so that it is possible that 
other records may be stored in the basement. By the courtesy of 
the secretary of State, I was allowed to examine the records in the 
office. 

Correspondence, 1911-1917, 5 drawers. 
Mining and individual reports, 1905-1909, 2 drawers, 


Annual reports, 1908-1913. 
“Blue sky” reports, 1912-1916, 


es 


154 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. , | 


B. APpointIvE OFFIcErs. 
8. STATE ENGINEER. 


The office of State engineer was created in 1895 and is filled by an 
appointment by the governor for a four-year term. The business of 
the engineer is to measure and keep a record of the flow of streams 
which may be used for irrigation, to ascertain suitable sites for reser- 
voirs, to examine plans for proposed dams and dikes, and to inspect 
dams, dikes, and embankments, and force the rebuilding of such as 
are found defective. Previous to 1903 water location notices were 
filed with county records. The documents, with four exceptions, are 
kept in filing cases in the engineer’s office in the old capitol. 


Register of certificates, 1893-1895. Vault 2. 

Surveyor’s licenses, 1895-1917, 3 drawers. 

Card index of water location notices, 1895-1917. 

Plans and specifications of dams and embankments. 

Decree books showing water rights decreed by district courts, 1901-1917, 3 vol- 
umes. 

Card index of decreed streams, 1901-1917. 

Books of permits to appropriate public waters, 1903-1917, 45 volumes. 

Permit card index, 1903-1917. 

Card index for streams, 1903-1917. 

Original applications for water, 1903-1917, 186 volumes. 

Books of completion of work and proofs of beneficial use of water, 1903-1917, 
4 volumes. 

Book of certificates of transfer of use of water rights, 1904-1917. 

Reports, 1909. 1 steel drawer. Vault 1. 

Reports to treasurer, 1915-1917, 1 file. Vault 5. 

Books showing water district records, 1916-17. | 

Report and daily deposit slips, 1917. 2 files. Auditor’s office, room 1, 

Carey act documents. 20 drawers. 

Correspondence and permit files, 1895-1917. 70 drawers. 


9. FISH AND GAME WARDEN. * 


The governor appoints the fish and game warden for a term of two 
years. The office was established in 1899, but with the exception 
of corespondence, no records before 1905 have come to light. Unless 
otherwise stated, the records are kept in filing cases in the warden’s 
office. 


Licenses: 5 
Record of licenses, 1905-1909, 2 volumes. Auditor’s office, room 2. 
Record of licenses, 1907-1917, 6 volumes. 
Vouchers and cash books: 
Expense and salary vouchers, 1907-1917, 10 drawers. 
Cash reports, 1911. 1 drawer. 
Cash books, 1911-1916, 2 volumes. 
Record of vouchers, 1911-1917, 2 volumes. 
Permits: 
Shipping permits, 1911, 1913-14, 1 drawer. 
Private pond permits, 1 drawer. 


PUBLIC ARCHIVES OF IDAHO. 


Bonds of deputies, 1911-12. 1 drawer. 

Record of fry planting, 1913-1916. 

Reports to treasurer, 1915-1917, 1 file. Vault 5. 
Heyburn Park record, 1915-16, 2 volumes. 
Requisitions, 1 drawer. 


155 


Resignations, commissions, and bonds of resigned deputies. 1 drawer. 


Messenger reports, 1 drawer. 
Buck fishway papers, 1 drawer. 
Record of claims, 1917. 
Taxidermist reports, 1 drawer. 
Deeds, abstracts, and contracts, 1 drawer. 
Reports.- Vault 4. 
Tags, fish-ean labels, 1 drawer. 
Correspondence: - 
Correspondence, 1917, 8 drawers. 
Correspondence files, 1899-1908. Stored in basement. 
Daily deposit slips, 1917. Auditor’s office, room 1. 
Monthly reports, 1917, 2 files Auditor’s office, room 1. 


10. INSURANCE COMMISSIONER, 


The insurance commissioner is appointed by the governor for a 
four-year term. The records, unless otherwise stated, are in the 


office in the old capitol. 


Insurance company record, 1893-1908, 4 volumes. 
Ageney record, 1908-1917, 1 volume. 


Articles of incorporation of insurance companies and fraternal orders, 1901— 


1917, 19 files. 
Account books: 
Ledger, 1901-1906. 
Transfer ledger, 1907. 
Journal, 1901-1904, 2 volumes. 
Journal, license account, 1903. 
Cash books, 1903-1917, 3 volumes. 


Record of policies issued by Idaho State insurance companies, 1910-1912. 


Insurance statistics, 1910-1917. 
Journal, abstract of vouchers, 1911-1917. 
Fee record, 1911-1917. 
Reports to the treasurer, 1915-1917, 1 file. Vault 5. 
Annual statements of insurance companies, 1915-1917, 8 drawers. 
Agent’s register, 1915-1917. 
Record of companies and agent’s licenses, 1916-17. 
List of receipts of moneys charged to county treasurer. 
Daily deposit slips, monthly reports, and license receipts, 1917, 1 file. 
office, room 1. 
Correspondence: 
Letter books, 1903-1906, 2 volumes. 
Correspondence, 1911-1917, 20 drawers. 
Miscellaneous papers, 1901-1917, 2 cabinets. 


Auditor’s 


-—_ 


156 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 
11. BANK COMMISSIONER. 


The bank commissioner is appointed by the governor for a term 
of four years. When not otherwise designated, the records are kept 
in the commissioner’s office. 


Textbook account, 1895-1899,°2 volumes. 

Record of drafts, 1909. Vault 6. 

General ledger, 1909-1911. Vault 6. 

Articles of incorporation, 1911-1917, 4 drawers. 

Claim vouchers, 1913-1916, 1 drawer. 

Treasurer’s receipts, 1913-1916, 1 drawer. 

Reports on banks, 1906-1909. Files arranged by brie 24 drawers. Vault 6. 
Call reports: 

Call reports to close of 1913, 30 drawers. Vault 6. 

Call reports, 1914-1917, 5 drawers. 

Abstract of call reports and examinations, 1915-1917. 
Reports of examinations.. Unsorted bundles filling one case. Vault 6, 
Bank examinations: 

Bank examinations, 1912-13, 16 drawers. Vault 6. 

Bank examinations, 1914-1917, 9 drawers. 

Reports : 

Special reports, 1 drawer. 

Reports of receivers, 1913-1916, 1 drawer. 

Reports to governor and board of bank commissioners, 1 file. 

Reports to treasurer, 1915-1917, 1 file. Vault 5. 

Reports, 1913-1917, 2 drawers. 

Record of disbursements and receipts, 1915-1917, cash book. 
“Blue sky” filings, 1915-1917, 2 drawers. 

Earnings and dividends, 1916, 1 drawer. 

Oaths of bank directors, 7 drawers. Vault 6. 

Officers, directors, and directors’ oaths, 1914-15, 1 drawer, 
Oaths of bank directars, 1917, 1 drawer. 

Report of examining committee, 1917, 1 drawer. 

Reports of conditions, 1917, 2 drawers. 

Publisher’s certificates, 1917, 1 drawer. 

Verifications, 1917, 3 drawers. 

Officials and collections, 1917, 1 drawer. 

Collective agency bonds, 1917, 1 drawer. 

Quarterly reports, 1917. 1 file, Auditor’s office, room 1, 
Correspondence: 

Miscellaneous correspondence, 7 files. Vault 6. 

Correspondence, 1911-1915, 8 drawers. 

“Blue sky ” law correspondence, 1917, 1 drawer. 


12. DIRECTOR OF FARM MARKETS, 


This office was created in 1915. The director is appointed by the 
governor for a term of two years. The records are kept in the office 
in the old capitol. 

Index files of producers and buyers. 


Cash books, 3 volumes. 
Correspondence, 3 files. 


PUBLIC ARCHIVES OF lvaHO. 157 


13. ADJUTANT GENERAL. 


Article XTV, section 4, of the State conszitution provides that “ all 
military records, banners, and relics of the States, except when in 
lawful use, shall be preserved in the office of the adjutant general.” 
In spite of the provisions the records were poorly kept before 1912. 
Such records as exist which are not here tabulated are stored in the 
basement, are unclassified, and are now inaccessible. 


TERRITORY. 


Nez Percés and Bannock War veteran discharges and copy of muster rolls, 
1877-78, 1 drawer. 


STATE. 
Muster rolls: 


Muster rolls, 1898, 1 drawer. 

Muster rolls, Second Idaho Infantry, 1916. 

Muster rolls for present regiment and enlistment papers, 1917, 1 file. 

Muster files and correspondence, 1917, 1 drawer. 
Receipts and expenditures: 

Expense book, 1901. 

Soldiers’ back pay records, 1907-8, 1 file. 

Property account, regimental staff officers, 1910, 1 file. 

Subsistence returns, 1910-1912, 1 file. 

Receipts for warrants, 1911-12, 1 file. 

Hixpense vouchers, State, 1911-12, 1 file. 

State vouchers, 1911-1917, 4 files. 

Receipts for property, 1912, 1 file. 

Pay rolls, 1912-1914, 1 file. 

Subsistence account, 1918, 1 file. 

Record of vouchers, 1913. 

Quartermaster returns, 1913-14, 2 files. 

Account current of United States property and disbursing office, 1914-1917, 

1 file. ‘i 

Back pay vouchers, 1916, 1 file. 

Cash book, 1916-17. 
Correspondence: 

Correspondence, 1913-1917, 9 files and drawers. 

Inspector instructor correspondence, 2 files. 

Telegrams of mobilization, 1916, 1 drawer. 
Miscellaneous: 

Roster of rejections, 1898. 

Commissioned officers’ record, 1902-1917, 1 file. 

Reports of small-arms firing, 1906-1915, 2 files. 

Retained transportation requests, 1910-1917, 1 file. 

Individual records of enlisted men, 1912-13, 1 file. 

Individual company records, 1912-1915, 18 files. 

Ordnance property book, 1913. 

Reports of training camps, 1913-14, 1 file. 

Drill reports, 1913-1916, 3 files. 

Drill report cards, 1914, 1 file. . 

Mobilization papers, 1914, 1 file. 

Reports of musters into service, 1914, 1 file, 

Target practice records, 1914, 1 drawer. 


158 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


Miscellaneous—Continued. 
Health rolls, 1914, 1 file. 
Officers’ military record, 1915, 1 file. 
Field and annual inspection reports, 1915-16, 1 file. 
Bonds and leases of target ranges, 1915-16, 1 file. 
War Department statistics, 1915-1917, 1 -ile. 
Requisitions to the War Department, 1915-1917, 1 file. 
Uniform allowance, 1916, 1 file. 
Report of survey of Government property, 1916. 
Enlistment papers, 1916, 1 file. 
Change of status of officers and enlisted men, 1916, 1 file. 
Reserve descriptive lists, 1916-17, 1 file. 
Property book, 1916-17. 
Transportation papers, 1917, 1 file. 
Oaths of officers, 1917. 
Registration oaths, 1917, 1 file. 
Medical and ordnance returns, 1917, 2 files. 
Examination of noncommissioned officers to be officers, 1 file. 


14. COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. ‘ 


The commissioner of education is appointed by the board of edu- 
cation and performs such duties as are assigned by the board. The 
records are kept in the office in the suite occupied by the board. The 
most important documents pertain to the school districts. 


15. BOILER INSPECTOR. 


This office existed only during 1893-94. Such records as exist are 
in the secretary of state’s vault 2. 
Mileage report, 1893-94. 
Account books, 1893-94, 2 volumes. 


Register, 1893-94. 
16. CHEMIST. 


This office was established in 1909 and placed under the control 
of the board of health. The chemist’s records are kept in his office 
off his laboratory. 

Records of analyses, 1909-1917. 
Correspondence, 1909-1917. 


17. BACTERIOLOGIST. 


The office was established in 1911 and was placed under the con- 
trol of the board of health. The records are kapha in the office which 
adjoins the laboratory. 


Cash book, 1911-1917. 
Records, 1911-1917. 


18. DAIRY, FOOD, AND SANITARY INSPECTOR. 


This officer is now appointed by the board of health. Recent rec- 
ords, unless otherwise stated, are kept in the office adjoining that 


PUBLIC ARCHIVES OF IDAHO. 159 


of the secretary of the board of health, but early records are stored 
in the basement and are not now accessible. 


Cash books: 
Cash books, 1905-1912, 2 volumes. 


Cash record, 1917. 
Vouchers: 
Voucher record, 1907-8, 1913, 1916-17, 3 volumes, 
Vouchers, 1913-1917, 3 drawers. 
Ledgers : 
Ledgers, 1913-1916, 2 volumes. 
Ledger of fees and appropriations, 1915-1917. 
Index to ledgers, 3 volumes. 
Criminal complaints, 1915-16, 1 bundle. 
Seale inspection reports, 1915-1917, 3 drawers. 
Applications for license, Babcock test, 1915-1917. Loose bundles. 
Reports to treasurer, 1915-1917, 1 file. Vault 5. 
Correspondence, 1915-1917, 8 drawers. 
Report and daily deposit slips, 1917, 2 files. Auditor’s office, room 1, 
Hotel and slaughter house score cards, 2 drawers. 
Daily reports of deputy inspectors, 2 drawers. 


19. HORTICULTURAL INSPECTOR. 
For records, see Board of Horticultural Inspection. 
20. BEE INSPECTOR. 
See Board of Horticultural Inspection. 
21. VETERINARY SURGEON. 


The governor appoints the state veterinary surgeon, who executes 
laws governing the live stock interests, and appoints deputy inspec- 
tors for live stock inspection districts which are created by the live 
stock sanitary board. Unless otherwise stated, records are in the 
office of the veterinary surgeon. 


Time books, 1905-1914, 2 volumes. 

Brand records, 1905-1917, 12 volumes. 

Stallion record, 1909-1917, 3 volumes. 

Ledger, 1910-1917, 3 volumes. 

Claim vouchers, bounty claims, predatory animal claims, 1911-1917, 18 drawers. 

Serum account, 1913-1916, 4 volumes. 

Cash books, 1915-1917, 2 volumes. 

Reports to the treasurer, 1915-1917, 1 file. Vault 5. 

Health certificates, 1916, 1 drawer. 

Sheep inspection, 1916, 1 drawer. 

Post-mortem file, 1916 . 

Correspondence, 1916-1917, 8 drawers. Early correspondence is stored in the 
basement. 

Receipts and daily deposit slips, 1917, 2 files. Auditor’s office, room 1. 

Quarantine, 2 drawers. 

Bills of sale, brands, 1 drawer. 

Inspecting cars, 1 drawer. 


160 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 
22. LAW LIBRARIAN. 


Before the period of statehood, the secretary of the Territory was 
also the law librarian. 
TERRITORY. 


Law library account books, 1888, 1885-86, 2 volumes. Vault 2. 
List of books received by the law library, 1885. Vault 2. 


STATE, 


File of receipts of books sent out, 1901-1917. 
List of bills, 1912-1917. 
Correspondence, 1908-1917. 


23. COMMISSIONER OF IMMIGRATION, LABOR, AND STATISTICS, 


This office was abolished in 1915 and none of its records were 


found. 
24, HAY AND GRAIN INSPECTOR. 


_ This office was abolished in 1918. No records of the office were 
brought to light. 


C. PERMANENT Boarps AND CoMMISSIONS, 
25. BOARD OF LAND COMMISSIONERS. 


- This board is composed of the governor, the superintendent of 
public instruction, the secretary of state, the attorney general, and 
the auditor. Under regulations established by law it controls and 
sells State lands, lands given by the National Government to State 
institutions, and Carey Act lands. Most of the records are kept in 
the land department office in the capitol, but one group of documents 
is in the dairy, food, and sanitary office, another group in the base- 
ment, and a third group in a vault in the old capitol. Adjoining the 
land department office is a small vault which is referred to below as 
vault 7. The vault in the old capitol is designated as vault 8. When 
‘the location of land department documents is not specifically stated 
below, they are in the main office in the capitol. 
Abstract books, 128 volumes. Vault 8. 
Minutes, 1891-1917. 
Ledger, 1891-1915, 7 volumes. 
Cash books, 1893-1912, 8 volumes. Vault 8. 
Cash books, 1909-1917, 5 volumes. 
Cash books, bonds, loans, and warrants, 1911-1914. Vault 8. 
Note register, 1891-1902. Vault 8. 
Leases: 
Lease record, 1891-1900, 1912-1917, 16 volumes, 
Lease record, 1901-1911, 5 volumes. Vault 8. 
Public land lease record, 1892-1899. Vault 8. 


PUBLIC ARCHIVES OF IDAHO. 161 


Leases—Continued. : 
Lease application register, 1898-1911. Vault 8. 
Lease assignment record, 1898. Vault 8. 
Register of State land leases, 1899-1900. Vault 8. 
Applications to lease, 1912-1917, 13 files. 
Lease journal. 
Sales: 
Sale record, 1891-92. Vault 8. 
Record of certificates of sale, 1891-92. Vault 8. 
Certificates of sale, 1891-1917, 21 volumes. 
Sales, 1908-1917, 10 files. 
Sales receipts, 1909-1915, 5 files. 
Loans: 
Loan application register, 1892-1898. Vault 8. 
Canceled loans, 1909, 1 bundle. 
Deeds: 
Warranty deeds to public lands, 1890-1917, 30 files. 
Deed record, 1891-1917. 
Right-of-way deeds, 1905-1917, 6 files. 
Right-of-way deed book, 1910. 
Record book of declaration of forfeiture, 1898. Vault 8. 
School lands: 
School land record, 1891-1917, 7 volumes. 
Certificate of school land sale record, 1892. 
Abstract book, school lands, 1898-99. Vault 8. 
Record of indemnity school lands granted to Idaho, 1905-6, 3 volumes. 
Vault 8. 
Indemnity school lands ledgers, 3 volumes. 
School lands transfer register, 1902-1907, 2 volumes. 
School bonds: : 
Journal of school bonds, 1912. Vault 8. 
School bonds list, 1912-1915. Vault 8. 
Carey Act: 
Carey Act, record of entry, 1900-1904, 1907, 1913-1917, 3 volumes. 
Carey Act, record of entry, 1905-6, 1908-1912, 5 volumes. Vault 8. 
Applications for Carey lands, 1903-1912, 6 volumes. Vault 8. 
Applications for Carey lands, 1913-1917. 
Entries on Carey Act projects, 1903-1917, 250 drawers. 
Land, water, and irrigation companies, and Carey Act companies, 1903- 
1917, 1 file. 
Carey Act trust-fund papers, 1903-1917, 7 files. 
Carey land patent records, 1905-1917, 9 volumes. 
Register of applications for entry of Carey Act lands, Salmon River, 1908. 
Carey Act project records, 8 volumes. 
Carey lands, plat books, 3 volumes. 
Receipts and expenditures: 
Register of land receipts, 1893-1907, 3 volumes. Vault 8. 
Registers, report and receipt, 1905-1917, 4 volumes. 
Register of daily cash receipts, 1917. 
Record of receipts and disbursements, suspense fund, 1917. 
Register, report, and treasurer’s receipts, 1917, 1 file, Auditor’s Office, 
room 1. : 
Land appraisement book, 1905-1917. 


88582°—19——_11 


162 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


State funds journal, 1912-1915. 
Homestead entries, 1891-1917, 5 files. 
Record of assignments, 1891-1917, 1 volume. 
Record of certified lands, 1894, 1 volume. Vault 8. 
Record of penitentiary and insane asylum lands, 1905-6, 1 volume. Vault 8. 
Special land grants: 
Records of special land grants, 1889-1894, 3 volumes. Vault 8. 
Special grant certificate record, 1891-1917, 2 volumes. 
Special grant record, 1893-1905, 1 volume. 
King Hill project papers, 1915-16, 1 file. 
Payette Lakes fire protection roads, 1917, 1 file. 
Southern Idaho Cooperative fire protection vouchers, 1917, 1 file. 
Lava Hot Springs: 
Bank check record, Lava Hot Springs, 1916-17. Kept in Dairy, Food. and 
Sanitary Office. 
Ledger, Lava Hot Springs, 1916. Kept in Dairy, Food, and Sanitary Office. 
Cash book, Lava Hot Springs, 1915-16, 3 volumes. Kept in Dairy, Food, 
and Sanitary Office. 
Maintenance fund papers, 1911-1917, 4 files. 
Timber lands: 
Book of certificates of timber land sales, 1901-1906. 
Timber estimates, 1905. 
Land appraisements, 1905-1917, and timber-land appraisements, 17 volumes. 
Book of timber estimates [n. d.]. Vault 8. 
Book of notices of timber-land sales, 1915. 
Vouchers: 
Miscellaneous vouchers, 1891-1907, 1 file. 
Voucher record, 1915-16. “ ; 
Miscellaneous funds, 1913-14, 1 file. \, : 


ea ee 


Correspondence : 

Most of the correspondence, 1900-1913, is stored in the basement, 
Mortgage-loan correspondence, 1890-1917, 22 drawers. 
Correspondence docket, 1892-1895, 2 volumes. Vault 8. 

Letter books, 1900-1907, 5 volumes. 

Letter book, 1907. Vault 8. 

Correspondence, 1913-1917, 12 drawers. 

Certificate records: : 
Canceled certificates, special, 1902-1917, 11 files. ety 
Extension certificate record, 1891-92. ; : 
Record, 1891-1907. 

Releases of cut-over land, 1913-1917, 1 file. 

Tax papers, 1913-1917, 1 file. 

Offered applications to purchase, 1915-1917, 4 files. 

Purchaser’s index. Vault 8. 

Reports to the treasurer, 1915-1917, 1 file. Vault 5. 

Transcript of approval of claims, 1917, 1 file. Auditor’s Office, room 1. 

Lists filed with State auditor, 1917, 1 file. ; 

Bonds and loans, daily deposit slips. 1917, 1 file. Auditor’s Office, room 1, 

Orders for warrants, 1917, 1 file. Auditor’s Office, room 1. 

Plat books: 
Plat books, 8 volumes. 
Plat and abstract book of Lewiston land, 1899. Vault 8. 
Plat book [n. d.]. Vault 8. 

Miscellaneous papers, 1900-1917, 15 files. 


i, ie oe 


PUBLIC ARCHIVES OF IDAHO. 163 
26. HIGHWAY COMMISSION. 


The highway commission was organized in 1913 and is composed of 
the secretary of state and two other members appointed by the 
governor. The commission appoints a highway engineer and the 
records are kept in his office in the old capitol, unless otherwise desig- 
nated. Before 1913 the entire work of State road construction was 
handled by a State highway engineer without a governing commis- 
sion. 

Road matters, 1905-6. Files of paper. Vault 4. 
Wagon roads, duplicate vouchers, 1905-6. Vault 4. 
Record, 1913-1917, 1 volume. Vault 1. 
Field note books, 1913-1917, about 500 volumes. 
Cost ledger, 1913-1917. 
Vouchers: 
Ledger and voucher record, 1913-1917. 
Voucher files, 1913-1917, 17 drawers. 
Correspondence: 

Correspondence of the secretary of state, who is secretary of the com 
mission, regarding highways and automobile tax, 1913-1915, 3 boxes. 
Vault 3. 

Correspondence, 1913-1916, 4 files. 

Highway contracts and bonds, 1914-1915, 1 drawer. Vault 1. 
Reports of county and highway districts, 1915-1917, 1 drawer. 
Journal, 1917. 

Appropriation ledger, 1917. 

Deeds for right of way, 1 drawer. Vault 1. 

Plans, profiles, and designs, 4 cases. 


27. PUBLIC UTILITIES COMMISSION. 


This commission was created in 1913 and is composed of three 
members appointed by the governor. Its records are kept in filing 
cases in the office. 


Minute book, 1913-1917. 

Register of actions, 1913-1917, 2 volumes. 

Informal cases closed, 3 drawers 

Formal and informal cases, 1913-1917, 8 drawers. 

Exhibits used at hearings, 1913-1917, 1 drawer. 

Reports of special investigations, 1913-1917, 1 drawer. 

Book of general orders, 1913-1917. 

Orders of the commission, 1913-1917, 1 drawer. 

Annual reports, electric, water, telephone, warehouse, vessels, irrigation, ear, 
gas, railroads. express, 1913-1917, 10 drawers. 

Transportation schedules, 1913-1917, 20 drawers. 

Calendars, 1913-1917, 4 volumes. 

Order books, 1913-1917, 2 volumes. 

Bill register and invoice record, 1 volume, 

Voucher record, 1913-1917, 1 volume. 

Correspondence, 1913-1917, 20 drawers. 


164 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 
28. BOARD OF EDUCATION. 


This board is composed of five members, one being appointed 
every year by the governor for a five-year term, and the superin- 
tendent of public instruction who is ex-officio a member. The board 
of education also acts as a board of regents of the University of 
Idaho. The control of the entire educational system of the State 
since 1912 has been concentrated under the board of education. The . 
commissioner of education appointed by the board is powerless, and 
there are no clearly defined spheres of activity for the commissioner 
and the superintendent of public instruction. The records of the. 
board are kept in the office in the capitol building. 

Proceedings, 1892-1910. 

Minutes, 1911-1917, 6 volumes. 

Apportionment record, 1911-1917. 

Correspondence, 1911-1917, 13 drawers. 

Vouchers, 1913-1917. : 
Record of appropriations, 1913-1917, 2 volumes. 

Annual reports of county superintendents, 19138-1917, 4 volumes. 

Press bulletins, 1913-1917, 1 drawer. 

Insurance register, 1914-1917. 

Joint bulletin distribution record, 1916-1917. 

Cash record, 1917. : 

Bonds, book contracts, deeds, 1 drawer. 

State institution deeds, 1 drawer. 

Insurance policies, State institutions, 3 drawers. 

Board of text-book commissioners—Proceedings, 1893-1899. 
Summer school normal commission—Minutes, 1911. 


29. BOARD OF EXAMINERS. 


This board consists of the governor, the secretary of state, and 
the attorney general. It has power to examine all claims against 
the State, except salaries or compensation of officers fixed by law, | 
and no claims, with the above exception, shall be passed upon by 
the legislature without first having been considered and acted upon 
by the board. | 
Record, 1890-1917, 4 volumes. Vault 1. 
Record of bills allowed, 1899-1900. Vault 2. 
Book of claims, 1890-1917. Vault 1. 
Journal, 1890-1917, 3 volumes. Vault 1. 
Day book, 1890-1917. Vault 1. 


Minutes book, 1913-1917. Auditor’s office, room 1. 
Orders anc motions, 1917, 2 files. Auditor’s office, room 1. 


30. BOARD OF EQUALIZATION, 


This board is composed of the governor, the secretary of state, 
the auditor, the attorney general, and the treasurer. Its chief busi- 


PUBLIC ARCHIVES OF IDAHO. 165 
ness is to assess the property of public service corporations and to 
equalize the assessed valuation of property between counties. 


Proceedings : 
Proceedings, 1893-1902. Vault 7. 
Proceedings, 1893-94, Auditor’s office, room 2. 
Proceedings, 1903-4, 2 files. Auditor’s office, room 1. 
Minutes: 
Minutes books, 1903-1909, 2 volumes. Auditor’s office, room 2. 
Minutes books, 1913-1917. Auditor’s office, room 1. 
Correspondence, 1917, 4 drawers. Auditor’s office, room 1. 


31. BOARD OF STATE PRISON COMMISSIONERS, 


This board is composed of the governor, secretary of state, and 
attorney general. The board appoints the warden of the State 
prison and has general supervision of the institution. Little is known 
of the prison in territorial days, the only record which was brought 
to light being a register of convicts, 1884-1889, which was also used 
by the State warden until 1896. 


Register of convicts, 1884-1896, 2 volumes. Vault 4. 
Register of the prison, 1892. The volume also contains many loose papers 
connected with prison affairs. Vault 2. 

Record, 1893-1917, 2 volumes. Vault 1. 
Reports: 

Reports, 1 drawer. Vault 1. 

Reports of the warden, 1893-94, 1906, 2 volumes. Vault 4. 

Reports of the warden, 1901-1914, 5 drawers. Vault 1. 

Reports of the warden to the State treasurer, 1915-1917, 1 file. Vault 5. 
Descriptions of convicts, 83 drawers. Vault 1. 
Investigation papers. Vault 4. 

( 


32. BOARD OF PARDONS. 

The governor, secretary of state, and attorney general constitute 
the board of pardons. The board has power to remit fines and for- 
feitures, and to grant commutations and pardons. The governor has 
only the power to grant reprieves until the next meeting of the 
board. 


Record, 1891-1917. Vault 1. 

Proceedings, 1917, 1 drawer. Vault 1. 

Record of pardons, 1906-1911. Vault 1. 

Pardon papers. Miscellaneous group of applications for pardon, protests 
against pardons, and pardons granted. I drawer. Vault 2. 

Pardon papers, 1904-1917, 12 drawers. Vault 1. 

Pardon papers, cases pending, 1917, 2 drawers. Vault 1. 

Applications for pardon, 1912, 13 drawers. Vault 1. 

Pardon petitions, 1 drawer. Vault 1. » ? 

Pardons denied, 1917, 1 drawer. Vault 1. 


166 _AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 
e 7 


33. BOARD OF HEALTH. 


The board of health, which was organized in 1907, is composed of 
the attorney general, the State engineer, two physicians who are ap- 
pointed by the governor, and another physician who is appointed by 
the other members of the board and who acts as secretary. The board 
appoints a dairy, food, and sanitary inspector, a deputy, a chemist. a 
bacteriologist, and necessary assistants. The records are kept in the 
office of the secretary of the board. 


Minutes, 1907-1917. 
Register of marriage, 1907-1917, 3 volumes. 
Vouchers: 
Record of vouchers, 1907-1917. 
Vouchers, 1911-1917. 
Record of embalmers, 1909-1914. 
Record of examiners of embalmers, 1909-1914. 
Correspondence, 1911-1917, 6 drawers and several paper files. Correspondence 
before 1911 is stored in the basement. : 
Birth and death certificates, indexes, and records, 1911-1917. 
Cash book of embalmer’s fund, 1913-1917. ~ 
Cash record, 1916-17, 2 volumes. 


34. BOARD OF HORTICULTURAL INSPECTION. 


This board, which was established in 1903, is composed of five 
members who are appointed by the governor every two years. The 
board appoints a State horticultural inspector, who is also ex officio 
the State bee inspector. The records, unless otherwise stated, are 
kept in the office of the inspector. 


Minutes of the board, 1903-1917, 2 volumes. 
Correspondence, 1903-1917, 20 drawers and paper files. 
Ledgers and cash books: 
Ledger, 1904-1911, 2 volumes. = 
Ledger and cash book, 1913-1916. 
Cash book, 1917. 
License books, 1909-1917, 14 volumes. : s 
Claims: 
Claims, 1909-1917, 3 files. 
Claim books, 1913-1917, 3 volumes, 
Journal, 1912. rv 
Reports of deputies, 1914-1917, 2 files. 
Reports to treasurer, 1915-1917, 1 file. Vault 5. 
Daily deposit slips, and reports, 1917, 2 files. Auditor’s office, room 1. 
Bonds, 1 file. 
Miscellaneous papers, 3 files. 


35. LIVE STOCK SANITARY BOARD. 


“ This board is composed of seven members appointed by the gover- 
nor, three representing the sheep interests, three the cattle interests, 
and one the horse interests. The board has never been of great im- 


PUBLIC ARCHIVES OF IDAHO. 167 


portance, and the actual work is carried on by the State veterinary 
surgeon. Such records as exist will be found listed under Veterinary 
Surgeon. 

36. BOARD OF CANVASSERS. 

The governor, secretary of state, auditor, treasurer, and attorney 
general, or any three of them constitute the board of canvassers. 
The business of the board is to canvass the abstracts of votes in 
National and State elections, and determine who are elected. 

Record of elections, 1890-1916, 2 volumes. Vault 1. 


37. DEPOSITORY BOARD. 


The laws regulating the deposit of State money or State funds 
have been on the statutes since 1905, but in 1915 the legislature 
passed a very complete depository law creating a State depository 


-board consisting of the governor, secretary of state, and the attorney 


general. Prior to 1915 the same officers had some supervision over 
the deposit of the State funds, but their powers were not broad nor 
well defined. The depository board acts upon appeals from persons 
dissatisfied with the rulings of the bank commissioner. 


Record, 1915-1917. Auditor’s office, room 1. 
Appeals and’ papers, 1917, 2 files. Auditor’s office, room 1. 
Reports of, as a board of appeals, 1 drawer. Vault 1. 


38. BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF SOLDIERS’ HOME. 


The soldiers’ home, located at Boise, is under the control of a 
board of trustees composed of the'z governor, secretary of state, and 
the attorney general. 

Record, 1893-1917. Vault 1. 


Reports, 1907-1912, 1 drawer. Vault 1. 
Other reports. Vault 4. 


39. BOARD OF MANAGEMENT OF CAPITOL BUILDING AND GROUNDS. 


The board is composed of the governor, the secretary of state, 
and the treasurer. The records of the board are variously desig- 
nated as those of the capitol building commission, the capitol build- 
ing board, and the board of trustees of capitol building and grounds, 
and the board of trustees of public buildings. 


Record of the board of trustees of public buildings, 1893-1917. All notations 
are headed “capitol building board.” Vault 1. 
Record of the capitol building commission, 1905-1915, 3 volumes. Vault 1. 


40. BOARD OF MEDICAL EXAMINERS. 


The board is composed of six physicians representing at least 
three schools of medicine. With the exception of the one item men- 
tioned below, the records of the board are in the keeping of the 
secretary. Dr. C. A. Dettman, of Burke. 

Applications, 1903-4. Vault 4. = 


168 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 
41. BOARD OF OSTEOPATHY. 


The board is composed of five members. The records are kept 
by the secretary, Dr. E. G. Houseman, of Nampa. 


42. BOARD OF DENTAL EXAMINERS, 


This board is composed of five members. The records are in the 
keeping of the secretary, Dr. Albert A. Jessup, of Boise. 


43. BOARD OF OPTOMETRY. 


This board is composed of three members. The records are in 
the keeping of the secretary, Edwin S. Owen, of Boise. 


44, BOARD OF PHARMACY. 


The board is composed of three members. The records are in the 
possession of the secretary, E. E. Colpin, of Oakley. 


45. BOARD OF EXAMINATION AND REGISTRATION OF GRADUATE NURSES. 


The board is composed of three members. The secretary has the 
records. 
46. BOARD OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EXAMINERS. 


The board is composed of three members. The records are either 
in the keeping of the secretary of the board or in the office of the 
State veterinary. 


47. STATE GRAIN COMMISSION. 


This commission was composed of three members appointed by 
the governor for two years. It has now been supplanted by the 
farm markets department. No records of the commission were 
found. 

48. BOARD OF ARBITRATION. 


This board is composed of two labor commissioners and the judge 
of the district where there is business for the board. Upon petition 
of 25 people the board investigates strikes and lockouts, and at- 
tempts to settle labor disputes. No records were brought to light 
during the survey. 


49. LIBRARY COMMISSION. 


This commission is composed of the attorney general, secretary of 
state, superintendent of public instruction, and the president of the 
State university. It has charge of the traveling libraries and ap- 
points a librarian. No records of the commission were found. 


> 


“ 


PUBLIC ARCHIVES OF IDAHO. 169 


D. Srrecran Commissions, Boarps, AND OFFICEs. 
50.-SUPREME COURT BUILDING AND LIBRARY COMMISSION. 
Minutes, 1903-1905. Vault 4. 


51. FISCAL BOARD HAVING SALE OF BONDS. 


Minutes, 1905. Auditor’s office, room 1. 


52. COMMISSION TO LOCATE NORTHERN ASYLUM. 
Minutes, 1905-1910. Auditor’s office, room 1. 


53. COMMISSION TO REVISE THE IRRIGATION LAWS. 


Created in 1915. No records were found. 


54. COMMISSION TO INVESTIGATE WAGES OF WOMEN AND MINORS. 


Created in 1915. No records were found. 


55. LABOR COMMISSION. 


No records were found. 


56. CODE COMMISSIONER. 
The office was created in 1917 to codify the laws of Idaho. No records were 
found. 
57. BOARD OF €ONTROL OF HEYBURN PARK. 


This board is composed of the governor, the game warden, and one other. 
No records were found. 


58. LUMBER INSPECTORS. 


There are three lumber inspectors. No records were found. 
EK. Recentty Createp Boarps AnD OFFICcEs. 


The last legislature created several boards and offices which will 
be established in 1917 or 1918. For the assistance of future investi- 
gators, 1t seems necessary to name them. 

59. Board of Accountancy. 

60. Board of examiners of architects. 


61. Industrial accident board. 
62. Insurance manager of State industrial insurance fund, 


F. EpucationsaLt INSTITUTIONS 


The educational institutions of Idaho are: (63) the University of 
Idaho, at Moscow; (64-65) the normal schools at Lewiston and Al- 
bion; (66) the Academy of Idaho at Pocatello; (67) the Industrial 
Training School at St. Anthony; and (68) the school for the deaf 
and blind at Gooding. Records will be found at the institutions 
with the exception of the extension department of the university 
which maintains an office in the capitol. 


170 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. x 


UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO: EXTENSION DEPARTMENT. a+ 


Annual reports of staff members, 1910-1917, 1 file. 
Correspondence, 1914-1917, 8 files. 

Voucher books, 1914-1917, 5 volumes. 

Account book, 1915-1917. 

Boys and girls club work, 12 files. 


G. Orner Stats Instirurions. 


The institutions other than educational are (69) the State peni- 
tentiary at Boise; (70) the soldiers’ home at Boise; (71) the insane — 
asylum at Blackfoot; (72) northern Idaho sanitarium at Orofino; 
and (73) the sanitarium at Nampa. The records of the penitentiary 
will be found at the institution or tabulated under board of State 
prison commissioners and board of pardons. The records of the 
soldiers’ home are at the institution or tabulated under board of 
trustees of soldiers’ home. The records of the insane asylum will 
be found at Blackfoot except a few reports kept at the capitol in 
vaults 4 and 5. Records of the northern Idaho sanitarium are at 
Orofino and those of the sanitarium are at Nampa, except receipts for 
1917, which are to be found in the auditor’s office, room 1. 


H. Strate Hisroricau Sociery. 


The society was established in 1907. The office and museum are in 
the old capitol building. The society has devoted itself to the col- 
lection of historical curios, and possesses but few books, newspapers, 
and manuscripts. Its records are also very scanty. 


Record of articles, books, ete., loaned and presented, 2 volumes. 
Cash book, 1907-17. 


I. Exposrttrion Papers. 


Idaho was represented at the Columbian Exposition at Chicago"in 
1893, at the Alaska-Yukon Pacific Exposition in 1909, and at the 
Panama-Pacific International Exposition in 1915. The following 
papers have been preserved: ; 


COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 


Papers connected with the Idaho exhibition, 1898. Bundle of unarranged 
papers. Vault 2. : 
Correspondence, 1893. Vault 4. 


ALASKA-YUKON PACIFIC EXPOSITION, 


Idaho building register, 1909. Vault 8. 
Papers, 1909. Vault 4. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION. 
Papers. Vault 4. 


PUBLIC ARCHIVES OF IDAHO. ia 


J. SUPREME CouRT. 


The records of the supreme court, unless otherwise stated, are kept 
in a large vault off the judges’ chambers. 


TERRITORY. 


Record of opinions, 1864-1889, 4 volumes. 

File of original records on appeal and briefs of council, 1864-1889. About 250 
cases. 

Court record, 1864-1889, 3 volumes. The last volumes also contain State rec- 
ords, 1890-1893. 

Minutes book, 1867-1873. 

Records in bankruptcy, 1868—1875. 

Register, 1868-1889, 2 volumes. 

Clerk’s notes, 1869-1873, 1885-1889, 4 volumes. 

Bar calendar, 1872. 


STATE. 


File of original records on appeal and briefs of council, 1890-1917. About 2,800 
eases. 

Journal, 1890-1895, 1911-12, 2 volumes. 

Court record, 1890-1917, 7 volumes. 

Register of actions, 1890-1917, 3 volumes. 

Original opinions of the court, 1890-1917, 30 volumes. 

Index of State cases. 

Clerk’s correspondence, 1890-1917, 50 volumes. 

Clerk’s notes, 1891-92, 1894-1908, 5 volumes. 

Journal of citizenship, 1894-1906, 2 volumes. 

Cash books of the clerk of the court, 1909-1911, 1914-1916, 2 volumes. 

Court stenographer’s quarterly reports, 1911. 1 file. Auditor’s office, room 1. 

Clerk’s reports to treasurer, 1915-1917, 1 file. Vault 5. 

Expense account, 1915-16. In same volume with records in bankruptcy, 1SG8— 
1875. 

Clerk of the supreme court, quarterly reports and daily deposit slips, 1917, 2 
files. Auditor’s office, room 1. 


K. L&GisLaTure. 


The legislative records are kept in the vaults of the secretary of 
state. Two items were found in the governor’s vault, but they are 
duplicates of documents in the keeping of the secretary of state. 


TERRITORY. 


Journals of the council [senate] and house of representatives, 1863-64, 1866— 
1889, 26 volumes. Vault 2. 

Bill books, 1863-1866, 1875-1889, 17 volumes. Vault 2. 

Laws, 1863-64, 1866-1889. 20 drawers. Vault 1. 

Territorial laws, 4 tin boxes. Vault 1. 

Journal of executive proceedings of the council, 1888-89. Vault 2. 

Laws of the twelfth session received by the governor. Vault 2. 

Revised code, 1887, 1 drawer. Vault 1. 

Record of memorials, resolutions, and bills passed, 1888-89. Vault 2. 

Revised statutes, 2 drawers. Vault 1. 


172 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. ~— 


STATE, 


House and senate journals, bill books, calendars, and records, 1890-1917, 153 
volumes. Vault 1. 

Enrolled bills, resolutions, memorials, and vetoed bills, governors’ messages, 
and committee reports, 1890-1917, 192 drawers. Vault 1. 

House and senate record of bills, resolutions, and memorials, 1890, 1893, 1899. 
and 1908, 8 volumes. Vault 2. 

Index of legislation, 1891. Vault 2. 

Bill books, 1890-1895, 8 volumes. Vault 2. 

Bills, resolutions, memorials, etc., passed in 1898. Vault 4. 

General orders of the day and special orders, house of representatives. 1894— 
1897, 2 volumes. Vault 2 

Minutes of the judiciary committee of the senate, 1897, 1901, 2 volumes. 
Vault 2. 

Calendar of the legislature, 1897. Vault 2. 

Record of reenacted laws of 1899 and session laws of 1901. Vault 2. 

Senate bills, 1908. Vault 4. 

Enrolled laws passed at the eighth session. Vault 2. 

Minutes of proceedings in the house, 1908-9. Vault 2. 

Senate concurrent resolutions, 1908. Vault 2. 

House concurrent resolutions, 1909. Vault 2. 

Record of senate and house bills, 1909, 2 volumes. Vault 2. 

Idaho revised code, 1909. Vault 1. 

House bills, eleventh session, approved or vetoed by "Gov Hawley. Vault 4. s 

Transcript of proceedings at hearings of the house investigation committee i 
the transactions of the various State departments, 1915. Vault 1. 


IV. PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH ANNUAL 
CONFERENCE OF HISTORICAL SOCIETIES. 


PHILADELPHIA, PA., DECEMBER 29, 1917. 


173 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF 
HISTORICAL SOCIETIES. 


The fourteenth conference of historical societies met at the His- 
torical Society of Pennsylvania on December 29, 1917. With the 
conference were representatives of the hereditary patriotic societies, 
as the subject concerned them also. The attendance was not very 
large from distant societies, but there was a good representation from 
Philadelphia and vicinity. Unfortunately the meeting was late in 
starting and so the business was deferred until the end and then 
part of it was referred to committees. 

Judge Norris S. Barratt, of the Court of Common Pleas of Phila- 
delphia, spoke on the relation of the patriotic societies and historical 
societies, with special reference to cooperation in publication. Judge 
Barratt referred to the resolution of the hereditary patriotic societies 
of December, 1916, that the council of the American Historical Asso- 
ciation appoint a committee to suggest cooperation, out of which 
resolution grew the present topic. He mentioned some nine heredi- 
tary patriotic societies and referred to the purposes, objects, and pub- 
lications of some of these, for instance, the Colonial Society of Penn- 
sylvania and the Society of Colonial Wars in the Commonwealth 
of Pennsylvania with their valuable publications on Philadelphia 
colonial history; the large Pennsylvania Society of the Sons of the 
Revolution with its publications of historical addresses and its other 
activities; the Genealogical Society of Pennsylvania and its collec- 
tion of transcripts and its publications; the Pennsylvania German 
Society with its collections and twenty-five annual volumes and the 
issue of many parts of a critical history of Pennsylvania; the 
Swedish Colonial Society and the Historical Society of Pennsyl- 
vania. He said: “The real function of these societies aside from 
the purely social ones, with which we have now no concern, is to 
publish historical books and papers upon. subjects germane to their 
purposes of organization. State historical societies have a wider 
scope, as it should be their aim to preserve the legends of the vil- 
lages, together with all historical material that goes to make up, the 
history of the State and Nation while, for instance, the Pennsylvania 
Society of the Sons of the Revolution, should confine its activities 
to the history of the revolution exclusively and not extend it beyond. 
What the Sons of the Revolution, for example, want to publish and 


what they have published I have already given. 
175 


176 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


“The Historical Society of Pennsylvania and Dr. John Wolf Jor- 
dan, its able librarian, have always given the Pennsylvania Society 
of the Sons of the Revolution their cooperation and friendly advice 
and aid. Personally, I have been unable to find any duplication of 
effort. We may premise that shortcomings exist here as in other 
departments of life. We can not, therefore, hope for perfection, but. 
we ought to make the best progress we can on the road. The object 
is to make those uninformed thoroughly familiar with the knowledge 
of what has been done in old times, with all its interesting detail 
and local color. These papers will, it is hoped, become a mine of 
information for the future historian. They are unlike general 
treatises or books published for sale or commercial purposes, but are 
merely for distribution among those belonging to a society. Of 
course, for kindred societies to publish the same records or duplicate 
practically the work of a similar society would be not only wasteful, 
but as a practice can not be vindicated.” He summed up with the 
two propositions: (1.) That there should be some general clearing 
house, so that the hereditary patriotic societies could keep in touch 
with the activities of each other and the historical societies. This 
would be helpful in many ways, especially in preventing duplications 
and in suggestions for developing certain historical material. (2.) 
That this can best be attained by the appointment of a committee 
composed of representatives of the different societies, to prepare and 
submit definite suggestions for a method of cooperation between 
them in various lines of historic work. : 

Prof. William Libbey, of Princeton University, and a member 
and officer of three patriotic societies, opened the discussion, saying: 

“Tam rather sorry that our good friend Judge Barratt laid so much 
stress upon the subject of publication and so little emphasis upon 
the matter of cooperation. We are all agreed on the necessity for 
publication work, for the work already done is the best evidence 
that there is a need for it. The crucial point for discussion, as inti- 
mated on the program for this morning, is as to whether we can 
bring about a cooperation of the historical and patriotic societies in 
the matter of publication. Of course there is the question which 
might be discussed as to the value of the efforts of a great many con- 
temporary writers on historical subjects. Some of this material may 
be of permanent value and more of it perhaps will not be of this 
character. These writers as a rule do not give us the facts as they 
stand, but very frequently interpretations of historical documents. 

“ Although a member and officer of three patriotic societies I am not 
authorized to represent them in any capacity, but I appear before 
you solely in response to the request of your secretary, and it was 
intimated that I should try to give the viewpoint of the patriotic 
societies upon this subject. These patriotic societies are widely 


— se SO eee a 


FOURTEENTH ANNUAL CONFERENCE HISTORICAL SOCIETIES. 177 


separated organizations and I am sorry to say that some jealousy 
is found to exist among them. This is absolutely subversive to all 
good work, but I believe that this condition could be overcome if we 
developed cooperation. It would be beneficial in mafly ways. You 
generally have a much better idea of a person after you have worked 
with him for a while and have become better acquainted with his 
methods. All this however would be useless unless a central office 
could be established and some standardization of methods could be 
adopted. 

“ Now what are the facts as far as patriotic societies are concerned. 
We find that societies vary in practice considerably. For example, 
the general society of the Sons of the Revolution, publishes little ex- 
cept addresses at the annual meetings. The State societies prepare 
more or less complete genealogical sketches of their members. The 
Society of Colonial Wars practically does the same thing, but the State 
societies as a rule publish more extended sketches of their members, 
particularly of the deceased members. In addition they have pub- 
lished a list of the ancestors of the members of their societies, giv- 
ing an account of their services. The New Jersey Society has pub- 
lished a list of ‘the colonial wars officers of the State. Again, the 
Order of Founders and Patriots pursues the policy of combining in 
ene volume all the records of the general and State societies. In 
addition, I am glad to say that the members of these societies in 
the State of New Jersey are very much interested in the preserva- 
tion of the archives of the State and are working hard to bring 
about ‘the formation of a commission for this purpose. 

“ My recommendation upon this subject would be that a committee 
be appointed to deal with the whole subject; that this committee 
should determine just what subjects should be included in the series 
of publications, and that the series should be determined by the char- 
acter of the material submitted. It should determine not only the se- 
lection of the material but should form a committee on publication 
with certain editorial functions, each society to be represented on the 
committee by a delegate with power. This committee should de- 
termine the size of the page, the type to be used; and the content 
of each article should determine the series in which it is to be pub- 
lished. Many publications consist of a jumble of historical, genea- 
logical, biographical, and statistical articles. They form an impos- 
ing volume, but it is bulky and contains a lot of material which some 
people do not care for.. If each of the articles upon these subjects 
were published in separate pamphlet form, similar to those of the 
Chicago Museum, there would be an escape from this medley and its 
confusion. There could be a series of each type for each society, if 
desired, but each pamphlet would be complete in itself. Eventually 
a sufficient number on a similar subject could he bound in one volume. 

88582°—19——12 


178 ‘AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


“ The advantages of such a system are apparent. Tf all the societies | 
should adopt a standard size for their publications which would accord 


with the view of this central committee, and should publish ac- 
cording to thi8 plan, there would be very little interference with the 
activities of the various societies, and each would be contributing 
according to its financial ability. Series collected afterwards might 
be bound together for the use of the societies or for more general pur- 
poses. In any event such a system would promote greater inter- 
change of opinion and more friendly relations and better acquaint- 
ance among people interested in this material, in all parts of our 
country.” 

Ex-Goy. L. Bradford Prince, of New Mexico, a representative of 
both historical and patriotic societies, commented on the remarks 
of the other speakers, and said on behalf of the historical societies: 
“We shall welcome all aid given by the patriotic societies, and on be- 
half of the ae societies, we shall welcome all aid given by the 
historical societies.” 

Mr. Worthington C. Ford, editor of the Massachusetts Historical 
Society, said: “I represent the Massachusetts Historical Society and 
the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, both interested in bringing 
the historical and patriotic societies into closer relations with one 
another, and both willing to do all that is possible in bringing these 


various societies into closer alliance with the American Historical 


Association. In Massachusetts the first steps to effect a better co- 
operation among the patriotic societies in that State are yet to be 
taken, and there is as yet no connection for joint effort between them 
and the historical societies. Recently delegates of 12 patriotic so- 
cieties met at a social dinner, to see if a plan of cooperation could 
be devised. The outcome remains to be determined. In Pennsy]l- 
vania, as Judge Barratt has shown, no little progress has been made 
toward combination in collections and agreement upon publications, 
and with good results. Nothing of this exists in Massachusetts ex- 
cept in the specialized libraries. In former days each library was 
intent upon getting all it could, without much attention to fitness. 
Now the leading libraries buy carefully, and do not unnecessarily 
duplicate what is in the special libraries. 

“We have in Massachusetts a League of Historical Societies which 
includes 34 of the local and general historical societies; but it does not 
seek to influence or control what each society should print, nor are its 
own publications of importance. The league collects a small fee from 
each member society and meets twice a year. The patriotic societies 
have pursued a course independent of each other and of all other his- 
torical societies. Their sphere of publications is much narrowed. 
Having issued their “ service ” books, it would be a waste of money to 
reissue the full pedigrees for the incoming generation, and thus there 


‘Au 


eee le ee ee 


FOURTEENTH ANNUAL CONFERENCE HISTORICAL SOCIETIES. 179 


should be a fund free for issues of a truly historical character. The 
danger lies in duptication. The orderly books, for example, tempt 
publication. Yet already much money has been wasted in partial pub-, 
lication. The general orders apply to the whole army, the brigade 
orders to the brigade, and the regimental orders to one regiment. 
Completeness requires examples of all the brigade orders and all the 
regimental orders. For this no society or combination of sqcieties 
will suffice. The War Department. finding a large force of trained 
clerks in the Adjutant General’s Office, on completing the Official 
Records of the Rebellion, began to collect the records for the War for 
Independence and for the War of 1812, and so great an undertaking 
may well be left to the National Government. 

“My idea of a possible cooperation would be to assess on each society 
an annual fee, and to use the resulting fund in subsidizing under- 
takings of general scope and merit. The Colonial Dames have set a 
good example. They have issued the Letters to Washington to 1775, 
in five volumes; Correspondence of William Pitt with the American 
Governors, etc.; in two volumes, and the Correspondence of William 
Shirley, in two volumes. These are works of historical value and 
true contributions to history, carefully edited by capable hands. 
The entire expense was borne by the Dames. In the scheme which I 
have outlined, the local society would be aided to publish, due regard 
being given to the quality of the material and the manner in which 
it has been treated. Such a plan will bring to accomplishment de- 
serving undertakings which are now kept back for want of funds, 
or proper editing, or want of advice, and raise the standard of publi- 
cations. As there will be many.details to be considered and de- 
termined before such a cooperation as is proposed can be effected I 
submit the following resolution: ” 

Resolved, That the president of the American Historical Association appoint 
a committee of 13—four to be taken from historical societies, four from patri- 
otie societies, one from the American Historical Association, and four from 
societies of a historical character—to consider the question of a closer coopera- 

. tion among such societies, especially with a view to preventing duplication 
of publication and of planning a better and more systematic method of publish- 
ing historical material: this committee to report to the council of the American 
Historical Association at its early convenience. 

The motion was carried and has been communicated to the presi- 
dent of the American Historical Association. 

The second part of the program was devoted to discussion of the 
subject, “ The collection of local war material by historical societies.” 

Prof. Harlow C. Lindley spoke of what they have been doing in 
the department of history of the Indiana State library. As soon as 
the United States became officially engaged in the war the library 
adopted a plan of preserving all material about the war, in the 
newspapers, which concerned Indiana in any way. In this way it was 


180 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. — 


hoped to add local color to the official reports. The plan has been: a 
(1) To clip carefully all material bearing upon tke military activities q 
‘ of the State, from the two leading daily papers of Indianapolis. As : 
this is the capital and the center of the State, these newspapers cover 
the whole State, and a great national training camp located there 
adds importance. The material is classified under general war news, 
relief work—i. e., Red Cross, ete., Fort Benjamin Harrison material, 
draft, and registration. Under each heading the clippings are ar- 
ranged chronologically, mounted and bound; (2) in a large ledger 
bock every important event is entered in chronological order with 
reference to full account; (3) a card index is being made according 
to subject of every article in the newspapers that bears upon Indiana’s 
part in the war. This plan is probably too ambitious for the average 
local historical society or library, but each could undertake the index- : 
ing of its local publications and the collecting of material of local | 
significance. This was suggested to every local historical society and 
publie library in the State by the department. Se. 

Dr. Buck, of the Minnesota Historical Society, indicated at some 
length the work being done in Minnesota. An index was started 
after the war began and 500 papers were collected from April 1 
to August 1. Posters and programs of various meetings and a 
great many pictures have been collected. The number of organiza- 
tions engaged in war activities is innumerable and the importance of 
keeping their records is emphasized by the disappearance of records . 
of similar organizations of the Civil War. Letters from men in 
the military service also ought to be preserved. The State society : 
is doing all it can and is urging the same policy upon local societies 
and libraries, It is important to secure as much publicity as possible 
and thus secure the cooperation of the people in saving everything. 
The newspaper men are of great importance. The question of how 
to care for this material arises. As it comes in it should be separated 
into what is worth while and what is not, and the important things 
filed. . Many have become enthusiastic about this work in Minnesota, 
and it is to be hoped that as a result of this impetus, the work of 
collecting current material will not be abandoned after the war. 

It was hoped, had time allowed, to ask the representatives of the 
different societies present to state in what manner each was collect- 
ing war material, in order that some new ideas might be brought 
forth. Since that was not possible a general questionnaire has been 
sent to every known historical society and agency in the United States 
and Canada, asking them to state their activities in this line. The 
answers to this will be included in the handbook. 

The secretary reported in brief that after the conference of 1916 
the proceedings were published in February, 1917, together with the 


a! ee eo 


FOURTEENTH ANNUAL ‘CONFERENCE HISTORICAL SOCIETIES. 181 


information and statistics of activity reported by some 90 societies, 
in a 16-page pamphlet. The $50 appropriated. by the American 
Historical Association was expended, and it seemed wise to postpone 
asking for the contributions from historical societies until 1918. 
However, contributions were received from the following societies: 
California Genealogical, Hunterdon County (N. J.), Iowa State, 
Middlesex County (Conn.), New Mexico, Chester County (Pa.), 
Church (Pa.), Women’s Canadian, of Ottowa, and Lehigh County 
(Pa.). . Other societies have promised contributions. 

For completing the organization of the conference as provided for 
last year, three committees were appointed: on nomination of chair- 
man of fifteenth conference, F. H. Severance; on financial contribu- 
tions and voting, S. J. Bock: on committees nd officers, Prof. B. F. 
Shambaugh. Answers to the questionnaire have been received in 
gratifying numbers, 168 (since the conference to date 182), which 
means a good basis for the Handbook of Historical Societies pro- 
posed for 1918. Other points in the report came up later in the busi- 
ness meeting. 

The committee on organization reported in favor of placing the 
treasurer’s duties with the secretary for 1918 and of having the audit 
made by the American Historical Association auditors. Carried. 

The committee on nomination of chairman reported in favor of 
the reelection of Mr. Montgomery. Carried. 

The committee on financial contributions and voting powers recom- 
mended the appointment of the chairman, secretary, and a third 
member to devise a plan for 1918, the final plan to be voted on at the 
next conference. Carried. 

This committee has since reported the following working plan: 

1. The conference of historical societies includes all historical, genealogical, 
numismatic and similar societies, historical commissions, State departments of 
history, other historical agencies, and hereditary patriotic societies, gener: al, 
State, and local. 

2. Such societies as desire to further the progress of historical societies and 
their mutual interests shall contribute such amount as shall seem suitable to 
’ them in view of their resources, membership, and interest. The suggested basis 
is 1 cent per member (but not over $10) with approximately $5 for commis- 
sions and departments. From societies which desire to show interest but whose 
oe are small or otherwise appropriated, contributions of any size are 
a Societies and agencies of whatever kind which contribute on the proposed 


basis shall have a yote at the annual conference by proxy or delegate, or by 
mail. 


4. Such publications as shall be issued by the conference shall have a price 
set upon them at which the publit can buy. Contributing societies shall receive 
such number of copies as they desire, more than one, as their contribution 
shall be proportionate to the price. 

The conference heard with regret statements from the chairman 
and others, that owing to war conditions in Washington and the tre- 
mendously increased need for offices and bureau rooms, certain old 


papers and archives had been removed and sold or destroyed. As 


182 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. = 


these are known to have included some very valuable historical s 
papers, the conference passed the following resolution: — 


Resolved, That the conference strongly urge a temporary housing, either in 
Washington or near by, of this material in order eventually to restore it to 
permanent archives. ¥ 

Resolved, That the conference cooperate with the public archives commission 
‘in urging the proper authorities to preserve these records. 

Resolved, That the secretary of the conference bring these resolutions before 
the 500 historical societies of the country, urging them to take action on the 
subject. 


It is suggested that the historical societies of the country take this 
matter up and communicate with their Congressmen and Senators, 
who will doubtless be interested, upon the proper representation being 
made to them, in seeing to the preservation in some way of these 
valuable records. 

Those present, as far as names could be obtained, were the follow- 
ing persons, representing at least 58 historical societies (patriotic 
societies not included) : 


Ames, Herman V., American Antiquarian Soc. 

Balch, Thomas W., American Antiquarian Soe. 

Barratt, Norris S., Pa. Hist. Soe. 

Bradford, J. E., Ohio Valley and Ohio Archaeological and Hist. Societies. 

Brown, Mrs. R., Friends Hist. Soe. 

Browning, C. H., Cal. Genealogical Soc. 

Buck, S. J., Minn. Hist. Soe. 

Campbell, Miss J., American Catholic, City Hist. societies. 

Connor, R. D. W., N. C. Hist. Commission, N. C. Literary and Hist. Assoc, - 

Cope, Gilbert, Chester Co. Hist. Soc. 

Deats, H. E., Hunterdon Co. Hist. Soe. 

Ely, Warren S., Bucks Co. Hist. Soc. 

Ford, Worthington C., Mass. Hist. Soc., Colonial Soc. of Mass, 

Fox, Miss, Montgomery Co: Hist. Soc. 

Gunmere, Mrs. F. E., Friends Hist. Soe. 

Hammond, Otis G., N. H. Hist. Soe. 

Hayes, J. Carroll, Chester Co. Hist. Soc. 

Heilman, Samuel P., Lebanon Co. Hist. Soc., Pa. Federation of Hist. Societies. 

Hostetter, A. L., Lancaster Co. Hist. Soc. 

Jellett, E. C., City Hist. Soc., Site and Relic Soc. 

Jordan, J. W., Pa. Hist. Soc., Colonial Soc. of Pa., Swedish Hist. Soe. 

Kean, G. B., Pa. Hist. Soc., American Philosophical Soc., Colonial Soc. of Pa., 
Swedish Hist. Soc. 

Keller, H. A., McCormick Hist. Soe. 

Konkle, B. A., Pa. Hist. Soe. 

Landis, G. C., Lancaster Co. Hist. Soc. 

Leach, J. Granville, Old Planters Soc., Genealogical Soc. of Pa. 

Lewis, F. G., American Baptist Hist. Soc. 

Libbey, William, N. Y. Hist. Soc. N. J. Hist. Soe. 

Lindley, Harlow, Ind. Hist. Soc., Ind Hist Commission. 

McGeorge, W., Gloucester Co. Hist. Soc. 

Magee, D. H., Lancaster Co. Hist. Soc. 

Montgomery, Thomas L., Pa. Hist. Soc., Pa. Hist. Commission, Dauphin Co. 
Hist. Soc. 


FOURTEENTH ANNUAL CONFERENCE HISTORICAL SOCIETIES. 


Myers, A. C., Delaware Co. Hist. Soc. 

Nead, D. M., Pa.-German Hist. Soc., Berks Co. Hist. Soe. 
Paine, Mrs. C. S., Miss. Valley Hist. Assoc. 

Paltsits, V. H., various societies, including Prince Soc., Me. 
Prince, L. Bradford, N. Mex. Hist. Soc., National Hist. Soc. 
Reilley, J., American Numismatic Soe. e 

Robinson, Morgan G., Va. Hist. Soe. 

Severance, F. H., Buffalo Hist. Soc. 

Shambaugh, B. F., Iowa State Hist. Soe. 

Shearer, A. H., Grosvenor Library. - 

Sioussat, Mrs. A. W., Colonial Dames. 

Smedley, Miss C., Frankford Hist. Soe. 

Sullivan, James, N. Y. Hist. Soc. 

Spofford, E. C., Pa. Hist. Soc. 

Turner, Joseph B., Presbyterian Hist. Soc. 

Wall, A. J., N. Y. Hist. Soc. 

Wren, Christopher, Wyoming Hist. and Geological Soe. 


183 


Avueustus H. Suearer, Secretary. 


APPENDIX. 


REPORTS OF HISTORICAL SOCIETIES, 19172 


NATIONAL, SECTIONAL, RELIGIOUS 


American Antiquarian Society. Worcester. 1812. 175 members. Waldo 
Lincoln; Charles L. Nichols. Mail to Clarence S. Brigham, librarian. 
Publications: Proceedings, 2 issues. Large additions of early newspapers, 
imprints, book-plates, genealogies, and general Americana. 

American Baptist Historical Society. Philadelphia; library, Chester, Pa. 
1853. Prof. Spencer B. Meeser, D. D.; Rev. John W. Lyell, D. D., 1701 
Chestnut St. Rearrangement of much of the library collection looking 
toward proper cataloging. 

American Catholic Historical Society. Philadelphia. 1884. 783 members. 
James M. Willcox; Jane Campbell, 715 Spruce St. Publications: Records of 
the American Catholic Historical Society, March, June, September, Decem- 
ber, 1917. Shelving and cases have been built in the newspaper and periodical 
rooms at a cost of $533. The library has received a valuable incunabulum, 
“Origen against Celsus,” the first book published by George Herolt, Rome, 
1481. : 

American Jewish Historical Society. New York City. 1892. 3878 members. 
Cyrus Adler; Albert M. Friedenberg, 38 Park Row. Publications: No. 25; 
Nos. 26 and 27 now in press. 

The American Numismatic Society. Broadway between 155th and 156th St., 
New York City. 1858. Nearly 400 members. Hdward T. Newell; Sydney 
P. Noe. Publications: American Journal of Numismatics; Proceedings of 
the American Numismatic Society. The medal to commemorate the decla- 
ration of war by the United States was issued in October. A collection of 
coins and medals relating to Luther and the German Reformation was on 
exhibition during November. An exhibition of the J. Pierpont Morgan 
loan collection of coins and medals was opened in December. 

American Society of Church History. 1888; merged in the American Historical 
Association, 1896; reorganized 1906; incorporated 1916. 155 members. Prof. 
David Schley Schaff, D. D.; Prof. Wm. Walker Rockwell, 3041 Broadway, 
New York, room 420. Publications: Papers of the American Society of 
Church History, second series, vol. 5. 


1JIn December, 1917, a questionnaire was sent to all historical societies which were 
known to be alive, others whose status was not known, to all general societies of an 
hereditary patriotic nature, and to such State societies of the latter class as were 
known to be interested in historical work. It was expected to publish a handbook of 
these societies in 1918, and as a result a very considerable number of replies was re- 
seived. In addition, in preparation for the handhook, societies which had ever reported 
to the conference were included, and those which were known from other sources. It 
was found impossible to publish the handbook in 1918; therefore the former procedure 
of publishing, in this form, was followed and this will be used as a basis for the hand- 
book in 1919. As a consequence there are more societies listed here than replies were 
received, and because the publication has been postponed, some statements have been 
changed, though no attempt to include facts later than 1917 has been made. 


185 


186 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


National Society Colonial Dames XVII Century. Organized 1914 in San Fran- 
cisco, at Panama Exposition during meeting of International Genealogical 
Society. Miss Stella Pickett Hardy, Batesville, Ark., president general; 
Miss Mary Florence Taney, secretary general, 309 H. 8rd St., Covington, 
Ky. Object, establishing chairs of historical research in colleges and uni- 
versities and a college of heraldry active in patriotic work. 

Colonial Daughters of America, National Society. 1907. Over 400 members. 
Miss Mary Florence Taney; Miss Florence May Washington, Nelson Place, 
Newport, Ky. Great activity in regard to preparedness; patriotic meetings; 
Red Cross work. Erected a fountain in memory of Mrs: John Barry Taylor 
(Betty Washington), first president general, Colonial Daughters. 

Daughters of the American Revolution, National Society. Memorial Continental 
Hall, Washington, D. C. 1890. 110,000 members. Mrs. George Thacher 
Guernsey; Miss Emma lL. Crowell, recording secretary general. Publica- 
tions: Daughters of the American Revolution Magazine (monthly) ; Report 
to the Smithsonian Institution; Proceedings of the twenty-sixth Continental 
congress, D. A. R.; Lineage Book, vols. 44 and 45. War Relief Service Com- 
mittee works for war relief. Property loaned to Government for the erection 
of temporary office building of National Council of Defense. Have added 
materially to society’s museum and library—to the museum, manuscripts and 
relics peculiar to the period of the Revolutionary War; to the library, his- 
torical and genealogical works, making the total number 8,175. 

Descendants of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence. Philadelphia. 
1907. 300 members. Col. W. Gordon McCabe; Carl Magee Kneass, Stone- 
leigh Court, Phila. Erection of tablets or monuments at the graves of all 
‘signers of the Declaration of Independence. Publication, in connection with 
the Sons of the American Revolution, of Biographies of the Signers. 

Historical Society of the Reformed Church in the United States, 40 members. 
Rey. James W. Crawford; Rey. Daniel G. Glass, Lancaster. Collections in 
storage in library of Theological Seminary of Reformed Church at Lancaster. 

Huguenot Society of America. 105 BH. 22nd St., New York City. 1883. 

Mayfiower Descendants, General Society. Made up of 17 State societies. 1897. 
3,200 members. Goy-gen., Leonard Wood; sec.-gen., Walter S. Allerton, 44 E. 
23rd St., New York City. At general congress held at Plymouth, Mass., Sept. 
6, 1918, plans were made for celebration in 1920. 

Mennonite Historical Association. Newton, Kans. 1911. 124 members. Rey. 
H. R. Voth, Goltry, Okla.; Rev. H. P. Krehbiel, Newton, Kans. Publications: 
Report to triennial conference. Worthy of report is the historical ma- 
terial collected and the increase in new members. 

Military Order of Foreign Wars of the U. S. 1895. About 1,000 members. 
Commander general, Brig. Gen. S. W. Fountain, U. S. A., retired; secretary 
general, Maj. David Banks, 23 Park Place, New York City. 

Mississippi Valley Historical Association, Lincoln, Nebr. 1907. 1,000 members. 
St. George L. Sioussat; Mrs. Clarence S. Paine, Lineoln. Publications: 
Mississippi Valley Historical Review, published quarterly; Proceedings, 
1915-16. 

Missouri Valley Historical Society. 300 members. Mrs. Nettie Thompson 
Grove, Kansas City, Mo. 

National Genealogical Society. Washington, D. C. Miss Cora C. Curry, 1020 
Monroe Street NW. Publication: Quarterly. 

National Historical Society. M. T. R. Washburn, 30 Hast Forty-second Street, 
New York City. 


REPORTS OF HISTORICAL SOCIETIES, 1917. 187 


Naval Historical Society. New York City. 1909, inc. 1912. 567 members. Col. 
Robert M. Thompson; Robert W. Neeser. Room ‘1618, 35 West Forty-second 
Street. Publications: The Dallas Papers. 

Scottish Historical Society of North America. 1911. 109 members. John 
Calder Gordon. 17 Milk Street, Boston. 

Society of the Army-of Santiago de Cuba. Washington, D. C. Organized July 
31, 1898, in the Governor’s Palace, Santiago de Cuba. ~ Approximately 1,000 
life members, 4,105 registered. Gen. A. A. Harbach; Col. Charles A. Williams, 
The Ontario, Washington, D. C. Eligibility to membership absolutely re- 
stricted to officers and enlisted men who worthily participated in the cam- 
paign between the dates of June 14 and July 17, 1898. 

Sons and Daughters of the Pilgrims, National Society. 1908, ine. 1910. Gov.- 
gen. R. W. Littlefield; Sec.-gen. and registrar, Thomas W. Bicknell, 207 
Doyle Street, Providence, R. I. Persons whose ancestors settled in any 
American colony before 1700 are eligible. Publication: The Colonial (quar- 
terly ). 

Swedish Historical Society of America. F. N. Andrén, Insurance Building, 
Chicago, Ill. 

United Confederate Veterans. Gen. W. E. Mickle, 820 Audubon Building, New 
Orleans, La. 

The Union Society of the Civil War. New York City. 1909. 325 members. 
Maj. Paul Dana; Walter Rysam Jones, 65 Park Avenue. 

United States Catholic Historical Society. New York City. 1884. 400 mem- 
bers. Stephen Farrelly; Joseph H. Fargis, 346 Convent Avenue. Publica- 
tions: Volumes 10 and 11 of official publication, “‘ Historical Records and 
Studies.” Prize of $100 given for essay contest among Catholic colleges, 
male and female, of the United States. Awarded to representative of George- 
town University, Mr. Louis A. Lange, subject, “The Marcus Whitman Myth 
and the Missionary History of Oregon.” 


ALABAMA, 


Alabama Anthropological Society. Montgomery. 1909. 24 active, 38 asso- 
ciate members. Thomas M. Owen; Peter A. Brannon, Box 358, Montgomery. 
Publications: Mise. Publications, III. 

Alabama Department of History and Archives. 1901. T. M. Owen, Mont- 
gomery. 

Alabama Historical Society. Montgomery. 1850, 1874, 1901. Thos. M. Owen, 
Montgomery. 3 

Alabama History Teachers’ Association. Meets with Alabama Educational 
Assoc. in different cities. 1915. 38 members. John B. Clark; David G. 
Chase, 2205 15th Ave., Birmingham. Publications: Annual Proceedings for 
past three years. The Association has a committee working with the teach- 
ers in an effort to secure material and increase the efficiency of patriotic 
teaching and work throughout the State. 

Iberville Historical Society. Mobile. Hon. F. G. Bromberg, Mobile. 

Tennessee Valley Historical Society. Guntersville. Hon. O. D. Street. 


ARIZONA. 
Arizona Pioneers’ Historical Society. 200 W. Congress St., Tucson. 1884, re- 


organized 1897. 247 members living, altogether over 600. Frederick Rou- 
stadt; John IW. Magee. 


188 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


ARKANSAS. 


Arkansas Historical Association. Fayetteville. 1902. A. CG. Miller; pe. 
Reynolds, Conway. Publications: Vol. 4. 
Arkansas Historical Commission. Little Rock. 1905. Dallas T. Herndon. 
This is a State board of nine members supported by State appropriations. 
Publications: Quarterly bulletins and biennial reports, the latter in cae. ia 
oration with the Arkansas Historical Association. . 


x 


CALIFORNIA, 


Academy of Pacific Coast History. Berkeley. H. Morse Stephens. 

California Genealogical Society. Sutro Branch of California State Library. 
cor. Sacramento and Webster Sts.. San Francisco. 1898. 229 members. 
Henry Byron Phillips; Sarah Louise Kimball, 202-G Kohl building, San Fran- 
cisco. Intended publishing a new roster in 1918. In February, 1917, the 
California Genealogical Society placed its library under the care of the deputy 
state librarian, Miss Laura Steffens, at the newly established Sutro Branch. 

California Historical Society. 1886. A. S. Hubbard. Masonic Temple, San 
Francisco. 

California Historical Survey. J. M. Guinn, 5539 Monte Vista St., Los Angeles. 

Historical Society of Southern California. Los Angeles. 1883. 75 members. 
Rockwell D. Hunt; J. M. Guinn, 5539 Monte Vista St. Publications: Col- 
lections, parts 1 and 2 of vol. X. ; 

Society of California Pioneers. 1850. John I. Spear, Pioneer Building, 5 
Pioneer Place, San Francisco. 

Sons of the Revolution in the State of California. State headquarters, 619-625 
Citizens’ National Bank Building, Los Angeles. 1893. 380 members. Orra 
E. Monnette; Nelson O. Rhoades. Publications: The Liberty Bell Quarterly, 
Gathering material for supplement to our book, Spirit of Patriotism. Over 
100 new members. Agitating need of fireproof building all our own, and 
ample endowment. About 500 volumes and pamphlets. Preserving current 
history in scrap books covering current events, California facts, Los Angeles 
facts, historical war pictures, war pamphlets. Genealogical departments in 
the following papers: Boston Transcript. Hartford Times, Norwalk (Conn.) 
Hour, Daily Argus (Portland, Me.), Newark News (N. J.), Desert News, 
etc. Gathering biographical material, however, in unorganized ways as yet. 
Can secure from National Museum at Washington large collection now there 
when we have fireproof building to accommodate same, 


COLORADO. 


State Historical and Natural History Society of Colorado. Denver. 1879. 
About 100 members. L. G. Carpenter; John Parsons. Publications: The 
Biennial Report of the Society, 1915-16. This is a State institution. e 


CONNECTICUT. 


Acorn Club. 1899. John Murphy; Lucius B. Barbour, H: rtford. 

Connecticut Academy of Arts and Science. New Haven. Dr. Geo. F. Haton, 
secretary (absent on naval work); Alexander W. Evans, acting secretary. 
The academy occasionally publishes historical works, but otherwise is not a 
historical agency. 


REPORTS OF HISTORICAL SOCIETIES, 1917. 189 


Mattatuck Historical Society. Waterbury. 1877. More than 1,000 members. 
Arthur Reed Kimball; Frederick Griswold Mason, P. O. B. 185, Waterbury. 
Publications: Ancient burying grounds of the town of Waterbury, together 
with other records of church and town, compiled and edited by Katherine 
A. Pritchard, 1917, being vol. II of the publications of the society, pp. 1-338. 
The Mattatuck Historical Society has given over practically its entire plant 
to the Waterbury chapter of the Red Cross for use in war work. Its museum 
cases and collections have been stored, and all work of this kind has been 
suspended for the period of the war. Eminent lecturers on various phases of 
the present war have talked to large audiences in Mattatuck Hall. The an- 
nual exhibition of paintings by American artists, however, was held as usual 
with marked success. In October a bronze tablet was erected in memory of 
Elisha Leavenworth, benefactor of the society. A second hand-book of the 
society is in course of preparation. 

Middleser County Historical Society. Middletown. 1902. 100 members. Rev. 
Azel W. Hazen, D. D.; W. J. Robinson, Middletown. Publications: Annual 
report. 

New Haven Colony Historical Society. New Haven. 1862. 400 members. 
Rey. W. A. Beardsley ; Thomas M. Prentice, 144 Grove Street. Publications: 
Ancient Records of New Haven, vol. 1, 1649-1672. 


DELAW ARE. 


Delaware Historical Society. Wilmington. Christopher L. Ward, Equitable 
Bldg. 1864. 225 members. The society had occupied the Old First Church 
building since its organization. Owing to the sale of the land on which the 
Old First Presbyterian Church (built 1740) stood and the building being un- 
suitable. our society purchased the Old Town Hall (1795) from the city of 
Wilmington for $91,000 and had plans for restoring and fireproofing the build- 
ing in 1917. The war made it necessary for the Red Cross to have a large 
building, and this being the only one available we at once stored our books 
and possessions of all kinds and turned over the entire building for Red Cross 
purposes. Prior to the purchase of the Old Town Hall we had purchased a 
fine building site and had plans prepared for a suitable society building. The 
sale of the old colonial Town Hall brought a demand from our citizens 
that the historical society secure it, which we ¢ould only do by purchase. 


< DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 


Columbia Historical Society. District of Columbia. 1894. 213 members. 
Allen C. Clark, 816 Fourteenth Street NW., Washington; Miss Maud Burr 
Morris. Publication: Records, vol. XX. 


FLORIDA. 


Florida Historical Society. Jacksonville. 1902. 
St. Augustine Institute of Science and History. 1884. 81 members. F. B. 
Matthews. Publication: Year Book. 


GEORGIA. 


Georgia Historical Association. Atlanta. 1917. Lucian LL. Knight. 

Georgia Historical Society. Savannah. 1839. 260 members. W. W. Mackall; 
Otis Ashmore. Publications: Proceedings of the Seventy-eighth Annual Meet- 
ing; The Georgia Historical Quarterly (W. Harden, ed.), 4 nos. 

\ 


190 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. Set. aes 
HAWAII. Hoag st 


Hawaiian Historical Society. Honolulu. 1892. Howard M. Ballou. 


ILLINOIS. 


Boone: County Historical Society. Belvidere. Richard V. Carpenter. 
_ Bureau County Historical Society. Princeton. 1912. Miss Fannie Moseley. 
Champaign County Historical Society. Champaign. 1899. EH. B. Greene. 
Chicago Historical Society. Chicago. 1856. 1,200, exclusive of 106 honorary 
and corresponding members. GC. A. Burley; Seymour Morris; Caroline M. 
Mcllvaine, asst. sec., Dearborn Ave. and Ontario St. Pulbications: Sixtieth — 
Anniversary Yearbook, 1916; Family History Questionnaire. Building over-— Tm 
hauled to bring fireproof methods up to date by way of wireglass, placing A 
fire extinguishers, ete. Lectures and museum work have been expanded 
along patriotic lines. Special effort has been made to collect war preparation 
literature and enlistment posters. The latter are displayed in the windows 
and on screens. The subject cataloguing of the library is making the re- 
sources more readily available than ever before. 
Colored Historical Society. 1905. In care of State Historical Society. Spring- 
freld. ~ * 
Evanston Historical Society. Evanston. 1898. About 150 members. Frank 
R. Grover; William C. Levere. J. Seymore Currey originated the society in 
1898, acted as secretary 8 years, and president 10 years, until January 29, 
1917. The collection now amounts to some 4,000 volumes, including pam- 
phlets, with a museum collection of considerable value. The rooms are in 2 * 
the Public Library building, but hopes are entertained for a new building. - wa 
Support comes chiefly from special contributions, also from dues ($1 a Sie: 
and city council votes $50 each year. a7 
German-American Historical Society. Chicago. 1900. 350 members. Dr. a a a 
L. Schmidt ; Max Baum, Room 1613, Mallers Building, 5 South Wabash ver : 
nue. Publications: Yearbook 1916, vol XVI of Geschichtsblatter. 
The Historical Society of Quincy. Quincy. 1896. 213 members. Joseph Ww. 
Emory; Miss Mary B. Bull, cor. sec., 1550 Maine St. ir 
Illinois Catholic Historical Society. Chicago. 1918. Wm. J. Onahan; James — 
Fitzgerald, 617 Ashland Ble¢k. Publishes Illinois Catholic Historical Hevea prt. 
(quarterly). ae 
Illinois Centennial Commission. Urbana. Mrs. Jessie Palmer Weber, es a 
field. This is a State commission, which organized a board of authors for 
the Centennial History of Illinois, in five volumes. It receives $8,500 an- 
nually. a 
Illinois Historical Survey. University of Illinois, Urbana. 1910. Clarence 
W. Alvord, 418 Lincoln Hall. The past year the survey purchased about 
6,000 pages of transcripts of material from the Archives Nationales of Paris __ 
bearing on Mississippi Valley and Illinois history, and 2,700 pages of tran- 
scripts from the Archivo General de Indias, Seville, relating to the Revolu- = 
tionary War and early Louisiana. The survey is cooperating with other Se 
historical agencies in five states in having a calendar made of the material Ay 
on western history in the State and other departments at Washington, D. C. — 
It is also cooperating with the Centennial Commission of Illinois in the work 
of publishing a five-volume history of the State. : 
Illinois Jewish Historical Society. 


REPORTS OF HISTORICAL SOCIETIES, 1917. 191 


Illinois State Historical Society. Springfield. 1890. 1,460 members. Otto L. 
Sehmidt; Mrs. Jessie P. Weber, Capitol Bldg. Publications: Quarterly 
Journal, Annual Transactions. On Oct. 5, 1918, the corner stone of a Cen- 
tennial Memorial Building was laid as a part of the State’s centennial 
observance. This building when completed will provide quarters for the 
State historical library and society. The Historical Society held a special 
centennial meeting in April, 1918. 

Jersey County Historical Society. Jerseyville. 1893. J. W. Vinson. 

Johnson County Historical Society. Vienna. J. C. R. Heaton. 

Kankakee County Historical Society. Kankakee. 1906. 54 members. Dr. 
B. F. Uran; Mrs. Orson B. Spencer. Interested in céntennial celebration of 
the State of Illinois, 1918. 

Knozr County Historical Society. Galesburg. 1905. Mrs. Charles A. Webster. 

La Salle County Historical Society. Ottawa. C.C. Glover. 

McCormick Historical Association. Chicago. 1885. Members of the Cyrus H. 
McCormick family and others by invitation. Herbert A. Keller, sec, 
675 Rush Street. New library building completed. Addition of numerous 
manuscripts, books, periodicals, and newspapers falling within the period 
1820-1900, relating to agriculture, the Presbyterian church, the Democratic 
Party, and mining, especially those which refer to harvesting machinery ; 
the Seminary of the Northwest; Presbyterian reunion sentiment; National, 
State, and local campaigns, 1860-1884; and search for gold in the Carolinas, 
1860-1884. Colonia] furniture sufficient for a room has been discovered. 

The McLean County Historical Society. Bloomington. Room 304, courthouse. 
1892.' 1,100 members. Henry McCormick; Dwight E. Frink. Publications 
authorized and under way. $50,000 building fund campaign inaugurated. 
Steady growth of museum. Completion of membership campaign in which 
about one thousand were added. Society cooperating in the celebration of 
the Illinois centennial. 

Macon County Historical Society. Decatur. Jolin F. Wicks. 

Macoupin County Historical Society. Carlinville. George Jordon. 

Madison County-Historical Society. Alton. Miss Julia Buckmaster. 

Manlius-Rutland Historical Society. Marseilles. 1907. Frank T. Neff. 

Maramech Historical Society. Plano. 1900. Geo. S. Faxon. 

Montgomery County Historical Society. Hillsboro. 1905. 25 members. E. C. 
Richards; A. T. Strange. Publications: A history of the county written by - 
the secretary, 1918. Have a small museum and adding to it from time to 
time. The county gives a room in the courthouse. 

Morgan County Historical Society. Jacksonville. 1904. Frank J. Heinl. 

New England Society of Rockford. Rockford. 1900. 

Peoria Historical Society. Peoria. 1903. E. S. Wilcox; Mrs. Helen Wilson. 

Pioneer Association of Will County. Joliet. 408 members. Hon. Dorrence 
Dibell; William W. Stevens. 

The Polo Historical Society. Polo. 1904. J. W. Clinton. 

Rock Island County Historical Society. Rock Island. John H. Hangerg. 

St. Clair County Historical Society. Belleville. 1905. E. W. Plegge. 

Sangamon County Old Settlers Association. Springfield. 1876. 

Tazewell County Historical Society. Pekin. Mrs. W. R. Curran. 

Whiteside County Historical Society. Sterling. 1903. L. C. Thorne; W. W. 
Davis. Income derived from city and contributions. Housed in city hall. 

Woodford County Historical Society. 1903. 66 members. L. J. Freese; Miss 
Amanda L. Jennings, Eureka. Preparing manuscript for a Bulletin of the 
History of the Society. 


192 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


INDIANA, 


Cass County Historical Society. Logansport. 1907. About 80 members. J. 
Z. Powell, M. D.; Mrs. Mary E. Ballard, 100 Market Street, Logansport. All 
activities suspended on account of war. 

Department of Indiana History and Archives. Indiana State Library, State- 
house, Indianapolis. 1913. Department of the State government. Harlow 
Lindley, director. Acquired papers and letters of John Tipton. 

Hikhart County Historical Society. Goshen. 1896. 25 members. H. §S. K. 
Bartholomew ; Miss Luella Barlow. The war has engrossed the people’s in- 
terest to such an extent that no more has been done than to hold the regular 
meetings and to provide for preserving the data relating to this county’s par- 
ticipation in the war. 

Franklin County Historical Society. Public Library, Brookyille. 

Gary Historical Society. Gary. 1915. 15 or 20 members. H. §S. Norton; 
Louis J. Bailey. Gary Public Library. Acquired the Baker Collection of 
Indian relics, small in number but choice specimens. Mr. Baker for many 
years was secretary of Northern Indiana Historical Society. Number of 
books added to library. Cooperating with Lake County Historical Society in 
promoting authorship of papers and distribution of personal record sheets. 

Grant County Historical Society. Marion. 30 members. I. M. Miller; R. L. 
Whitson. Income derived from dues. Housed in the city library, 

Hamilton County Historical Society. Noblesville. 1894. 

Harrison County Historical Society. Corydon. 1899. ; 

Henry County Historical Society. Newcastle. 1886. 100 members. : Adolph 
Rogers; John Thornburgh. 

Indiana Historical Commission. Indianapolis. 1915. Nine members appointed 
by the governor. Hon. James P. Goodrich, governor of Indiana, president; 
Harlow Lindley, secretary. State Library, Indianapolis. Publications: The 
Play—Party in Indiana. : 

Indiana Historical Society. Indianapolis. 1831. 100 members. Daniel Wait 
Howe; J. P. Dunn, Dept. of Indiana History, State Library. Publications: 
Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Meeting of the Ohio Valley Historical 
Association, edited by H. Lindley; Sieur de Vincennes identified, by Roy; 
Morgan’s Raid in Indiana, by Ewbank. : . 

Indiana Historical Survey. Bloomington. 1912. History faculty of uni- 
versity. Logan Hsarey, secretary. Publications: Indiana Magazine of His- 
tory (quarterly) ; three volumes of Publications. We have deyoted the year 
‘to completing our collections of Indiana State publications and to a collection 
of textbooks used in the schools during the last century. 

Jackson County Historical Society. Seymour. 1916. 40 members. Richard A. 
Cox; John H. Thomas, Medora. Publications: Newspapers only. No bul- 
letins issued yet, but will be in 1918. Erected three historical markers, in- 
cluding monument on site of Gen. Tipton’s battleground. Cooperates with 
schools and library of Seymour. Arranging for records of present war. 
Had an exhibit of relics in connection with Indiana centenary celebration in 
1916, so far as related to our county= ; 

Jay County Historical Association. Portland. 1913. 45 members. Dr. John 
W. Hall; Miss Mary EK. Boltin. Publications: Newspaper articles. Prepara- 
tions made to have published a list of articles on pioneer history of the 
county. 

Johnson County Historical Society. Wranklin. 

Knox County Historical Society. Vincennes. 1899. 


REPORTS OF HISTORICAL SOCIETIES, 1917. 193 


Kosciusko County Historical Society. Warsaw. 

La Porte County Historical Society. La Porte. 1906. Members, originally 
about 50, all pioneers or their descendants. William Niles; Mary Treat 
Clark, 1518 Michigan Ave. Headquarters at Public Library. Many inter- 
esting papers have been read and a tablet placed on site of old fort. Nearly 
all who were most deeply interested have passed away and it seems difficult 
to interest the present generation. Ten years ago we were younger and 
more alive. 

Madison County Historical Society. Anderson. 

Miami County Historical Society. Peru. 1916. 30 members. Hal C. Phelps; 
C. B. Cannon. We have a museum in the dome of the courthouse. Our 
hobby is the handicraft of our fathers. On each article we give a short 
family history. After our centennial we moved five wagon loads to the 
courthouse; much has been gathered since. Among the articles are pistol 
and scalping knife of She-pack-a-noh, the husband of Frances Slocum, the 
lost sister of Wyoming, and many other interesting articles. All articles 
are presented or loaned. 

Monroe County Historical Society. Bloomington. 1905. 27 members. Dr. 
Logan Hsarey; Dr. Ernest V. Shockley. 

Monigomery County Historical Society. Carnegie Library, Crawfordsville. 
1911. = 

Northern Indiana Historical Society. South Bend. 1895. 70 members. Dr. 
H. T. Montgomery; Frank A. Stover, 203 Citizens’ Bank Bldg. This society’s 
eollection of books and historical objects outranks any other collection in 
Indiana, being exceeded in this vicinity only by the Chicago Historical So- 
ciety. ; 

Old Settlers and Historical Association of Lake County. Public library, Crown 
Point. 

Owen County Historical Society. G. A. R. room, Spencer. 1916. 

Porter County Historical Society. New Library building, Valparaiso. 

Spencer County Historical Society. Rockport. 


IOWA. 


Davenport Academy of Sciences. Davenport. 1867. 300 members. George E. 
Decker; Edward K. Putnam, acting director. Collection of local historical 
material continued. The institution maintains its historical library and 
archives in a special room in a fireproof bulding. Mrs. Ruth Irish Preston 
is in charge. : 

Decatur County Historical Society. Decatur. About 150 members. Guy Ar- 
nold; Heman C. Smith, Lamoni. For several years the society has not mani- 
fested much activity. It is proposed to try to arouse a new interest in the 
summer of 1918. 

Historical Department of Iowa. Des Moines. 1892. Edgar A. Harlan. 

- Historical Society of Linn County. Cedar Rapids. 75 members. B. L. Wick; 
Luther A. Brewer. 

Jefferson County Historical Society. Glendale. 1903. Hiram Heaton. 

Lucas County Historical Society. Chariton. 200 members. Warren §8. Dun- 
gan; Mrs. F. H. Boynton. Income from members’ fees. One room in Public 
Library. 

The State Historical Society of Iowa. Lowa City. 1857. 650 members. 
Euclid Sanders; Benj. F. Shambaugh, superintendent. Publications: Iowa 
and War (series issued monthly); Biography of Samuel J. Kirkwood; 


88582°—19——13 


194 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


Marches of the Dragoons in the Mississippi Valley; Old Fort Snelling; and 
The Iowa Journal of History and Politics (issued quarterly). Since the 
beginning of the war emphasis is being placed on military and war history 
so far as the researches and publications of the society are concerned. 


KANSAS. 


Kansas State Historical Society. Topeka. 1876. Membership 1,500, includ- 
ing the newspapers of Kans. George P. Morehouse; Wm. EH. Connelley. 
Publications : List of Kansas Newspapers. Usual work; usual growth. 


KENTUCKY. 


Filson Club. Louisville. 1884. 200 members. Alfred Pirtle; Otto A. Rothert, 
1321 Starks Building. Publications: The Kentucky River Navigation, by 
Mary Virhoeff, 1917; The Anti-Slavery Movement in Kentucky prior to 
1850, by Asa Earl Martin, Ph. D., 1918. Meetings first Monday of every 
month except July and August. 

Kentucky State Historical Society. Frankfort. Mrs. Jennie C. Morton, secre- 
tary. Publications: Kentucky Historical Register. 


LOUISIANA. 


Louisiana Historical Society. New Orleans. 1836. 650 members active, 
10 honorary. Gaspar Cusachs; Robert Glenk, corresponding secretary; Miss 
Grace King, recording secretary, Cabildo, Jackson Square, New Orleans. 
Publications: Report and Proceedings for 1916-17; Louisiana Historical 
Quarterly. Louisiana Historical Quarterly publication begun. Plans matur- 
ing for great celebration of bicentennial of founding of New Orleans, Febru- 
ary 9, 10, 11, 1918. Laying of corner stone of proposed statue to Bienville, 
February 9, 1918. Committee sent by city of New Orleans to Paris to com- 
memorate with French Government events which lead up to founding of 
New Orleans, October 24, 1918. 


MAINE, 


Bangor Historical Society. Bangor. 1864. 225 members. Henry Lord; Hd- 
ward Mitchell Blanding. A year of reasonable activity with numerous ac- 
cessions to membership and important additions to museum and library. An- 
nual field day was held in early October at Indian Island, Old Town, Me., 
where the society donated an oak library table to the new Community House. 

Maine Genealogical Society. Portland. 1884. 250-300 members. LeRoy F. 
Tobie, 457 Cumberland. Avenue. On Jan. 1, 1917, total number of bound 
volumes, 3,943; pamphlets, 3,246. 

Maine Historical Society. 485 Congress Street, Portland. 1822 (in Bruns- 
wick). 292 members. Hon. James P. Baxter; Hon. W. D. Patterson, cor- 
responding sec.; Charles Thornton Libby, recording see. Publications: None 
in 1917. In 1916, vols. 21 to 24, Collections, documentary series. No appro- ~ 
priation from the State this year. Museum and collection of books and 
manuscripts are steadily growing. Winter course of lectures was well at- 
tended. Energy at present is spent in making available mass of material, 
which has never been catalogued. ; 

Piscataquis County Historical Society. Dover. 1908. 75 members. John 
Francis Sprague; Edgar Crosby Smith, corresponding secretary. 1917 has 
been a blank year; planning for activity in 1918. Propose to place memorial 
tablets at the birthplaces of Sir Hiram S. Maxim and Edgar Wilson Nye. 


REPORTS OF HISTORICAL SOCIETIES, 1917. 195 


MARYLAND. 


Historical Society of Harford County. Belair. A. Finney Galbreath; J. 
Alexis Shriver. : 

Maryland Historical Society. Baltimore. 1844. 772 members. Edwin War- 
field; Richard H. Spencer, corresponding sec. Publications: Mary- 
land Historical Magazine, vol. XII; Archives of Maryland (for the State), 
vol. 837. New building in course of erection. Genealogical collection of R. T. 
Semmes of Savannah, Ga., received by bequest. Several church records and 
burial-ground records copied and indexed. 

Methodist Protestant Historical Society. 316 North Charles Street, Baltimore. 
1912. 30 members. Rev. J. W. Trout; Rev. J. H. Straughn. The library 
consists of a collection of books, pamphlets, portraits, etc., on Methodism. 

Society of the Army and Navy of the Confederate States in the State of Mary- 
land. Baltimore. 1871. 860 members. Lieut. McHenry Howard; Capt. 
William L. Ritter, Reisterstown, Maryland. 

Society for the History of Germans in Maryland. Baltimore. 1886. 45 mem- 
bers. Dr. Ernest J. Becker; J. Leonard Hoffman. 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


Amherst Historical Society. Amherst. Organized 1899; incorporated 1903. 
83 regular, 27 life members. Mrs. Mabel Loomis Todd; Rev. Chas. S. Walker, 
Ph. D. The oldest house in town, built in 1744, was bequeathed to the society 
by Mrs. Felicia E. Welch, with small fund for maintenance, and was taken 
over by the society for its permanent home, October 1,'1916. Many additions 
to our excellent collection of local antiques have been made during the year. 
Mrs. Anson D. Morse, in memory of her husband, many years professor of 
history in Amherst College, has contributed the making and care of an old- 
fashioned garden on the grounds of the society. 

Arlington Historical Society. Arlington. 1897. Fred. C. Fowle. 

The Bay State Historical League. 1903. Composed of societies ranging in 
membership from 8 to 1,150. Sherwin L. Cook; Alexander Starbuck, 
Waltham, Mass. Publications: Proceedings. Meetings are held usually with 
local societies in various parts of the State, the purpose being to stimulate 
and unify the work of local associations, to obviate duplication of work, and 
to indicate the needed lines of endeavor. 

Bedford Historical Society. Bedford. 1898. 

Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. Pittsfield. 1878. 100 members. 
Joseph Pierson; Harlan H. Ballard. The society is an adjunct of the Berk- 
shire Athenseum and Museum, and maintains no separate collection. 

Beverly Historical Seciety. Beverly. 1891. 106 members. George H. Wood- 
berry; Rev. B. R. Bulkeley. 

Billerica Historical Society. Billerica. 1896. 57 members. Warren Stearns; 
Clara HE. Sexton. 

The Bostonian Society. The Old State House, Boston. 1881. About 1,150 

_members. Grenville H. Norcross; Charles F. Read. Publications: Annual 
Proceedings, 1917; Bostonian Society Publications, ser, 2, vol. II. 

Brookline Historical Society. 1891. 225 members. Edward W. Baker. 

Cambridge Historical Society. Cambridge. 1905. 200 members. William 
Roscoe Thayer; Samuel I’. Batchelder, 721 Tremont Building, Boston, Mass. 
Publications: Vol. X of Proceedings; Letters of John Holmes. Only the three 
stated meetings, with usual papers and addresses. 

Canton Historical Society. Canton. 1871. W. M. Tenney. 


fl 


196 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


Clinton Historical Society. Clinton. 1903. 108 members. Wellington FE. 
Parkhurst, 98 Cedar Street, Clinton. F. 'T. Holder endowment, $23,540. 

Club of Odd Volumes. Boston. 1886. 65 members. Henry W. Cunningham ; 
James P. Parmenter. 

The Colonial Society of Massachusetts. Boston. 1892. Membership, resident, 
96; corresponding, 28; honorary, 38. Fred Norris Robinson, Ph. D.; corre- 

_Sponding secretary, Rey. Charles Edwards Park, D. D. Address, Henry H. 
Hdes, treasurer, 30 State Street, Boston. Publication: Transactions, vol. 18, 
1915-16. A bequest of $20,000 from one of our resident members, to be added 
to the publications funds. The resident membership of the society is limited 
to 100 persons. f 

The Concord Antiquarian Society. Concord. 1886. 118 members. Adam 
Toiman; Henry F. Smith, jr. Occasional meetings held and papers read. 
Numerous articles added to the museum, including a large collection of Indian 
relics gathered in this locality. 

Connecticut Valley Historical Society. Springfield. 1876. Henry S. Booth. 
The society has about 250 members, and publishes Papers and Proceedings. 

Danvers Historical Society. Danvers. 1889. 

Dedham Historical Society. Dedham. 1859. 180 members. Julius H. Tuttle: 
Charles E. Mills, recording secretary ; Walter Austin, corresponding secretary. 
No publications since the suspension of the Dedham Historical Register in 
1898, except this year a list of Dedham’s Revolutionary soldiers, by Frank 
Smith. The society continues to hold monthly meetings from October to May, 
with_an average attendance of about 90; building, with library of several 
thousand volumes and collection of manuscripts and an interesting collection 
of historical relics, open every week-day afternoon, in charge of two assistant 
librarians. The society aims to encourage the interest in local and general 
history, and to identify itself with the best civic interests. - 

Dorchester Historical Society. Dorchester. 1891. 140 members. Edwin J. 
Lewis, jr.; Isaac T. Ripley, 7 Mt. Everett St. 


The Essex Institute. Salem. 1848. 589 members. William C. Endicott; — 


George Francis Dow. Publications: Historical Collections, vol. 53; Annual 
report; Inscriptions in Central Burying Ground, Boston; Probate records 
of Essex Co. quarterly courts, vol. 5; Vital record of Salem, vol. 1; Plumer 
Genealogy ; History of the Hastern Railroad; Visitors Guide to Salem (new 
edition) ; total, 2,688 printed pages. Purchased Pierce-Nichols House, built 
in Salem in 1783; the Hammond collection of clocks (152) and watches (31). 
Constructed an annex building to museum (28 by 56 feet) to contain the 
coarser furniture, tools, and utensils, transportation, basketry, stoves, etc. 
The library has acquired the Waters-Withington-Lea genealogical MSS., 
relating to English research, the largest collection now in the country, in- 
cluding abstracts of 50,000 wills, chancery proceedings, index of 75,000 
names, copies or abstracts from 600 parish registers, acts books, note books, 
ete. 

Fitchburg Historical Society. Grove St., Fitchburg. 1892. 225 members. 
Charles Fosdick; Ebenezer Bailey. - 

The Foxboro Historical Society. Foxboro. - 1898. 24 members at present, 
formerly much larger. Merton R. Wheeler; Miss Mary E. Clark. Our build- 
is unique in that it was years ago a reservoir for one or two families then 
in town, consequently the walls being about a foot and a little over in thick- 
ness, it is fireproof; round in shape. The hill on which it is built formerly 
was called Beacon Hill because beacons first were built upon it. Have a 
very large collection of articles. 


her 


| oe 


"REPORTS OF HISTORICAL SOCIETIES, 1917. 197 


Groton Historical Society. Groton. 1894. 

The Harvard Commission on Western History. Cambridge. 1912. 13 mem- 
bers. Andrew McF. Davis, chairman; Roger Pierce, secretary. Address, 
Thomas P. Martin, archivist, Room 47, Widener Memorial Library, Cam- 
bridge. An account of the recent acquisitions of the commission is printed 
in the Mississippi Valley Historical Review for September, 1917. Three 
scrap books of ancient advertising matter in connection with the sale of the 
Nebraska Land Grant, have recently been added. 

Harvard History Club. Cambridge. 40 members. R. F. Arragon, 62 College 
House. : 

Haverhill Historical Society. Haverhill. 1897. 300 members. E. G. Froth- 
ingham; Mrs. Mabel D. Mason, corresponding secretary, 3 Belvidere Road. 
At the present time we are building a fireproof assembly hall to seat 200, 
with cases around the sides, the gift of two members. This is joined to our 
main building, ‘‘The Buttonwoods,”’ a fine old colonial home with very 
large fireproof room: ‘ 

Hingham Historical Society. Hingham. 1914. 94 members. Charles Benja- 
min Barnes; William Wallace Dunt, clerk and secretary. P. O. box 25. 
Publication No. 1, The Old Salt Works, by Orrin Brewster Sears. Gifts re- 
ceived, 98 commissions, tax lists, and (manuscript) public papers relating 
to Hingham. Cooperated with Commonwealth in reinstating original names 
to highways in town. Furnished entertainment to marines and jackies sta- 
tioned at Naval Reservation and Camp Hingham. Compiled epitaphs in all 
cemeteries and private burial tombs in Hingham. Supported Liberty Bond 
and Red Cross drives. Collected recerds of soldiers, sailors, and marines, 
natives and citizens of Hingham. 

Historical and Natural History Society of Dover and Vicinity. Dover. 1895, 
ine. 1900. 175 members. Frank Smith, 125 Court Street, Dedham; Mrs. 
Sarah Higgins. Publications: Genealogical Sketches, by Frank Smith. 

Historical Society of Old Newbury. Newburyport. 400 members. Harriet E. 
Jones, 34 Boardman St. 

Historical Society of Watertown. 1888. Walter C. Stone. 

Holliston Historical Society. Holliston. 1910. 200 members. Willis A. 
Kingsbury ; Frank Haviland. 

Hyde Park Historical Society. Hyde Park. 1887. Now 55 members. Quite a 
loss by death during the past year. Horace Summer; Mrs. Herbert 
Greenwood,-1065 River St. 

Ipswich Historical Society. Ipswich. 1890. Thomas Franklin Waters. 

Leominster Historical Society. Leominster. 1906. 250 members. Charles K. 
Davis; Wm. H. Durant, 45 Mt. Pleasant Ave. 

Lexington Historical Society. Lexington. 1886. 300 members. Herbert G. 
Locke; Miss Mabel P. Cook. 

Littleton Historical Society. Littleton. 1894. The society has 15 members 
and possesses two cases of relics. Miss S. F. White. 

Lowell Historical Society. Lowell. Francis Appleton, care Lock$ and Canals 
Co. The society has about 200 members and $1,500. 

Lynn Historical Society. Lynn. 765 members. William E. Dorman. Books, 
2,500. 

Malden Historical Society. Malden. 1886. 160 members. Hon. Charles FE. 
Mann; Geo. W. Chamberlain, 29 Hillside Avenue. Publications: Register 
No. 5. The library has been arranged so that it is accessible to members and 
special students of local history. 


198 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


Marblehead Historical Society. 1898, inc. 1902. 450 members. Hon Wm. D. T. 
Trefry ; Miss Hannah Tutt, 15 Washington Street. 

Massachusetts Historical Society. 1154 Boylston Street, Boston. 1791. 100 
resident members, 50 corresponding, 10 honorary. Hon. Henry Cabot Lodge; 
Edward Stanwood, recording secretary; Wm. R. Thayer, corresponding secre- 
tary. Publications: Proceedings, vol. 50 (October, 1916—June, 1917) ; Collec- 
tions, vol. 72 (Warren—Adams Letters, vol. 1, 1743-1777). 

Massachusetts Society of Mayflower Descendants. 53 Mt. Vernon St., Boston. 
1896. Governor Rev. Frederick B. Allen; George Ernest Bowman. Publica- 
tions: The Mayflower Descendant (a quarterly), vol. 19; Pilgrim Notes and 
Queries (8 times a year), vol. 5. 

Medfield Historical Society. Medfield. 1891. 34 members, some not active and 
ministers excused from paying dues, but few charter members left. Rev. 
Albert E. Hylan; Harriet A. Fowle. A small country society can not afford 
yearly publications. Since the Town History by a member, and a catechism 
for schools made from it by another member, and a few souvenir booklets 
for the town’s two hundred and fiftieth anniversary, nothing has been pub- 
lished. After storing most of our belongings for several years, though we 
have held quarterly meetings, we are to have the use of one room in the 
new Historical Library, and have moved in part of our things. We are to 
share the room for meetings with the Civic Association. The town select- 
men never have become much interested in historical societies, and required 
the room we used to occupy in the town hall building. We received this year, 
an etching by J. A. S. Monks, the sheep painter, once resident in Medfield, 
also other pictures and books, and a little money. We have always cooper- 
ated with the public schools, as much as possible. Lately we have had a 
few gifts from the Public Library trustees, and from a former member, now 
non-resident. This year our members spent most of their strength and money 
on war work, so we have little regular work to report. We have added 
homestead papers to our books of homesteads, this year, and have about 
25 prominent homesteads already, with more promised. The town dates back 
to 1651. 

Medford Historical Society. Medford. 1896. 150 members. Moses W. 
Mann; Geo. 8. V. Fuller, corresponding secretary, 7 Alfred St. Publication: 
Historical Register, vol. 20. Have erected a new building at a cost of 
about $5,000. 

Medway Historical Society. Medway. 1901. 75 members. Herbert N. Hixon; 
Ambrose R. Saunders, U. 8S. N.; David B. Hixon, acting secretary, West 
Medway. A number of valuable genealogical books added, given by children 
of former members. April, 1917, patriotic meeting to which town officers, 
patriotic societies and townspeople were invited; June 17, memorial exer- 
cises to revolutionary soldiers of Medway, boy scouts and S. of VY. invited 
to assist in decorating graves.. We make a special effort to interest the 
young people of our village. We always have music at the meeting, which 
is followed by refreshments with social, at which old and young join in a 
“ Virginia reel.” We have done this for 6 or 8 years and the historical 
society holds a unique place in our community life, the old, young and middle- 
aged come together with no constraint and join in the social, and the young 
feel a loyalty for their town and for their historical society. 

Mendon Historical Society. Mendon. 1897. 200 members. Mrs. L. W. Hol- 
brook. 

Methuen Historical Society. Methuen. 1895. 110 members. Joseph 8. Howe; 
Elizabeth B. Currier. 


a a a 


—_— << 


—_— 


REPORTS OF HISTORICAL SOCIETIES, 1917. 199 


Military Historical Society of Massachusetis. Cadet Armory, Columbus Ave- 
nue, Boston. 1876, ine. 1891. About 200 members. Colonel Thomas L. 
Livermore; William Ropes Trask. About to publish our volume 14, consiSt- 
ing of papers read before the society. 

Milton Historical Society. Milton. 1904. 357 members. Nathaniel T. Kid- 
der; Eleanor P. Martin, recording secretary; Alice C. Breck, corresponding 
secretary. Publications: Twelfth Annual Report. Bibliography of Milton, 
in preparation ; also an Index to History of Milton, Teele, 1887. 

Nantucket Historical Association. Nantucket. 1894. Mrs. Elizabeth C. 
Bennett. 

New England Catholic Historical Society. Boston. 1901. W. A. Leahy, 64 
Pemberton Square. : 

New England Historic Genealogical Society. 9 Ashburton Place, Boston. 1844. 
1,345 members. James Phinney Baxter, Portland Me., recording secretary ; 
Alfred Johnson, Brookline, Mass., corresponding secretary ; G. Andrews Mori- 
arty, jr., Newport, R. I. Publications: New England Historical and Genea- 
logical Register (quarterly with supplement, about 500 pages) ; Hast Bridge- 
water, Charlemont, and Windsor Vital Records. 

New England Methodist Historical Society. 1881. Rev. George F. Durgin, 36 
Bromfield Street, Boston. 

Newton Historical Society. 1902. Frank A. Mason, 31 Milk Street, room 210, 
Boston. 

Oakham Historical Society. Oakham. 1899. ‘62 members. Prof. Henry P. 
Wright; Dr. Henry B. Wright, Oakham, Mass. The president and secretary 
are writing the history of the town of Oakham, 2 vols. with genealogies. 
The society has a room in the library building and a collection of antique 
articles of historic worth. 

Old Planters’ Society. Salem. 1899, inc. 1908. Dr. Frank A. Gardner; Miss 
Lucie M. Gardner, 4 Lynde Street. Several public meetings at which ad- 
dresses have been given on various phases of New England life and activity 
and early history of Massachusetts towns. 

Old South Association in Boston. Washington St., Boston. 1877. 100 mem- 
bers. Charles W. Eliot; Courtenay Crocker, 845 Tremont Bldg. Publications: 
Leaflets, “‘ William Knox on American Taxation, 1769”; “John Quincy 
Adams and others on the Peace of Ghent, 1814”; “The Treaty of Ghent and 
Negotiations that followed, 1814-1818”; “The Triumph of the Union, by 
Charles De Montalembert in 1865.” 

Orange Historical and Antiquarian Society. Orange. Mrs. C. M. Mayo, 24 
Winter St. The society has 20 members and a room in the Wheeler Memorial 
Library. 

Peabody Historical Society. Peabody. 1896. Mrs. Elizabeth C. Osborn, Warren 
National Bank Building, Peabody Square. 

Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association. Deerfield. 1870. M. Elizabeth 
Stebbins. 

Prince Society. Boston. 1858. Albert Matthews, 12 Bosworth Street. 

Quinabaug Historical Society. Southbridge. 1899. 125 members. John M. 
Cochran; Mary EH. Clemence, 5 South Street. Publications: We have two 
volumes of 25 papers each printed and bound and eight leaflets printed but 

_ not bound. 

Quincy Historical Society. Quincy. 1893; Elizabeth H. Alden. 

Roxbury Historical Society. Roxbury. Organized as Roxbury Military His- 
torical Society, 1891; reorganized 1901. 3 honorary, 10 life, 299 regular 
members. Sherwin L. Cook; Walter R. Meins, Municipal Court Building. 


~ 


200 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


Publications: Yearbook for 1917. During 1917, Roxbury High Fort, a Revo- 
lutionary landmark, having been restored to its original appearance, includ- 
ing replicas of Revolutionary cannon, was dedicated as a public park. A 
patriotic parade followed. All was under direction of this society. The 
society also observed its 25th anniversary by a banquet, and entertained the 
Bay State Historical League in October. ‘ 


Rumford Historical Association. North Woburn. 1877. 200 members. Wil-_ 


liam R. Cutter; Andrew R. Linsett, 2 Poole Street. 

Sharon Historical Society. Sharon. 1903. 75 members. Edmund H. Hewins; 
John G. Phillips. : 

Shepard Historical Society. Cambridge. 1889. 25-40, average membership. 
Rev. Raymond Calkins; Miss Marion F. Lansing, corner Garden and Mason 
Streets. . 

Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities. Boston. 1910. 1,593 
members. Charles Knowles Bolton; William S. Appleton. Publications: 
Bulletin. We moved into our own building, the old Harrison Gray Otis 
house, 2 Lynde Street, Boston, which is now our headquarters. Work of 
restoration is temporarily halted by the war. All our collections are grow- 
ing better and faster than normally. 

South Natick Historical Society and Natural History and Library Society. 
South Natick. 1873. About 100 members. Mrs. Mary Esty; Mrs. Martha 
Bean. Museum room open to visitors free on Wednesday and Saturday p. m. 
2.30 till 5.30 in Bacon Free Library building, except on holidays. 

Swampscott Historical Society. Swampscott. 1905. Rev. G. A. Jackson. 

Topsfield Historical Society. Topsfield. 1894. 253 members. Charles J. Pea- 
body ; George Francis Dow. Publications: Historical Collections, vol. 22. 

Unitarian Historical Society. 25 Beacon St., Boston. 1902. George Hale 
Reed. 

Wakefield Historical Society. Wakefield. 1905. Fred M. Young. 

Westboro Historical Society. Westboro. 1889. 130 members. Charles M. 
Packard; Miss Geneva A. Perry. Early in the year we rented a hall for a 
term of years. In the spring we added about 50 members. Nov. 16, 1917, 
the society celebrated the two hundredth anniversary of the settlement of the 
town. We hold monthly meetings; 1917-18 program consisted of annual 
meeting, two entertainments, two socials, one musical, two lectures, and 
field day. . 

Winthrop Improvement and Historical Association. Winthrop. 1903. 215 
members. Elmer E. Dawson; Mrs. Lucy Hall Greenlaw, 47 Sunnyside ave- 
nue. Association owns its house, which was built about 1640, and is the 
home of Deane Winthrop, son of Gov. John Winthrop, first governor of Mas- 
sachusetts Bay Colony. It owns a museum and historical collection per- 
taining to local history and families. As its name implies, the society is 
also active in civie interests. As the house is often crowded to capacity, the 
association looks forward to a new auditorium in the future, 

Worcester Society of Antiquity. Worcester. 1875. Walter Davidson, 39 Salis- 
bury St. 


MICHIGAN. 


Antrim County Pioneer Association. Central Lake, Antrim County. There was 
a flourishing Pioneer Association here in this county for a number of years, 
but many of the old settlers having passed away, it was allowed to lapse, and 
last winter a few gathered in the courthouse at Bellaire and reorganized ; 
the meetings to be held at the courthouse, and the use of a vault in the 
judge of probate’s office to keep records and mementoes was tendered. The 


REPORTS OF HISTORICAL SOCIETIES, 1917. 201 


officers elected were Dempster H. Stebbins, president; Mary Morrow, secre- 
tary. There is so much to do on account of the war, with the Red Cross, 
Y. M. C. A., and other matters that no meeting has been called since, but we 
are only waiting, not dead. 

Barry County Pioneer and Historical Society. Hastings. 1873. Approxi- 
mately 200 members. Hon. W. W. Potter; Hon. Charles A. Weissert, Hastings, 
Mich. No publications are official. Historical papers prepared for the annual 
meetings are always published in local newspapers. This society has under- 
taken the task of placing monuments on historical places in Barry County. 
The site of the American Fur Co.’s post, established in 1828 at Bull’s prairie 
near Hastings, has been commemorated with a handsome field-stone monu- 
ment bearing a bronze tablet. Other places will be marked. 

Charlevoix Historical Society. Charlevoix. 1879. About 100 members. Bray- 
ton Saltonstall; Miss Mary H, Clarke, 408 Mason Street. Publications: 
Usual program and Yearbook. Celebrated July 31, 1917, the 196th anni- 
versary of passing of Father Charlevoix along our shores. 

Clinton County Pioneer Society. St. Johns. 1874. About 1,600 names en- 
rolled on record book, many dead. Theo. H. Townsend; Mrs. C. D. Pearce, 
Dewitt. Publications: Reports of annual meeting in June and Pioneer picnic 
in August. Sixteen historians were appointed a few years ago-to collect 
historical facts from each township in Clinton Co. Histories not complete 
yet. : 

Delta County Pioneer and Historical Society. Fscanaba. 1916. 73 members. 
¥, X. Barth; Miss Lura HE. Brubaker, Carnegie Public Library, Escanaba. 
Historical Society of Branch County. Coldwater. 1902. 10 members. ~ Hon. 
Henry E. Straight; Rev. H. P. Collin, 98 East Chicago Street. The society 
has made a collection, as nearly complete as possible, of all newspapers ever 

published in the county, from 1841. 

Historical Society of Grand Rapids. Grand Rapids. 1895. 42 members. 
Roger W. Butterfield; Samuel H. Ranck, Grand Rapids Library. 

Huron County Pioneer and Historical Society. Bad Axe. 1914. 104 members. 
W. F. Bope; Florence M. Gwinn, Pigeon; address for mail, W. F. Bope, 
Bad Axe. Publications: Sketches given by pioneers were published by the 
county papers in full. 12 new members. Held a picnic at Bad Axe, June, 
1917, pioneers giving sketches of the earlier days in the county. The sec- 
retary is gathering material for a history of the county in the near future. 
Expect to have a midwinter meeting at which articles in use in pioneer days 
will be exhibited. 

Keweenaw Historical Society. Copper Country of Michigan; headquarters, 
Houghton. 1912. 150 members. J. T. Reeder; J. A. Doelle. Bibliography 
of region prepared and edited by J. A. Doelle. 

Michigan Historical Commission. Lansing. 1913. Six members, appointed by 
governor, with governor ex officio. Claude H. Van Tyne; George N. Fuller, 
Lansing. Publications: Fuller, Economie and Social Beginnings of Michi- 
gan; Harris, Public Life of Zachariah Chandler. Appropriation increased 
from $6,000 to $15,000; archives in State capitol partially listed; several 
minor publications issued; Michigan History Magazine begun, quarterly, 
no. 1, July, 1917, no. 2, Oct. closed vol. 1. 

Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society. Lansing. 1874. 800 members. Hon. 
Augustus C. Carton; George N. Fuller, Lansing. Publishing activities taken 
over by the Michigan Historical Commission in 1913. Membership and 
museum collections materially increased; greatly increased interest in meet- 
ings (May, August and January), in different parts of the State; several new 
county societies organized on uniform plan as auxiliaries in the collecting of 


local materials. “ 


202° AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


St. Joseph County Historical and Pioneer Society. Centreville. 1873. Not a 
close association; everyone is a member who has resided in the county 20 
years. Henry Worthington; Frank S. Cummings. Publications: Newspaper 
reports of annual meeting on the second Wednesday in June. Very consider- 
able additions were made to the county musuem in 1916-17, 


MINNESOTA, 
Canby Old Settlers Association. Canby. 


Danish Pioneers. Minneapolis. 
Lake Pepin Valley Old Settlers Association. Wake City. 


Minnesota Historical Society. St. Paul. 1849. Charles P. Noyes; Solon J. 


Buck, St. Paul. Publications: Minnesota History Bulletin, vol. 2, nos. 1-4; 
Nineteenth Biennial Report. New $500,000 building erected by the State for 
the society and the State archives completed and dedicated, 1918. 

Minnesota Territoriai Pioneers. Old Capitol Building, St. Paul. 1897. 3,000 
members. George H. Hazard. 

Old Settlers Historical Society, of Pipestone. Pipestone City. 1880. 100 mem- 
bers. Charles H. Burnett. 

Winona County Old Settiers Association. Winona. 


MISSISSIPPI, 


Mississippi Department of Archives and History. Jackson. 1902, by act of 
legislature. Board of trustees, nine members; executive officer, Dunbar 
Rowland, director. In charge of archives, art gallery, and museum, historical 
manuscripts, historical library, diffusion of knowledge of Mississippi history. 
Over 1,000,000 historical documents collected, scientifically classified, and 
guide published. Collections from French archives, 34 volumes; from English, 
20 volumes; from Spanish, 9 volumes. Collection of Mississippi newspapers, 
files, 1805-1919. Publications: Twenty-one volumes of historical sources, 
registers, reports. Recent publication, Letter Books of Gov. W. C. C. 
Claiborne, 6 volumes. 


Mississippi Historical Society. Jackson. 1890, reorganized 1898. Dunbar 


Rowland. Publications: 15 vols. to 1914; new series, “Centenary series” 
in honor of one hundredth anniversary of the State’s admission to the Union. 
- 
MISSOURI. 


Missouri Baptist Historical Society. Liberty. 1886. 36 members. Prof. R. P. 
Rider; Dr. E. C. Griffith, 315 N. Lightburne St. Publications: Vol. 3, Mis- 
souri Baptist Biography. 

Missouri Historical Society. St. Louis. 1866. 608 members. Hon. David R. 
Francis; Mr. Charles Parsons Pettus, Jefferson Memorial. Publications: 
Thomas James, Three years among the Indians and Mexicans (Waterloo, 
1846), edited with notes and biographical sketches by Judge Walter B. 
Douglas; Walter B. Stevens, A Reporter’s Lincoln. Unusual collection of 
firearms, two large collections of books, historical and genealogical, manu- 
scripts relating to fur trade and the West. 

Pike County Historical Society. Louisiana. 1904. 100 members. F. D. 
Stechter; Clayton Keith, M. D., 2105 Georgia St. Publications: Sketch of the 
Jackson family; Military History of Pike County. Dedicated a stone and 
bronze marker at the site of old Buffalo Fort near Louisiana, Mo. 


2 


7 REPORTS OF HISTORICAL SOCIETIES, 1917. 203 


The State Historical Society of Missouri. Columbia. 1898. 550 pay members; 
500 editorial; 200 exchange. Dr. Walter B. Stevens; Floyd C. Shoemaker. 
Publications: The Missouri Historical Review. Additions: Over 600 volumes 
of old Missouri newspapers, 1850-1898. 


MONTANA, 


State Historical and Miscellaneous Library. Helena. Organized as State 
Historical Society, 1865. No members. C. B. Power; F. F. Steele; W. Y. 
Pemberton, librarian. Publications: Contributions to the Historical So- 
ciety of Montana, vol. 8. 


NEBRASKA, 


Nebraska State Historical Society. Lincoln. 1878. 1,300 members. Samuel 
C. Bassett; Addison E. Sheldon, Station A, Lincoln. Publications: Vol. 18; 
The Veto Power in Nebraska, pamphlet. Close cooperation arranged and 
ratified by governing bodies of the historical society, legislative reference 
bureau, university history departments, university library, and Nebraska 
Society Sons of the American Revolution, and Nebraska Society Daughters 
of the American Revolution. The special situation in Nebraska created 
during the past year warrants an additional note of information: In Janu- 
ary last the director of the legislative reference bureau was elected superin- 
tendent and secretary of the State Historical Society. One of the main 
purposes in this action by the historical society was to unite and coordinate 
the work of research in Nebraska history and ethnology under one head. 
At the same time was unanimously ratified the report of a committee whose 
members were appointed by the historical society, the State university, and 
the State librarian. This report contemplates the erection of a historical and 
university library building on the university campus which shall house all 
the State-supported libraries at the capitol except the law library at the State 
house. In pursuance of this policy of unification the present director of the 
reference bureau and superintendent of the historical society was unani- 
mously elected secretary and registrar of the Nebraska Society Sons of the 
American Revolution, and the library and archives of that society removed 
from Omaha to the historical society’s rooms. There also are the principal 
collections of the Nebraska Society Daughters of the American Revolution. 


NEVADA... 


The Nevada Historical Society. Reno. 1904. About 200 members. Judge G. 
F. Talbot; Miss Jeanne BE. Wier, 844 North Center St. Publications: Nevada 
Historical Society Papers, vol. 1; Pageant of Nevada History. History of 
Taxation in Nevada, now in press. 


NEW HAMPSHIRE. 


The New Hampshire Genealogicat Society. Dover. 1903. Hon. A. G. Whitte- 
more; Fred E. Quimby, City Hall, Dover. 

New Hampshire Historical Society. Concord. 1823. 700 members. Frank 
N. Parsons; Otis G. Hammond. Publications: Proceedings, vol. 5. 

Manchester Historic Association. Manchester. 1896. 230 members. William 
P. Farmer; Fred GC. Lamb, 452 Merrimack St. Publications: 1917 meeting; 
in previous years, 12 vols. of Collections. Collections of relics, which are lo- 


204 , AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


cated in two fine, large. well-lighted rooms in the Carpenter Memorial Public 
Library, are growing fast. Open to public on Saturday afternoons, 2 to 5 
p.m. Fred W. Lamb, curator. Include Gen. John Stark relics, Indian relics, 
Military uniforms and equipment of the earlier years in our locality; old 
prints and portraits of the early settlers, guns, instruments, and old utensils 
of the olden times, ete. 

NEW JERSEY, 


Bergen County Historical Society. Hackensack. 1902. 130 members. Cor- 
nelius V. R. Bogert; Theodore Romaine, Main St., Hackensack. Publications: 
Annual papers and proceedings, 1917; Gen. Greene’s orderly book (pertain- 
ing to Bergen Co.) ; Justices and Freeholders records, 1715-1782. We have the 
use of a large new room in the Johnson Public Library, making it possible 
for the installation of new cases in which our collections, classified, are ar- 
ranged and exhibited. The growing collection of colonial household articles 
and hardware, and valuable deeds, wills, ete., shows an encouraging interest 
in the society and its efforts. Among our many gifts are a number of the 
articles used in the wool industry. An exhibition of same, with an illustrated 
talk as to the methods of preparing the wool for knitting 100 years ago, was 
given during the Christmas holidays. Our society has under consideration 
the erection of a large wooden tablet on the lawn of the courthouse to bear 
the names of all the Bergen County boys enlisted in the war, the complete 
list to be kept on record in our rooms. The women’s auxiliary are planning 
for a Home Land textile exhibit. 

Gloucester County Historical Society. Woodbury. 1903. John G. Whitall; 
Wm. M. Carter. Publications: One pamphlet, embracing three papers, one by 
Isabella C. McGeorge. The Heroine of Red Bank; one by Dr. Wallace 
McGeorge, The Battle of Gloucester; and one by Dr. Wallace McGeorge, Lost 
Towns and Hamlets in Gloucester County. 

Hunterdon County Historical Society. Flemington. 1885. 51 members. Hugh 
C. Nevius; H. E. Deats. Marriage records of the county are being pub- 
lished by the librarian individually, and the members are working together 
in copying tombstone inscriptions which will be published. 

Monmouth County Historical Association. Red Bank. 275 members. John 
S. Applegate; Edward S. Atwood, 1 Broad Street. 

New Brunswick Historical Club. New Brunswick. 1870. About 75 members 
paying dues. Austin Scott; John H. Logan. Meetings have been held regu- 
larly (save for a short interval in the late seventies) and papers read monthly 
during 8 months of the year. Three pamphlets have been published. Further 
publication of local historical documents is proposed. 

New Jersey Historical Society. 16 West Park Street, Newark. 1845. 900 
members. Hon. Francis J. Swayze; A. V. D. Honeyman. Publications: 
New Jersey Archives, ist ser., vol. 29; 2d ser., vol. 5; Proceedings, fourth 
(new) ser., vol. 2. 

Princeton Historical Association. Princeton. 1900. EH. C. Richardson, Uni- 
versity Library. 

Salem County Historical Society. Salem. 1884. 70 members. Edward S. 
Sharpe, M. D.; George W. Price. Additions to the Duval collections of 
ceramics. Books and pamphlets added to the library. 

Somerset Historical Society. Somerville. About 100 members. Hor. James J. 
Bergen; John T. Reger. Publications: Somerset County Historical Quarterly. 

Vineland Historical and Antiquarian Society. Vineland. 1864, 42 members. 
Dr. Joseph A. Conwell; Frank D. Andrews. Publications: Annual report. 
Addition to the museum of a collection of Indian relics from Cape May Co., 


‘ REPORTS OF HISTORICAL SOCIETIES, 1917. 205 


Indian pottery, modern Indian jewelry, basket work, etc., collected by the 
: late Frank Leaming of Cape May Court House and presented to the society 
by Mr. Leaming. 

Women’s Burlington County Historical Society. Burlington. 1915. 318 mem- 
bers. Miss Rebekah B. Wells; Mrs. George D. McIlvaine, Beverly. Special 
committees on current history, early schools, old mills, samplers, King’s 
Highway, noted men, membership, entertainment, Y. M. C. A. pageant, ete. 
Genealogical room. Indian, Civil War, Revolutionary, and Colonial relics 
added, also books. New Jersey Society (women’s branch) held mid-winter 
meeting in Burlington. 


NEW MEXICO. 


New Mexico Historical Society. Santa Fe. 1859. 100 members. L. Brad- 
ford Prince, LL. D.; M. M. Berger, Belen. Established department of 
patriotic pictures, photographs of all engaged in war of 1917. 


NEW YORK. 


Albany Institute and Historical and Art Society. 400 members. J. Townsend 
Lansing; William Gorham Rice. We have a course of lectures during the 
winter and various exhibits during the year. Our permanent collections 
consist of works of art, paintings, sculpture, china, and historical relics. 

Brooklyn Catholic Historical Society. Brooklyn. 

Buffalo Historical Society. 1862. Approximately T00 members. Hon. Henry W. 
Hill; Frank H. Severance, Historical Building, Buffalo. Publications: Sever- 
ance, An Old Frontier of France, 2 vols., constituting vols. 20 and 21, Buffalo 
Historical Society, Publications series, published for the general trade by 
Dodd, Mead & Co., N. Y.; Report of annual meeting. Accession to MSS. collec- 
tions: The Porteous Papers, gift of Mr. Henry R. Howland; important for 
study of trade and traffic conditions, New York and Canada, latter half of 
18th century. This institution shared in forming a Federation of Historical 
Societies of the old Genesee Country (New York west of Seneca Lake), June 
1917. In preparation for publication in 1918: The Journals and Letters of 
Samuel Kirkland, missionary to the Senecas and Oneidas, Government agent 
and founder of Hamilton College. 

Canisteo Valley Historical Society. Hornell. 

City History Club of New York. New York. 1896, ine. 1897. About 200 sup- 
porting members (student members fluctuating). Mrs. A. Barton Hepburn; 
Mrs. Carr Van Anda, 105 West Fortieth Street. Publications: The Beaver, 
3 issues. Held an exhibition of historical scrapbooks and albums of old 
New York. Children engaged in Red Cross work of all sorts. Marked two 
historical milestones in New York with ceremonies. 

Dutchess County Historical Society. Pleasant Valley. 

Falls House Memorial Collection. Newburgh. William Stanbrough. 

Flushing Historical Society. Flushing. Leon C. Case. 

Genesee Country Historical Federation. 1917. Sanford D. Van Alstine, Pal- 
mnyra. 15 societies are members. 

Geneva Historical Society. Geneva. Katherine S. B. Duryea. 

Herkimer County Historical Society. Herkimer. 1896. 200 members. Arthur 

_ T. Smith. Occupies room in Public Library. 

Historical and Genealogical Society of the town of Cortland. Peekskill 


206 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


Historical Society of Newburgh Bay. and the Highlands. Newburgh. 1883. 
W. C. Belknap, 112 ist St. 
Historical Society of Saratoga, including the upper Hudson, Lake George, and 
Lake Champlain. Saratoga Springs. 1883. 125 members. James Madison 
Andrews; Irving I. Goldsmith. Society maintains a museum in the Saratoga 
Casino; includes a large and rare collection of Indian arrowheads. Preserves 
a record of important current local events, and is preparing a history of 

Saratoga Springs from the time of the arrival of the first settlers. 

Holland Purchase Historical Society, Batavia. Before 1893. 250 members. 
Mrs. Frances Thomas; L. W. Griswold; address for mail, Frank S. Wood. 
Headquarters at office of Holland Land Co., erected 1804; dedicated to 
memory of Robert Morris at celebration 1893. Museum, especially papers. 
Also own log cabin on fair ground, with annual exhibition. Member Genesee 
Country Federation. 

Holland Society of New York. New York City. 1885. 1,000 members. Seymour 
Van Santvoord; Frederick R. Keator, 90 West St. Publications: Year book. 

Huntington Historical Society. Huntington. D. Elizabeth Irwin. 

Johnstown Historical Society. Johnstown. 1892. 73 members. Harwood Dud- 
ley; Alonzo M. Young. 

Kings County Historical Society. Brooklyn. C. H. Serwin, Room 42, 250 
Fulton St. 

Livingston County Historical Society. Geneseo. 1875. 280 members. William 
H. Brodie. ; 

The Long Island Historical Society.. Brooklyn. 1863. 447 members. Hon. 
Willard Bartlett; Cyril H. Burdett. Two exhibitions, one of manuscripts 
and first editions pertaining to Martin Luther, and one of bookplates. 

Madison County Historical Society. Oneida. 1898. D. B. Deating. 

Montgomery County Historical Society. Amsterdam. 1904, 200 members. 
Charles EH. French, 58 Market St. Publishes Proceedings twice a year. 

Morris Memorial Historical Society. Chatham. 

Nassau County Historical and Genealogical Society. Mineola. 1915. About 
100 members. James S. Cooley, M. D. : Robert M. Darbee, Rockville Center. 
Publications: A leaflet giving annual report. Have accepted the invitation 
of the trustees to make the old mill at Roslyn, headquarters temporarily. 
The old grist mill has been fixed up for a historical museum. We have also 
prepared a set of genealogical blanks for use in recording family history in a 
permanent way. 

New York Genealogical and Biographical Society. New York City. 1869. 600 
members. Clarence Winthrop Bowen; Henry Russell Drowne, 226 West 
Fifty-eighth Street. Publications: New York Genealogical and Biographical 
Record, vol. 48, a continuous publication, quarterly since Jan., 1870. The 
society owns its home and also owns Nos. 222, 224, 226 Hast Fifty-eighth 
Street, where it contemplates erecting its new home in the future. 

The New York Historical Society. 1804. John Abeel Weeks; Fancher Nicoll, 
170 Central Park, West, New York City. Publications: Orderly book 
of DeLancey Brigade, 1776-1778; Bulletins, Nos. 1, 2, 3, issued quarterly; 
Cadwallader Colden Papers, 1714-1775, in press. An exhaustive scientific 
catalogue of the society’s Egyptian collection is being prepared by Mrs. 
Grant Williams and the treatment and repair of the objects have been under- 
taken. New exhibition cases have also been installed. A series of exhibitions 
has been arranged for 1917-18 showing the society’s collection of views, 
prints, caricatures, and original watercolor drawings of Audubon’s Birds of 
America, 


REPORTS OF HISTORICAL SOCIETIES, 1917. 207 


New York State Historical Association. 1889. 900 members. Hon. De Alva §S. 
Alexander; Frederick B. Richards, Glen Falls. Publications: Year Book, No. 
15. Annual meeting, New York City, October 2, 3, 4. 

Oneida Historical Society. Utica. 1876. 200 members. William M. Starrs, 
Munson Williams Memorial Bldg. 

Onondaga Historical Association. Syracuse. 1867. 225 members. George G. 
Fryer; Franklin H. Chase, 311 Montgomery Street. Publications: Spafford 
History, 2 vols., by George K. Collins. 

Oswego Historical Society. Oswego. 1896. J. T. Mott. 

The Palmyra Historical Society. Palmyra. 1915. About 150 members. Hliza- 
beth W. Haton; Sanford D. Van Alstine, 148 Main Street. Publications: A 
series of articles, “Palmyra of the Past,” published weekly in both local 
newspapers, the entire year. This society affiliated with the Genesee Coun- 
try Historical Federation, which was perfected at Canandaigua, N. Y., in 
June, 1917. The secretary became secretary of the Federation. Fifteen other 
societies affiliated during 1917. 5 

The Pennsylvania Society. New York City. Founded 1899, ine. 1903. 1,600 
members. James M. Beck; Barr Ferree, 249 West Thirteenth Street. Publica- 
tions: Year Book for 1917; the United States and the War, both edited 
by Barr Ferree. Annual dinner, Dec. 8, 1917, A tribute to France. Gold 
Medal of the society awarded to the French Ambassador, Dr. J. J. Jusserand. 

Putnam County Historical Society. Cold Spring. Miss Mary Haldane. 

Sag Harbor Historical Society. Sag Harbor. C. W. Payne. 

Schenectady County Historical Society. Schenectady. 1905. 400 members. 
Allen W. Johnston; George W. Featherstonhaugh, jr., 13 Union Street. Pub- 
lications: Small folder for eo by general puns giving historical data of 
Schenectady, city and county. 

Seneca Falls Historical Society. Seneca Falls. Emma Maier. 

Society for the Preservation of Historical and Scenic Places. Geneva. 

Society of Pennsylvania Women in New York. 1918. 252 members. Mrs. 
Joshua A. Hatfield; Mrs. William Harrison Brown, 249 West 13th Street. 
Publications: Manual: Handbook of Members. The society is supporting 
this year eight beds in the American Military Hospital No. 1 at Neuilly, 
France (formerly the American Ambulance Hospital), at the cost of $4,800, 
and is also supplying many necessities and comforts for the wounded. 

Suffolk County Historical Society. Riverhead. 1886. 263 members. Ruth 
H. Tuthill. 

Ticonderoga Historical Society. Ticonderoga. J. T. Weed. 

Waterloo Library and Historical Society. Waterloo. 1879. 100 members. 
Rey. Henry BE. Hibberd. 

Wyoning County Historical Society. Wyoming. 


NORTH CAROLINA, 


Historical Commission of North Carolina. Raleigh. R. D. W. Connor. 

Historical Society of North Carolina. Chapel Hill. J. G. de Roulhaec Ham- 
ilton; C. E. McIntosh. 

State Literary and Historical Association of North Carolina. Raleigh. 1900. 
588 members. Henry A. London; R. D. W. Connor. Publications: Pro- 
ceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Session, published by the North Carolina 
Historical Commission, Bulletin no. 22. 

Trinity College, North Carolina, Historical Society. Durham. 25 members. 
W. K. Boyd; C. R. Davis, 


208 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


NORTH DAKOTA. 


State Historical Society of North Dakota. Bismarck. 1895. 95 members. 
Judge Charles F. Amidon; O. G. Libby, University of North Dakota. Publi- 
cations: Bulletin no. 1, Museum and Library of the State Historical Society. 
Collections, vol. 5, in process of publication. Society is custodian of a group 
of State parks, located at historic spots and designed as community centers. 
Preservation of living flora and fauna in these parks, indigenous to State. 


OHIO. 


Clark County Historical Society. Springfield. 1897. 150 members. Miss 
EK. J. Smart. 

Firelands Historical Society. Norwalk. 140 members. C. H. Gallup; A. 
Sheldon. 

Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio. Cincinnati. 1831. 88 members. 
Burnet Woods; Charles T. Greve, Van Warner Library, Cincinnati. Publica- 
tions: Quaterly, vol. 12. The society receives no State aid, securing its funds 
by voluntary contributions, $79,000, increase of $4,000. 27,222 in book 
collections ; also manuscripts. 

The Historical Commission of Ohio. 15th Ave. and High St., Columbus. 
Arthur M. Schlesinger, chairman, Ohio State University. ‘The Historical 
Commission of Ohio is the official agency of the State for the collection and 
preservation of the records of services of Ohioans in connection with the 
great war. The Historical Commission is endeavoring to make a complete 
collection of documents and materials which will disclose the work of the 
civilian war agencies in Ohio as well as the exploits of Ohio men and women 
in the service abroad. It desires to obtain manuscripts, printed matter of 
all kinds, scrapbooks, photographs, moving pictures, posters, cartoons, and 
relics. In other words, it is attempting to preserve everything that may 
help to show what the men, women, and children of the State have been 
doing and thinking with reference to the war or as a result of the war.” 
1. Records of State agencies and of Federal agencies within the State. 2. 
Military records. 3. Religious records. 4. Economic material. 5. Political 
and propagandist material. 6. Educational records. 7. County and munic- 
ipal records. 8. War literature by or about Ohioans. 

Muskingum County Pioneer and Historical Society. Zanesville. 1890. A. R. 
Josselyn; Miss Annie Stokes. 

Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society. High St. and Fifteenth Ave., 
Columbus. 1875. G. Frederic Wright; BH. O. Randall, secretary and editor ; 
William C. Mills, curator and librarian. The society is doing greater work 
than ever before in its history and is taking a very active interest in the 
collection of material concerning the war. The society publishes the Diary 
of R. B. Hayes, and the quarterly magazine is now in its 28th volume. 

Old Northwest Genealogical Society. Franklin County Memorial Building, 280 
East Broad Street, Columbus. 1897. H. Warren Phelps, librarian and 
secretary. The society has a library of more than 4,000 volumes of family 
genealogies and general history. A quarterly publication has been issued 
from the beginning. The society is now financially embarrassed. 

The Sandusky County Pioneer and Historical Association. Fremont. 1874, 
ine. 1908. 100 members. Isadore H. Burgoon; Basil Meek, Fremont. Pub- 
lications: Year book in preparation. Society publishes a pamphlet annually 
containing historic matters, called Yearbook. By act of State legislature, 
a sum not exceeding $200 in any one year may be allowed to defray expenses 
of publication. : F 


REPORTS OF HISTORICAL SOCIETIES, 1917. 209 


The Western Reserve Historical Society. Cleveland. 1867. William P. 
Palmer; W. H. Cathcart, 10700 Euclid Ave. Publications: Bulletins, and 
Tract No. 97. 

OKLAHOMA. 


Oklahoma Historical Society. Oklahoma City. 1895. Jasper Sipes; Frank 
D. Northrup; W. P. Campbell, custodian State capitol, Oklahoma City. 
Publications: Historia (quarterly). Moved into new quarters in State 
eapitol Dec. 3, 1917. Collections of Alice Robertson, daughter of earliest 
mInissionery; Sam Houston’s son, Emmet Star, Cherokee historian; Fred S. 
Barde, noted correspondent (last two purchased $650, $5,000) ; also Ruddy 
Indian collection. Approximately 3,000 accessories, also cases and furniture. 
Special war service. 


OREGON. 


Oregon Historical Society. Portland. 1898. 661 members. Frederick V. Hol- 
man; Prof. F. G. Young, Auditorium, Portland. Publications: Quarterly 
for the year—March, June, September, December. The removal of all col- 
lections from the old and illy-adapted quarters to the Public Auditorium, 
where the conditions for safety are excellent, besides more than 2,000 square 
feet of floor space in addition to what was occupied in the former quarters, 
making 8,000 square feet of floor space, besides a good deal of wall space 
for hanging portraits of early settlers. 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


Blair County Historical Society. Altoona. 231 members. Plymouth W. 
Snyder; Donald J. Howard. June 14, 1917, first annual meeting; monument 
unveiled ; address; plans for marking historical spots. Many historical arti- 
cles presented. 

Bradford County Historical Society. Towanda. 1853. 100 members. Hon. 
A. C. Fanning; J. Andrew Wilt. Publications: Annual, containing proceed- 
ings, reports of officers and addresses, and papers read, current events, ete. 
Marked historic spots within the county, such as first permanent settler, 
Indian town, battles, ete. 

Bucks County Historical Society. Doylestown. 1880. 761 members. Dr. 
Henry C. Mercer; Clarence D. Hotchkiss; Warren D. Ely, librarian. Publica- 
tions: Vol. 4, papers read before the society 1909-1917; no. 1 of vol. 5, papers 
read at meeting of May 22,1917. About 100 volumes added to library. 

Carbon County Historical Society. Weatherly. 150 members. Rev. W. M. 
Rehrig; Fred Benchman. Publications: The Gateway to the Minisuiks, 
by Albert G. Rau. 

Chester County Historical Society. West Chester. 1893. About 400 members. 
Dr. George Morris Philips; J. Carroll Hayes. Publications: Bulletins, exer- 
cises in memory of Gen. Anthony Wayne; address on “The Star-Gazers’ 
Stone,” and exercises at Revolutionary Hospital, Chester Springs, Pa. 

Church Historical Society. Philadelphia... 1910, inc. 19138. 205 members. 
Henry Budd; William Ives Rutter, jr., 525 South 41st St. 

City Historical Society of Philadelphia. Philadelphia. 1900. 350 members. 
William J. Campbell, M. D., Ph. D.; Herman Burgin, M. D., 63 W. Chelten 
ave., Germantown. Publications: Index to vol. 1, vol. 2, no. 2, The True 
Story of the Declaration of Independence. Wight addresses before the 
Society during 1917. Three excursions to places of historical interest. 


88582°—_19——_14 


210 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


Colonial Dames of America, Pennsylvania Society. Mrs. James Starr, 1429 
Land Title Bldg., Philadelphia. Historical research committee collecting 
material on chureh music and musical life. Books and lectures on subject. 

Colonial Society of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia. 1895. Henry L. Belknap, 
northeast corner Thirteenth and Chestnut Streets, 

Columbia County Historical Society. Bloomsburg. 1914. 99 members. Wil- 
liam W. Evans; Miss Sarah Van Tassel, 3 East Fifth Street, Bloomsburg. 
Delaware County Historical Society. 1895. 113 members. Hon. William B. 
Broomall; Chester Palmer, Chester, Box 218. Publications: Recollections of 
the Old Borough of Chester from 1834 to 1850, by George E. Darlington. 
Three public lectures given by members of the society, viz. H. G. Ashmead, 
on The Old Court House, now City Hall of Chester, Jan. 24; Frederick H. 
Shelton, on Ancient Industries and the Old Inns of Delaware County, May 2, 
1917; George E. Darlington, on Recollections of the Old Borough of Chester, 

May 31, 1917. 

Donegal Society of Lancaster County. 277 members. Miss Martha Bladen 
Clark; Miss Rebecca J. Slaymaker, 230 East Orange Street, Lancaster. One 
annual meeting with addresses at Donegal Church. Donations of cabinet and 
book to the Church. 

Erie County Historical Society. Erie. 193 members. Hon. Henry A. Clark; 
John Miller. 

Friends’ Historical Society of Philadelphia. Philadelphia and vicinity. 1904. 
350 members. Arthur N. Seeds; Miss Mary S. Allen, 24 West Street, Media. 
Publications: Bulletin of Friends Historical Society of Philadelphia, vol. 7, 
no. 3; vol. 8, no. 1. Erection of bronze tablet in north archway of City Hall, 
Philadelphia, ‘‘ Prayer of William Penn for Philadelphia.” 

The Genealogical Society of Pennsylvania. 1300 Locust Street, Philadelphia. 
1892. 306 members. Col. J. Granville Leach; James Emlen. Publications: 
Vol. 6, no. 3. 

German-American Historical Society. Philadelphia. 1901. Dr. A. Bernheim; 
Dr. E. M. Fogel, College Hall, University of Pennsylvania. No meetings held. 

Hamilton Library Association of Carlisle. Carlisle. 1874. 103 members. C. F. 
Himes; Allen Line. 

Historical ‘Society of Berks County. 38 North Fourth Street, Reading. 1898. 
3857 members. C. R. Scholl, D. D. S.; Geo. M. Jones. No papers published, 
but resources used for new building. Collection of circulars, posters, and 
papers relating to the present war, especially those of Reading and Berks 
counties; established service roster of Berks County. 

Historical Society of Dauphin County. Harrisburg. 1869. 180 members. 
Theo. B. Klein; Lilla E. Peay, 9 South Front St. Many articles of interest 
added to the museum, fine coin collection, a number of war pamphlets, books, 
posters, ete., added to library, general cooperation with civie enterprises. 
Meeting place of State federation. 

The Historical Society of Frankford. 4510 Frankford Ave., Frankford, Phila- 
delphia. Franklin Smedley; Miss Caroline W. Smedley. The membership 
has been somewhat increased and a number of books have been added to 
the library, and relics to the society’s collection. Excursions to places of 
historic interest and weekly evenings “at home” have been features of 
interest to Our members and friends. 

The Historical Society of Montgomery County. Historical Hall, 18 Penn Street, 
Norristown. 1881. 400 members. Rev. Thomas R. Beeber, D. D.; George K. 
Brecht, 506 Swede St., Norristown. Publications: Vol. 4 of Historical 
Sketches, papers read before the society during 10 years, Over 200 books 


REPORTS OF HISTORICAL SOCIETIES, 1917. 211 


and pamphlets added to our library; over 500 articles to our museum. We 
are planning to increase our membership that our income from that source 
may sustain the society and enable us to use all our building; now, unfortu- 
nately, a portion is rented, and therefore not safe from fire. 

The Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia. 1824. 2,000 members. 
Hon. Charlemagne Tower; John Bach McMaster, Ph. D., 1300 Locust Street. 
Publications: Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, vol. 41. 
To Noy. 1, 1917, accessions for the 10 months, 1,267 books, 5,223 selected 
pamphlets, 10,404 manuscripts, 2,374 miscellaneous articles. 

Historical Society of Schuylkill County. Pottsville. 19038. 230 members. 
Capt. Baird Halberstadt; Miss Ida R. Smith. No papers or publications, 
owing to activity of members on war committees. 

Historical Society of the United Evangelical Church. Harrisburg. 1907, inc. 
1917. 75 members. Rey. U. F. Swengel; Rev. E. Crumbling, Lewisburg. 
Permanent home secured in U. BE. Publishing House building; museum pro- 
posed ; two meetings held. Publications: The Centennial Celebration. 

Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania. Pittsburgh. 1880, reorganized 
1909. 750 members. William H. Stevenson; Burd. 8. Patterson, Bigelow 
Boulevard and Parkman Ave. Publications: The book of words of the 
Pageant and Masque of Freedom by George M. Baird; also pamphlet, city 
charter centennial exhibits at Carnegie Institute. Oct. 29-Nov. 6, 1916, 
celebration of Pittsburgh’s city charter centennial. Nov. 30—Dee. 1, 1917, 
convention of the Ohio Valley Historical Association in society’s building. A 
number of new books and relics added during year. Commenced publication 
of a quarterly magazine, Jan., 1918. 

Historical Society of York County. York. 1892. 200 members. J. A. Demp- 
wolf; Robert C. Bair. Publications: York Past and Present, illustrated. 
This society occupies rooms on the third floor of the new courthouse. In 
one of the large rooms is a musem with 10,000 specimens. These specimens 
are in cases, covered with glass. The library has 3,000 volumes on history. 

Huguenot Society of Pennsylvania. Jan. 9, 1918. 120 members. Rev. John 
Baer Stoudt; Mrs, Robert 8. Birch, Reading. Aims to perpetuate Huguenot 
history and genealogy. 

Kittochtinny Historical Society. Chambersburg. 1898. 69 members. W. 
Rush Gillan; Parker R. Skinner. 

Krefeld Society. Germantown. 26 members. James H. Closson, M. D.; J. 
H. Barnett Buckenham, M. D., Chestnut Hill. 

Lancaster County Historical Society. Lancaster. 1896. 400 members. Frank 
R. Diffenderffer; Charles B. Hollinger. Publications: 10. 

Lebanon County Historical Society. Hathaway Park, Lebanon. 1898. 142 
members. Capt. H. M. M. Richards; Dr. 8S. P. Heilman. Publications: Vol. 
7, no. 1, Reports at nineteenth annual meeting, December 22, 1916, and a 
paper entitled: “Some unpublished documents pertaining to Lebanon 
County’s part in the war of the Revolution;” vol. 7, no. 2, “Life and 
services of Gen. John Philip de Haas, 1735-1786 ”’; vol. 7, no. 3, “‘ Conserva- 
tion of the Past.” 595 pieces added to the library and museum. 

Lehigh County Historical Society. Allentown. 1904. 160 members. George 
T. Ettinger, Ph. D.; Chas. R. Roberts, 520 North Sixth Street, Allentown. 
Ocecupies a colonial stone building. “Trout Hall,” built in 1770 by James 
Allen, son of William Allen, the founder of the city, colonial chief justice 
of Pa.; restored by city authorities at a cost of $8,000. Lease of $1 per 
year. Building contains marble mantels over fireplaces, walnut wainscoting, 
ete. Museum and library in building. 


212 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


Moravian Historical Society. Nazareth. 1857. 379 members. Rey. W. N. 
Schwarze; W. H. Vogler. Publications: Transactions. Rest house and 
observatory built to mark site of old Indian cemetery, center of plot of 
5,000 acres bought by Count Zinsendorf for the settlement of Nazareth from 
Whitefield. 

Northampton County Historical and Genealogical Society. Easton. 110 mem- 
bers. David Bachman. 

The Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia. Dec. 28, 1857. 52 
members. Charles J. Cohen; John _W. Townsend, 1300 Locust St., Phila- 
delphia. ; 

The Pennsylvania Federation of Historical Societies. 1905. 45 societies. 
Charles R. Roberts; S. P. Heilman, Lebanon, Pa. Publications: Acts and 
Proceedings of 12th annual meeting. This association holds an annual meet- 
ing in the capital city of Harrisburg, Pa., on the 3d Thursday of January 
each year. It has no building, museum, collections, ete. Is related to the 
Pennsylvania Historical Commission in a cooperative capacity. Its activi- 

“ties are defined under the general term: “The advancement of historical 
research relating to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, local and general.” 
It seeks to promote this advancement by means of 10 standing committees. 

The Pennsylvania German Society. 1891. 450 members. Rey. Jacob Fry, 
D. D., LL. D.; Daniel W. Nead, M. D., P. O. Box 468, Reading. Publications: 
Vol. 25 of Proceedings and Addresses of the Society, containing the Diarium 
of Magister Johannes Kelpius, with annotations by Julius Friedrich Sachse; 
Conditions of Pennsylvania during the year 1755; A translation of a French 
pamphlet found in tle Ducal Library at Gotha, Germany. 

Presbyterian Historical Society. Philadelphia. 1852. 320 members. Henry 
Van Dyke; Rev. Joseph Brown Turner, 520 Witherspoon Building. Publica- 
tions: Journal of the Presbyterian Society, quarterly. 

Site and Relic Society of Germantown. 1900. 630 members. Charles F. Jen- 
kins; Horace M. Lippincott, Hast Lane, Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia. 

Society of War of 1812, Pennsylvania Society. 1853. 231 members. Jobn 
Cadwalader; J. E. Burnett Buckenham, Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia. Pub- 
lication: Annual report. 

Snyder County Historical Society. Selinsgrove. 1898. 60 members. Rev. 
Frank P. Manhart, D. D.; W. M. Schnure. Publications: Vol. 1, no, 8 
ready to go to press. The society inaugurated the good road movement that 
culminated in the Susquehanna Trail, a highway between Corning, N. Y., and 
Harrisburg, Pa., traversing the Susquehanna Valley over old Indian trails 
and historic post-roads. Secured a tablet for the Goy. Simon Snyder (War 
Gov. of 1812) mansion at Selinsgrove, Pa., from the Pennsylvania Historical 
Commission. Military record of all Snyder County soldiers in the war of 
1917 being compiled by the card index system. 

Susquehanna County Historical Society. Montrose. 1890. 95 members. 
Francis R. Cope; Edgar T. Carfield. Annual meeting only. 

Washington County Historical Society. Washington. 1901. 100 members. 
Samuel Amspoker; Miss Jane S. Hall. In connection with the county school 
superintendent, the society has endeavored to collect local history through 
the medium of township and borough schools and it is hoped to publish the 
result at no distant date. 

Wyoning Historical and Geological Society. Wilkes-Barre. 1858. 188 annual, 
212 life; total, 400 members. Maj. Irving R. Stearns; Christopher Wren. 
Publications: Vol. 15, Publications and Proceedings. The death of Rey. 
Horace EH. Hayden in August, 1917, was a great loss, as Mr. Hayden had 
filled various offices in the society for 25 years. 


ae 


REPORTS OF HISTORICAL SOCIETIES, 1917. 213 


Woman's Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Pittsburgh. 160 members. Mrs. 
Charles B. McFail; Mrs. Edward J. Davies, 543 Norman Ave., N. S. Six- 
teen meetings, addresses, musicals, Red Cross, and war work. Hrection of 
bronze tablet. 

RHODE ISLAND. 


Barrington Historic Antiquarian Society. Barrington. 1885. All the towns- 
people are members. Secretary, Miss Harriet A. Rear; president, Thomas 
W. Bicknell, 207 Doyle St., Providence. Publications: Program of Historic 
Celebration. Celebration of 200th anniversary of town during the year. 

Bristol County Historical Society. Providence. 1894. Thomas W. Bicknell, 
207 Doyle Ave. This society takes note of historical celebrations and notable 
events in the county. 

Newport Historical Society. Newport. 1854. 438 members. John P. Sanborn. 

The Rhode Island Citizens’ Historical Association. Providence. 1883. 300 
members. Mrs. C. A. P. Weeden; Thomas W. Bicknell, 207 Doyle St. Our 
activities are our only assets. 10 monthly meetings; 10 historical addresses; 
17 half-day and all-day historic outings. Historic monument erected at 
Sowams. Unique celebration of Rhode Island Independence Day, May 4, 
1917. 

Rhode Island Historical Society. Providence. 1822. 3875 members. Wilfred 
H. Munro; Howard M. Chapman, librarian; Howard W. Preston, 68 Water- 
man St. Publications: Views of Westminster St. in 1824. Obtained Jeremiah 
Olney papers, 600 Revolutionary MSS., for $1,750. Marked Pomhams Fort, 
which was built in 1644. Compiled list of Rhode Island soldiers and sailors 
in the Colonial Wars. 

SOUTH CAROLINA. 


Historical Commission of South Carolina. Columbia. 1894, 1905. A. S. Salley. 

Huguenot Society of South Carolina. Charleston. 1885. Rev. Robert Wilson, 
75 Corning St. 

South Carolina Historical Society. Charleston. 1854. 230 members. Mabel 
Louise Webber. Publication: South Carolina Historical and Genealogical 
Magazine (quarterly), vol. 18. 


SOUTH DAKOTA. 


State Historical Society of South Dakota. Pierre. 1901. 100 members 
Doane Robinson. 
TENNESSEE. 


Tennessee Historical Society. Nashville. 1849. 227 members. St. George L. 
Sioussat, Vanderbilt University. Endowment fund, $10,000, established in 
1917. 

TEXAS. 


Texas Inbrary and Historical Commission. Austin. Ernest W. Winkler, State 
Library. 

Texas State Historical Association. University Station, Austin. 1897. 700 
members. Chas. W. Ramsdell. Publications: Southwestern Historical Quar- 


terly, vol. 20, 21. 
UTAH. 


Utah State Historical Society. Salt Lake City. 1897. 800 members. Spencer 
Clawson; J. R. Letcher. Income derived from State according to needs. 
Office in New Capitol building; exhibits at State University. 


214 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


VERMONT. 


Vermont Historical Society. Montpelier. 1859. 281 members. William W. 
Stickney ; Edward D. Field. 


VIRGINIA. 


The Confederate Memorial Literary Society. Clay and 12th Streets, Richmond. 
1890. Chartered May, 1890. Museum opened 1896. Approximately 700 mem- 
bers. Miss 8. A. Anderson; Mrs. John Mason. Publications: Yearbook, 1916. 
Many relics added, especially the sword that Gen. Robert EB. Lee wore when 
he surrendered to Gen. Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox. Working strictly on 
our charter lines—that is, collecting Confederate relics in all forms. 

Virginia Historical Society. Richmond. 1831. 766 members. W. G. Gordon 
McCabe; W. G. Stanard, 707 E. Franklin St. Publications: Vol. 25, Vir- 
ginia Magazine of History and Biography. So far we have not been seri- 
ously affected by the war, except in the great increase in expenses, especially 
printing. We have not lost more members than usual by resignations, but 
found it more difficult to get new ones. Unless there is some great and un- 
expected change in our condition, we expect to continue our work and pub- 
lication. 

WASHINGTON. 


Washington State Historical Society. Tacoma. 1891. 171 members. Henry 
Hewitt, jr.; W. P. Bonney. Made attempt to persuade Congress to provide 
some means of preserving valuable historic papers and delivering them to 
the historical societies in locality where they are of interest. 


WEST VIRGINIA. 


West Virginia Department of Archives and History. Charleston. 1905. 
Wilson M. Foulk, State historian and archivist, Statehouse. Library of 
74,000 books and pamphlets. Also charged with the duty of maintaining the 
State museum and historical collections. The newspapers are an important 
feature of the library. Appropriation 1917-1919, $23,600. 


WISCONSIN. 


Green Bay Historical Society. Green Bay. 1899. 100 members. Arthur C. - 
Neville; Miss Minnie H. Kelleher. 

Manitowoc County Historical Society. Manitowoc. 1904. 27 members. Emil 
Baensch; R. G. Plumb. 

Ripon Historical Society. Ripon. 1899. Samuel M. Pedrick. 

Sauk County Historical Society. Baraboo. 1905. 70 members. H. K, Page. 

State Historical Society of Wisconsin. Madison. 1849. 750 members. M. M. 
Quaife. 

Walworth County Historical Society. Elkhorn. 1898. 30 members. 

Waukesha County Historical Society. 1906. 163 active, 8 honorary members. 
Mrs. H. B. Edwards; Miss Julia A. Lapham, Oconomowoe. Papers read in 
the meetings are usually published in the Waukesha Freeman. June 16 a 
boulder with bronze tablet was unveiled on Lapham Peak, formerly Govern- 
ment Hill. The name was changed by the United States Geographical 
Board in honor of Dr. I. A. Lapham, and the memorial placed by the. 
Waukesha Historical Society. Many articles have been added to our col- 
lections during the past year, including posters, papers, and pictures relating 
to the war, especially locally. 


REPORTS OF HISTORICAL SOCIETIES, 1917. 245 


Wisconsin Archeological ‘Society. Milwaukee. 1903. 300 members. Dr. 
Samuel A. Barrett; Charles BE. Brown, Madison. Publications: The An- 
tiquities of Green Lake, Lake Shawano, and the Wolf River; The Chetek and 
Rice Lakes. Conducted researches in Door and Sheboygan counties. 


WYOMING. 


Wyoming Historical Society. Cheyenne. Created by legislature, Feb. 16, 1895. 
Six trustees appointed by governor, secretary of state, governor, State libra- 
rian, ex officio. Address, Custodian of Wyoming Historical Society, State 
Library, Cheyenne. Moved into new quarters in the new wing of capitol 
building, but the historical collections have not yet been permanently ar- 
ranged. 

CANADA. 


Belleville and Bay of Quinte Historical Society. Belleville, Ontario. S. Russell. 

Brome County Historical Society. Knowlton, P. Q. 1897. 30 members. H. S. 
Foster; Ernest M. Taylor. Books added and many relics added to the Paul 
Holland Knowlton Memorial Museum. Extensive improvements contemplated 
in the spring, and already funds have been raised for the purpose. 

The Champlain Society. Toronto. 1905. Membership of 500 and a waiting list. 
Sir Edmund Walker, C. V. O., LL. D., D. C. L.; secretaries: Prof. George M. 
Wrong, Major Eric N. Armour. Address: The Assistant Secretary-Treasurer, 
The Canadian Bank of Commerce. No publications-on account of the war. 
The society has in type three volumes of Wood’s War of 1812, and the first 
volume of six of the Works of Samuel de Champlain, and in manuscript 
material for several future volumes, including the Journals of La Verendrye, 
the Administration of Sir Charles Bagot in Canada, and Clergy Reserves. 

Bigin Historical.and Scientific Institute. St. Thomas, Ontario. H. S. Wegg. 

Hssex Historical Society. Windsor, Ontario. 1904. 70 members. A. P. E. 
Panet; Andrew Braid. A very handsome pillar was erected on the grounds 
of Assumption Church near Windsor, the spot where the first Christian place 
of worship was built by the Jesuits, 1728. 

Huron Institute. Collingwood. 1904. 60 members. F. T. Hodgson, honorary 
president ; David Williams, secretary-treasurer. Many additions to museum, 
particularly local pictures. About 4,000 exhibits in museum. Rooms given 
over to Red Cross, also used by Daughters of the Empire, and other patriotic 
organizations. Two scrap books on Collingwood and the war prepared and 
contributed by vice president, Miss F. A. Redmond. 

Kingston (Canada) Historical Society. Kingston, Ontario. Prof. W. L. Grant. 

London and Middlesex Historical Society. London, Ontarie. Rey. George M. 
Cox, 746 Waterloo Street. 

Lundys Lane Historical Society. Niagara Falls, Ontario. 1887. 50 members. 
R. W. Geary; John H. Jackson. Two publications under way: Church His- 
tory of Niagara Frontier, and School History of Niagara Frontier. 

Missisquoi County Historical Association. Bedford, P. Q. 30 members. F. C. 
Saunders; R. P. Small, Dunham, P. Q. No work during past two years owing 
to war conditions. 

Niagara Historical Society. Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ont. 1895. 260 members, 
Miss Janet Carnochan; Mrs. E. Ascher. Publications: No. 30, Some notable 
results of the war, sketch of the Hon. William Dickson, original documents 
reprinted, nos. 2, 3, 4; no. 29, Correspondence of Sheriff Hamilton in 1837, 
presented to the soviety (800 copies) by Dr. A. H. U. Colquhoun. Many 


216 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


additions to the books, documents, and pictures. Address at an opening 
meeting by Rev. A. F. MacGregor. Annual picnic at Queenston Heights in 
August. Se. 

Nova Scotia Historical Society. Halifax. 1878. 425 members. David Allison ;~ 
Harry Piers. Publications: Collections, vol. 19. 

Ontario Historical Society. Toronto. 1888. 347 annual, 50 ex officio, 10 dele- 
gates, 6 honorary, 7 corresponding, 3 life, total 423 members. Prof. John 
Squair; A. F. Hunter, Normal School Bldg. Publications: Annual Report 
for 1917; Papers and Records, no. 15. Additions to library reported at last 
meeting: 232 books, 345 pamphlets, ete. Eighteen affiliated societies. 

Société Historique de Montréal. Montreal. 1858. 80 members. Victor Morin, 
LL. D.; Prof. Napoleon Brisebois, 340 St. Denis Street. . This society was 
reorganized last year and has held regular monthly meetings since, at which 
historical papers were presented by its members; organized the celebration of 
the two hundred and seventy-fifth anniversary of the foundation of Mont- 
real, on which occasion it led the public in a visit of the historic places 
of old Montreal; has taken lead in the creation of a national museum of 
arts in Montreal; is making provision for the instalation of commemorative 
tablets on historic places in Montreal. 

The Woman's Canadian Historical Society of Ottawa. Ottawa. 1898. 148 
members. Mrs. J. Lorn McDougall; Mrs. J. M. Somerville, 188 James Street. 
Publications: Annual Report for year 1916-17; Transactions, vol. 7, 1916-17. 
The city of Ottawa gave this year, for our headquarters, the old Registry 
Building, which was opened October 25, 1917, by Mayor Fisher, as the By- 
town Historical Museum, and we have started an interesting collection of his- 
torical pictures, furniture, etc., pertaining to the city. 

Women’s Canadian Historical Society of Toronto. Miss M. Agnes Fitzgibbon, 
Hillcrest, Bracondale, Toronto. 


4 . "= 
ed Aas 2 
‘ ae = 
ara 
> 


VY. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE OF TEACHERS 
OF HISTORY. 


PHILADELPHIA, PA., DECEMBER 29, 1917. 


217 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE OF TEACHERS OF HISTORY. 


At a joint session of the Association of History Teachers of the 
Middle States and Maryland and the American Historical Associa- 
tion, held at Philadelphia, December 29, 1917, Dean Marshall S. 
Brown, of New York University, presided. 

The Cuairman. The subject matter of Prof. Johnson’s paper is so 
vitally important, and he is so full of that subject that I am going 
to take no time in introducing him. He is too well known to need 
an introduction, but we congratulate ourselves that we have this sub- 
ject and this speaker this morning. Prof. Johnson, Teachers’ Col- 
lege, Columbia University, will now speak to us onthe “School 
course in history; some precedents and a possible next step.” 

Prof. Jounson. In the practice of Continental Europe a school 
course in history has come to mean a carefully graded, connected, 
organic program, adjusted to the needs of a given kind of school and 
designed to be completed by all pupils who pass through that kind 
of school. Courses in history in this sense began to appear in Europe 
in the seventeenth century. On the Continent they have for more 
than 100 years been a part of the established order in secondary 
schools, and for about 50 years a part of the established order in 
elementary schools. They have provided for secondary schools a 
continuous, required study of history extending over the entire school 
period, and for elementary schools a continuous required study of 
history extending over at least four or five years, and sometimes over 
the entire school period. 

In the United States, from about 1815, when school instruction in 
history first began to assume perceptible proportions, until about 
1890, the prevalent idea was to provide subjects in history rather than 
to organize courses in history. Neither the problem of grading 
materials nor the problem of establishing connection between the 
subjects attracted much attention. In elementary schools the sub- 
ject was from the beginning the history of the United States, com- 
monly taught in the eighth grade only, but sometimes also in lower 
grades. In academies and high schools the subjects, the arrangement 
of subjects, and the time allotted varied greatly. Sometimes the work 
was confined to general history or to ancient history; sometimes to 
the history of the United States. Sometimes two or all three of these 
subjects were offered, and even required. Sometimes English his- 

219 


220 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


tory was substituted for one of them, or added as a fourth subject. 
Other subjects separately listed were Grecian antiquities, Roman an- 
tiquities, mythology, and, occasionally, church history. Any one of 
these subjects might stand either at the beginning or at the end of the 
school program, or at any point between the beginning and the end. 
The time allowance for a subject ranged from six weeks to a year. 

In the midst of this chaos the Madison Conference of 1892, after 
resolving unanimously to “suggest nothing that was not already 
being done in some good schools,” found none the Jess some prece- 
dents for an approach to a course in history. The program proposed 
by the conference to the committee of ten was in a measure graded 
and connected. It embraced in one view both the elementary school 
and the high school. It provided for eight years of continuous, 
required study, with an alternative of six years of continuous, re- 
quired study. But these ideas were apparently too far in advance of 
average American practice to be regarded as practical. The com- 
mittee of ten rejected the recommendations for the elementary 
school as beyond its province and left history for the high school a 
collection of subjects. The committee of seven made familiar the 
“block system.” The first two blocks taken in the order proposed 
might constitute a course. The other two blocks merely continued 
the subject system. As this program has been administered not more 
than two of the four blocks have on the average been made available, _ 
and the blocks actually taken, whatever the combination, have been 
treated in the main as subjects in history and not as related parts 
of a course in history. The committee of eight undertook to provide 
progressive steps and’a continuous program for elementary schools, 
but the topics for the first six years lacked real connection. The 
committee of five, in revising the work of the committee of seven, 
made a distinct advance in the direction of continuity, but its view 
of the field of history was somewhat narrow. None of our numerous 
committees, and scarcely any of our individual contributors of the 
last 25 years, can be said to have achieved for the school course in 
history either the degree of grading or the degree of connection 
achieved in Europe. 

Since the report of the committee of five we seem to have suffered 
a relapse. The sympathies of the general educational public, never 
very responsive to the course idea, are now plainly enlisted in favor 
of a principle that threatens, in some of its present applications, the 
disintegration even of subjects in history. What is important to us 
in the present, we are being told, must determine what is important 
to us in the past, and what is most important to us in the present is 
our own community. The history program must, therefore, be deter- 
mined by the special interests and special problems of the community. 
There must be as many kinds of programs as there are kinds of com- 


CONFERENCE OF TEACHERS OF HISTORY. TepAl 


munity interests and problems, and a uniform program in history 
is neither possible nor desirable. Furthermore, these programs must 
change with the changing interests and problems of the community. 
What is important this year, or even this month, or this week, may 
not be important at all next year, or next month, or next week. The 
coming of the war has, it is true, directed the principle into broader 
channels. The need of international friendships and national 
patriotism, and incidentally the need of a reasonable and proper 
hatred for our enemies, tend in these tremendous and tragic days to 
overshadow the narrower interests and problems of the community. 
But the principle of confining history to issues directly suggested 
by present issues remains the same. 

On this principle it is entirely feasible to construct a program in 
history. A program can, indeed, almost be induced to make itself. 
All that is necessary, as some very logical advocates of the principle 
have already discovered, is to let the program follow the current issue 
of the Independent, the Outlook, the Literary Digest, or the Review 
of Reviews. The principle itself is old enough to be respectable. It 
was suggested and applied in the seventeenth century. Christian 
Weise, as far back as 1676, was led by it to emphasize quite in our 
present manner even the study of current events. The French re- 
formers who drafted the famous school decree of 1793 carried the 
principle farther than our own reformers have as yet ventured to 
carry it. But no one, so far as I know, has succeeded in constructing 
upon this principle a course in history. The reason is clear. If the 
content of history is to be determined by present interests and prob- 
Jems, and if such interests and problems are constantly changing, 
only a prophet could plan a connected, organic course in history for 
the whole or any considerable part of the 12 years of school life, and 
even such a course would require reconstruction for each set of pupils 
beginning the course. 

Continental Europe has achieved grading, connection, and con- 
tinuity in the history course to a degree that leaves our practice es- 
sentially primitive. It has not, however, achieved historicalness. 
From the seventeenth century to the opening of the twentieth cen- 
tury, history for school purposes was history always in the service 
of some immediate social need. Instruction was shaped with a view 
to educational results, and these results were rarely conditioned upon 
making the past itself intelligible. European compilers of material 
sinned consciously and courageously against fact. They admitted 
- without hesitation doubtful anecdote and downright fable. They 
unblushingly paraded national bias. They violated the most ele- 
mentary sense of historical proportion. They took, in a word, such 
liberties with history as seemed to them essential to make history use- 
ful. The French program of 1902 introduced the radically different 


222 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


principle that the value of history, like the value of any other sub- 
ject, consists in its being true, and in this spirit undertook to trace 
“the principal transformations of humanity.” But such views are 
still exceptional. Outside of France the older tradition is still domi- 
nant. It may be summed up in the dictum: History is anything that 
history is good for. 

For the lower grades of the elementary school we have sinned 
against the verities of history as courageously as any European peo- 
ple, but the best of our recent textbooks for the upper grades and 
for the high school may safely challenge comparison even with the 
best of French textbooks in their regard for fact. Like the French 
books, they seem to assume that history has something to do with the 
past as the past; that the past itself can be explained only in terms 
of what is important in and to the past, and that the past itself must 
be explained if the past is to be of any service in explaining the 
present. This, in comparison with the average practice of Europe, 
is revolutionary doctrine. It is, however, not generally recognized 
as revolutionary in the United States. It is, in fact, rather com- 
monly regarded as reactionary by those who in the name of reform 
and progress are now leading us back to the older tradition that his- 
tory is only what history seems at the moment to be good for. I do 
not say that our textbook writers have altogether succeeded in mak- 
ing the past intelligible; but in so far as they have recognized that 
history in school should be not only educational but also historical, 
they, and not their critics, are the real innovators, the real radicals, 
the real revolutionists. 

The traditional and conventional attitude toward history as a 
school study has been accentuated and illustrated anew under the 
pressure of war. We must, as all of us know, win the war. To that 
supreme purpose every other consideration must be subordinated. 
Personal convictions, personal emotions, even the love for truth, 
must blend in one harmonious, overpowering, stern will to victory. 
What can not be blended must for the moment be ended. Inevitable, 
therefore, the question uppermost in the minds of thousands of 
history teachers to-day, and in the minds of other thousands who 
are not history teachers, is, “ What can history do for victory?” 
Inevitably the first answers spring out of that wise human instinct 
which meets needs as they arise without paralyzing scrutiny of the 
logic involved. 

Observing a certain laek of warmth in the attitude of some Ameri- 
cans toward the English, attention is directed to the old charge that 
the study of the American Revolution in our schools tends to promote 
an anti-British state of mind. Observing further that this state of 
mind might conceivably hamper cooperation with our British ally, 
it is a natural reaction to demand revision of our textbooks with a 


CONFERENCE OF TEACHERS OF HISTORY. 223 


view to the cultivation of a pro-British state of mind, and that re- 
action is now actually in evidence. In a similar spirit it is urged 
that our school instruction in history should be revised in the direc- 
tion of a fuller and more generous recognition of our indebtedness 
to the, French, to the Italians, to the Poles, and to other peoples. At 
a meeting in New York, some months ago, representatives of non- 
English elements in our population set forth with such conviction and 
eloquence the contributions of their respective peoples that Americans 
of English ancestry might well have wondered if anything of really 
great importance in the making of the United States remained for 
them to claim. That is one side of the balance. On the other side 
we have the disagreeable discovery of divided allegiance and a grow- 
ing demand, in which some historians share, that history in school 
should, with all possible courage and all possible devotion, be turned 
to the one great task of building up a national patriotism. This 
appears to be just now the dominant call. 

The call is, of course, not new. It has been sounded many times 
before in the United States and elsewhere, and history, in the United 
States and elsewhere, has many times responded, with consequences 
sufficiently apparent to those who care to look for them. We do not 
seem to look for them. We are not greatly interested in precedents. 
It is enough for us that an urgent need exists and that we have the 
instinct to meet it. We are, however, meeting it in a way that the 
precedents would approve, if we had the time and the inclination to 
invoke them. The Germans, for example, in the crisis of the conflict 
with Napoleon, had a problem in making history in school serve the 
cause of patriotism, identical in some fundamental respects with our 

present problem. Their arguments, and even their language, trans- 
lated into English, would be found almost identical with arguments 
and language heard in the United States in 1917. The German argu- 
ments won. For almost a century history has been a factor in build- 
ing up Germanism and that German view of the world of which we 
have had so many recent examples. We have of late not greatly 
admired the results. Shall we now, under the stress of circum- 
stances similar to those that confronted Germany one hundred years 
ago, repeat the German response? 

We can not, it may be urged, repeat the German response because 
the ideals and institutions which we seek to perpetuate differ radi- 
cally from German ideals and ‘institutions. But they also differ 
radically from the ideals and institutions of many other peoples. 
We wish to build up of course Americanism and an American view 
of the world. Shall we not in that way, unless we can Americanize 
the world, exclude, just as the Germans in building up Germanism 
and a German view of the world, have excluded an understanding of 
other peoples? The penalty imposed by the German experiment, 


294 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


now beginning to be understood even by Germans, is the tragic isola- 
tion of Germany. We are not at present in a state of isolation, and 
we flatter ourselves that we understand at least the Germans. Some 
of us are not altogether certain that we do in fact understand the Ger- 
mans, but if we do understand them, we scarcely give the credit to 
any history learned in school. Shall we now turn history into chan- 
nels still further removed from an understanding of other peoples? 
Strong influences are urging us in that direction. 

There are, however, counteracting influences. One of the most 
potent is the conviction of profound ignorance which has fallen 
upon us in our enforced study of the war. Instruction in history out- 
side of school has been provided on a scale never before known and 
has ranged over a broader field than ever before. Corners of the 
earth not mentioned in our textbooks, peoples neglected because they 
were assumed to have nothing to do with the development of Amer- 
ican civilization, have suddenly been thrust upon our notice in news- 
papers, in pamphlets, in books, in lectures, on the street, at church, 
at the theater until those of us who have not cried for mercy and 
stopped looking and listening, have actually discovered that the 
United States and western Europe have, after all, certain historical] 
connection with the rest of the human race. Another conviction 
that has fallen upon us in the vast confusion of fact and inference 
and counsel created by the war is that there is such a problem as that 
ef knowing how to look and listen intelligently. Outside of school 
we are feeling as we never felt before, the need of really understand- 
ing other peoples. Such progress as we have made in understand- 
ing the Germans has brought with it the pleasant sensation of seem- 
ing to understand ourselves better. Such progress as we have made 
in pnderstanding our Allies has left a similar impression. We are in 
a mood for generalization on the need of understanding other peoples, 
even those other peoples in our own country to whom we are now 
striving to make clear the duties of American citizenship. We are 
ready to grant to an extent not hitherto granted, that the better we 
can undersand other peoples, and the more other peoples we can un- 
derstand, the better we shall be able to understand and to appreciate 
that part of ourselves which is distinctively American. So far the 
need is personal and selfish. But we are not entirely selfish. We 
feel a need of understanding other peoples for their sake as well as 
for our own. We have taken our ptace with other peoples in a drama 
that touches, and will continue to touch, the entire world, and for 
the good of the world we want to understand other peoples. The 
lesson fer history teachers is plain. 

If this analysis of precedents and of present tendencies is correct, 
it is a fair inference that the problem of shaping history for schools™ 
is somewhat complicated. If, however, we are, as we profess to be, 


CONFERENCE OF TEACHERS OF HISTORY. 225 


lovers of progress; if by progress we mean building upon the ex- 
perience of the race, and not building as if nothing had ever been 
built before, there is a possible next step which can at least be de- 
scribed. Continental Europe has shown us how to make a graded, 
connected, organic program. Our own experience has taught us a 
certain regard for fact. France has developed both a graded, con- 
nected, organic program and a regard for fact, and has taken for its 
theme the development of humanity. The war has thrust us into the 
views of history even in the high and holy cause of patriotism. We 
can not in these spacious times rest content with merely provincial 
views of history even in the high and holy cause of patriotism. We 
want patriotism, but we do not want the patriotism of self-satisfied 
isolation. We want a patriotism founded upon the kind of under- 
standing of ourselves which comes from an understanding of 
other peoples, and which brings with it a sense of duty to our 
neighbors as well as to ourselves. We want history for victory, 
but we want history still more for what is to come after victory. 
We are making and living world history, and we must face the 
problem of teaching world history. The logical next step, if we 
really wish to move forward: is, then, to take for our field, humanity, 
and to organize a course in beans for schools that shall represent as 
accurately as possible and explain as adequately as possible the de- 
velopment of humanity. What does this imply? 

In the first place, our facts must be historical and must be recog- 
nized as historical. They must represent history that actually hap- 
pened and not history that might have happened, nor even history 
that ought to have happened. The best of our textbooks for the upper 
grades and for the high school have already met in part this condi- 
tion. They treat of history that actually happened. They give us 
facts. They do not as a rule indicate what it is that makes a fact 
historical. Facts of widely different degrees of probability, mere 
personal opinion and pure speculation are mingled in one body of as- 
sured information, and the pupil is likely to reduce this information 
to one common level of certainty and to look upon a fact in history 
as any statement printed in a history book. Roger Williams was born 
in 1607. Roger Williams was banished from Massachusetts because 
of his religious opinions. Massachusetts should not have banished 
Roger Williams. The Massachusetts Bay Puritans came to America 
to establish civil and religious liberty ; the Puritan ideals were narrow 
and intolerant. Liberty of conscience would have fared better in New 
England if Roger Williams had never been born. The world knows 
the history of Massachusetts by heart. The Massachusetts Bay spirit 
has made the United States the greatest nation in history. We have 
the printed word for all of these statements. All of them are alike 

88582°—19——15 


226 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


historical in the sense that they are statements actually made in the 
past. But in other respects they obviously neither belong to one com- 
mon species nor stand on one common level of probability or of gen- 
erality. The simplest kind of intelligence in reading history requires 
some conception of the kinds of evidence behind such statements, and 
of the kinds of operations by which they are built up. History, that 
is, to be historical must involve not only the question, “ What does 
the author mean?” but the further questions, “ How does he know?” 
and “Is it true?” This does not imply the saurce method as com- 
monly understood. It does imply some classification of facts accord- 
ing to kind and according to degree of probability and of generality, 
and sufficient illustration to make the pupil conscious of differences. 

In the second place, facts must be selected and arranged from the 
standpoint of development and with a view to conveying an impres- 
sion of development. In determining what is important or unim- 
portant we must look primarily for interests and problems that 
shaped the past, and not primarily for interests and problems now 
shaping the present. Again, since development implies change, and 
since the idea of change in the world can be grasped only through a 
perception of differences, we must emphasize differences between past 
and present. Here again the best of our textbooks have already met 
in part the condition. Within the subjects provided by our history 
programs they have endeavored to trace development. They have 
not to the same extent nor in the same spirit endeavored to trace the 
development of humanity. They have not to the extent of modern 
French practice emphasized differences between peoples and institu- 
tions, and therefore have not brought home as vividly as French text- 
books the idea of change in the world. 

In the third place we must strive for continuity, for history one 
and indivisible, one continuous, continuing process. In this condi- 
tion we encounter our greatest difficulties, and it is here that we have 
made the least progress. ; 

The first difficulty is that of reducing the characteristics of the one 
continuous, continuing process to proportions that fall within the 
limits of school time and school intelligence. Here the French have, 
I think, in their program of 1902, succeeded beyond any other people. 
They have succeeded because eminently competent French historians 
had the courage really to face the problem and a sense of its im- 
portance which held them to years of devoted labor. One of them 
remarked in Paris in 1904 that he had deliberately turned aside from 
special research and given 20 years to the task of tracing for school 
boys “the principal transformations of humanity.” No mind of 
equal training, equipment, and power has as yet given itself for any 
such period to the task in the United States. The occasion has 


CONFERENCE OF TEACHERS OF HISTORY. . 227 


scarcely arisen. We have been talking and thinking of subjects in 
history, and not of courses in history. 

The second difficulty is that presented by our system of school 
organization and administration. Pure democracy and undefiled in 
American public education has meant until recently a common oppor- 
tunity for eight years of study that scarcely looked beyond the ele- 
mentary school, followed abruptly by a common opportunity for four 
years of additional study that looked chiefly to the entrance require- 
ments for college. By this scheme secondary education has been post- 
poned two years beyond the usual period in Europe, and invidious 
distinctions in the elementary school between pupils with and pupils 
without high-school prospects, and in the high schoo] between pupils 
with and pupils without college prospects have been avoided. The 
principle in the elementary school has been that what is good enough 
for the majority is good enough for the minority, and in the high 
school that what is good enough for the minority is good enough for 
the majority. In consequence of this system of organization we have 
been forced in the eleinentary school to shape programs for those who 
expect to drop out, and in the high school we have been held to sub- 
jects prescribed or accepted for entrance to college. Where under 
such a system is the place, and where the inspiration, for continuity 
of historical study? 

The junior high-schoo] movement promised at first some measure 
of relief. It looked for a time as if we might plan a related course 
in history extending throughout the six years of the elementary school 
and the three years of the junior high school. It even looked for a 
time as if we might base the work in the senior high school upon the 
nine years of preparation below. But the prospect is now changing. 
In system after system organized on the 6-3-3 plan the edict has gone 
forth that we can have at most two years for history in the junior 
high school, with American history in any case the one indispensable 
subject, and that in the senior high school we must continue to meet 
college entrance requirements. As for the six years of the elementary 
school, we are reminded that conditions for history must for the pres- 
ent be so adjusted as to admit freely of the transfer of pupils from 
six-year elementary schools to eight-year elementary schools, and 
from eight-year elementary schools to six-year elementary schools. 
We thus appear to have gained for history three independent, unre- 
lated units in place of the former two. 

We can not, of course, escape altogether the limitations imposed 
by our system of school organization. But between the difficulty due 
to these limitations and the difficulty created by the principle of con- 
tinuity itself there is, I suspect, some relation. It is true that 
teachers of history have been occupied with subjects in history be- 


228 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


cause schoo] administrators have not left room for courses in history. 
It is also true that school administrators have not left room for 
courses in history because teachers of history have been occupied 
with subjects in history. The question of initial responsibility for 
this situation might be worth a quarrel. But teachers of history 
need not begin it. It is enough for them to admit that neither they 
nor school administrators have given really anxious thought to the 
significance of continuity in history programs, and that neither they 
nor school administrators have developed the kind of conviction that 
has been developed in Europe. This limitation at least can be re- 
moved. 

Here, in my judgment, is the point at which our attack must 
begin. Do we really believe that a course in history is desirable? 
Have we any consistent principles that we are ready to apply? I 
have tried this morning to set forth the principles which have gradu- 
ally unfolded themselves for me in-the course of some years of at- 
tention to the history of history teaching. They seem to me in the 
light of past experiments and experiences to represent a step for- 
ward. Whether they are so regarded or not, whether they are 
worthy of consideration or not, some body of principles we must 
have if we are to have a course in history. The alternative is the 
confusion which has reigned from the beginning in the teaching of 
history in the United States and which still reigns. 

In the ends to be sought by a course in history we are in part on 
old, familiar ground. We want to understand the present. We want 
to understand ourselves in the community and in the Nation. We 
want to understand American ideals and American institutions. We 
want to be made efficient socialized Americans of the twentieth cen- 
tury. But we want to be made also efficient partners in the grand en- 
terprise of cooperating with the rest of the human race. 


In closing, may I venture to suggest to those who are irrevocably — 


committed to other ways of dealing with history, and especially to 
those who, on principle, do not believe in principles, that certain 
comments which have doubtless occurred to them have already been 
applied to most of the plans now actually in force and have grown 
so familiar that anyone bold enough to face an audience like this may 
be presumed to have given them his earnest consideration. I have, I 
assure you, been reminded beyond any possibility of forgetting, that 
college professors are ignorant of school conditions; that teachers 
of history are sometimes incompetent, usually untrained, and always 
overworked; that children in the elementary school have immature 
minds; that boys and girls in the high school are adolescents; that 
colleges have entrance requirements; that the curriculum is crowded; 
that the time for history is short, and that, after all, it is not the 
course in history that matters; it is not the idea of development; it 


a 


— — Mehe ls 


CONFERENCE OF TEACHERS OF HISTORY. 229 


is not the idea of continuity; it is the personality of the teacher. On 
the one point that does matter I pause merely to remark that those 
who have personality—and it is always the other teacher who has 
not—should thank the Lord, and that those who have it not should 
pray for personality but not expect too much. 

The Cuatrman. The discussion of this very significant and, to 
us, vitally important and interesting paper, will be begun by Prof. 
R. M. Tryon, of the University of Chicago. Those who are to take 
part in the discussion whose names are on the program will be lim- 
ited to 10 minutes. I hope that thereafter we may have a large num- 
ber of pertinent discussions limited to five minutes. 

Mr. Tryon. Mr. Chairman and fellow teachers, I want to say in 
the beginning that I thoroughly believe in a course idea as advocated 
by Prof. Johnson, and I also thoroughly believe that that idea will 
in time be injected into the history work done in our public schools. 
If this great asscciation would take this matter up with enthusiasm 
definite results would soon follow. For the truth of this statement ~ 
one needs but to look to what the association has accomplished in 
the past along this line. The chaotic state in which we find ourselves 


at the present time regarding history in the elementary and high 


schools is very similar to that found by the committee of seven 
nearly 20 years ago. At that time we were organizing new schools, 
we were perfecting the eighth grade, we were commissioning new 
high schools with courses four years in duration. No one seemed to 
know what history to teach in these rapidly growing high schools. 
At the opportune tame the report of the committee of seven ap- 
peared; this report brought order out of chaos. Whether or not we 
now agree to the order it brought, the fact remains that it did bring 
order, and if you will study the statistics of history in the high 
schools, say 10 years after this committee made its report, you will 
be amazed at its widespread influence. The committee of eight re- 
ferred to by Prof. Johnson had similar influence on the course of 
study in the elementary schools. While it has been less than 10 
years since that report came to the public, its influence has been felt 
throughout the country. Its influence, no doubt, would continue to 
be felt through another decade were it not for the fact that the or- 
ganization of the elementary school for which it was planned is 
being displaced by an organization to which the report does not seem 
to be adapted. This fact makes it very urgent that this association 
again attack the history program and bring some order out of the 
chaotic condition in which we now find ourselves. As Prof. Johnson 
suggests, when we upset the eight-year idea and substitute a six-year 
elementary school, we might say that we have overthrown the report 
of the committee of eight, however good it might have been. We 
have overthrown, in a measure, the report of the committee of seven 


2s 


230 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


when we substitute a three-year high-school course for a four-year 
high-school course; and when we inject the junior high school of 
three years between the elementary grades and the senior high 
school, we have a new organization which was provided for neither 
in the report of the committee of seven nor in the report of the 
committee of eight; so we are facing a situation which we must im- 
mediately get under control. I think the American Historical Asso- 
ciation should assume the leadership in adjusting the history pro-_ 
gram to these new organizations. - There is danger of its losing the 
leadership at the present time. What is needed is an early realiza- 
tion that we are confronted by conditions unknown to the com- 
mittees of seven and eight, and that we must make a history program 
to meet these new conditions. The association need not be auto- 
cratic in its suggestions. The truth of the matter is, I feel, that we 
can not put this thing over by being autocratic about it. I think 
that we must take our friends, the educational psychologists, the 
educational sociologists, and the educational administrators, into our 
confidence. ‘We must realize that there is a conflict between the 
opinions they hold and those held by us. I have jotted down a few 
of these conflicts as I see them at the present time. I have put on 
one side the historians who are to-day thinking about a course in 
history, and the psychologists, the sociologists, and educational ad- 
ministrators on the other. Here are some of the conflicting opin- 
ions: The historians believe in history for its own sake, while the 
educational psychologists, sociologists, and administrators believe 
in history for the sake of the child. To them the child is the center 
of gravity, therefore everything must be turned in its direction; 
courses of study do not matter, subjects do not matter, but the 
child—in it all our interests must le. Again, historians believe in 
the chronological method of approach and the logical development 
of the subject; while on the other hand the educational psycholo- 
gists, sociologists, and administrators care little about chronological 
approach and logical development. Furthermore, the historians 
insist that we must have a whole story—that the history of the United 
States, for example, must begin at the beginning and the story must 
be told logically from 1492 right down to the present time. On the 
other hand, the educational psychologists, sociologists, and adminis- 
trators have little interest in this complete story. They say begin 
at the present if you like, or in the middle, and go in any direction 
you choose. The historians also believe that there must be a rather 
detailed, view of a period or epoch; the other folks say that a general 
view in most cases is sufficient. And finally the historians claim that 
one can not understand the present until one knows and understands 
the past. The educators tell us that the important thing is to under- 
stand the present, and if the past will help, well and good, but we 


s 


CONFERENCE OF TEACHERS OF HISTORY. 231 


should start with the present and then if there is anything in the 
past that we need we can go back and bring it to view. I could 
go on and enumerate other conflicting opinions relating to history 
in schools held by the historians and the educators, but this seems 
unnecessary. I have mentioned enough for you to see the trend of 
affairs at the present time. It is to be regretted that Prof. Johnson 
can not continue at the head of our committee. He is the second 
chairman of this committee whom we have lost; we are drifting 
along, unfortunately, but of course we can not help these changes; 
but it seems to me that we should take this thing in hand soon and 
get to work. It is not a little job, it is a big job. Four or five of us 
can not get together and propose a program. The work of the com- 
mittee of seven has amounted to something because the members de- 
voted four or five years to the work; that is why its work has been 
so influential. The major portion of the time of some one must be 
spent in working out a program to meet the conditions that we are 
facing at this time. I think this committee needs the services of 
a paid secretary to take charge of this work. This would make pos- 
sible a thorough survey of present-day conditions in order to find 
out what all classes of educators are thinking and a number are 
doing. Our committee would then be able to propose a real pro- 
gram to the educational psychologists, sociologists, and administra- 
tors—a program based on facts as well as opinions; a program which 
would be well received because of the method employed in its con- 
struction. To make such a program is the next step which I think 
this association should take and bring to completion as soon as 
possible. 

The Cuarrman. The discussion will be continued by Dr. A. M. 
Wolfson, of the High School of Commerce, New York City. 

Dr. Wotrson. Mr. Chairman, ladies, and gentlemen, the way my 
name appears in this program indicates, in part at least, the way in 
which I have been rapidly changing my point of view in the course 
of the past three or four years. Prof. Tryon spoke of the difference 
jn point of view between the historians and the educational adminis- 
trators and educational psychologists. When I was in the DeWitt 
Clinton High School I was perhaps a historian—certainly a history 
teacher. Since then I have perhaps changed my point of view; cer- 
tainly I have become an educational administrator, maybe an educa- 
tional psychologist. Iam interested now in the history course as part 
of a general curriculum in a high school, whether it be in an academic 
high school or in a technical high school, such as the High School of 
Commerce. I believe from watching the boys and girls in high 
schools that our course of study must be so fashioned that while it is 
in progress it will meet the present interests of the boys and girls, 
so that when it is completed it will meet their interest as citizens of 


932 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


the United States. That far I am, in spite of Prof. Johnson’s 
assertions, a strong believer in using current events as part of the 
high-school course. 

A year ago I had something to say on that subject, and I tried to 
make plain then, as I wish to make plain now, my point of view. I 
do not believe in abandoning all textbooks in history, in forgetting 
Greece and Rome and medieval Europe, in starting with the answer 
that was made a day or two ago by the Teutonic allies to the Russian 
proposal for'peace, but I do believe there must be in our course some- 
thing of what is going on in Austria and Germany and Russia if 
we are to keep our history in close touch with the lives of the children. 
I should say then that primarily our course of study must be made 
with the present interests of our children constantly in mind. So 
far, you see, I am an educational psychologist rather than a his- 
torian. 

The thing that is distressing to me as an educational administrator 
is the fact that when I walk into the room of a history teacher I 
am apt to find the boys discussing, for example, the early history of 
England, the period of the Roman occupation, and the conversion 
of the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity, and I am almost certain to find 
them reproducing word for word the same stories that they told when 
they were in the sixth and seventh grades in the elementary schools. 
There is, in other words, no differentiation in our work between the 
elementary-school attack and the high-school attack. Our children 
get the same thing over and over again. I wish that some one would 
work out a course of study so that boys and girls who studied English 
history or American history in the elementary schools should when 
they come to study these subjects in the high school at least study 
them from a different point of view. 

Perhaps because I have in the past few years been associated with 
a special type of school, with a commercial high school rather than 
the general high school, I have become more and more convinced that 
one way out of the present difficulty is to adjust our causes to the 
different needs of the different types of pupils. I should like to see 
in the High School of Commerce, for example, an attack of our prob- 
lem from the point of view of commercial development. I believe 
that our boys would get incidentally a larger understanding of the 
- political development of the Nation if they made their attack from 
the point of view of the history of commerce. Similarly, I believe 
that in the industrial high school the course of study should approach 
history from the point of view of industrial development. In con- 
clusion, I should like to take up, just for a moment, a somewhat un- 
related topic. Prof. Johnson in his address referred to the necessity 
that appears at the present time of inculcating Americanism and 
American patriotism in our teaching of history. I have not been con- 


Se ae 


ee 


CONFERENCE OF TEACHERS OF HISTORY. 233 


_ vinced thus far that the doing of this thing consciously will result 


in the ends that most of us have in view. I am still convinced that 
what I believed and what most of this audience believed 5 or 10 
years ago about the purpose of our history teaching, that it was to 
inculcate historical-mindedness and understanding of the past, and 
of the relation of nations in the past without regard to an emphasis 
upon American accomplishment and American ideals, is still here. I 
believe in the long run we shall serve our purposes best and that we 
shall be able to inculcate in our students a true Americanism if we 
continue our attempt to understand what were the things that led to 
temporary hostilities between the American colonists and the men in 
England, what were the things that led to the American Revolution, 
without attempting to gloss over the misunderstanding in England 
of American purposes. If we continue to teach the American Revo- 
lution, for example, as we have always taught it, we shall, I believe, 
perform the miracle in the future that we performed in the past; 
we shall make of boys and girls born in Germany, in Poland, in 
Austria, in Russia, in France, or in Italy, at the end of 10 years of 
schooling, good Americans. I do not believe that it would be wise for 
us to abandon, in the stress of war times, all the things that we stood 
for, for so many years before the war came. ~ 

The Cuairman. The discussion will be continued by Prof. Henry 
E. Bourne, of the Western Reserve University. 

Prof. Bourne. Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, I want to say 
just a word or two about some of the aims of the committee of eight, 
if I may be pardoned, having been a member of the committee. The 
committee of eight set out to do the things which Prof. Johnson has 
commended—that is, to introduce a course of study in history in the 
elementary schools. What we had in mind was this program I have 
in my hand; that is, the French program of 1902. There were diffi- 
culties, which Prof. Johnson realizes quite as well and better than I. 
One of the difficulties was the fact that the committee could not ob- 
tain a block of four years for the course, including the fifth, sixth, 
seventh, and eighth grades. That was our original plan. But the 
superintendents on our committee held that so many pupils leave at 
the end of the fifth grade that it was absolutely necessary to have a 
course in American history, treated according to the biographical 
method, in the fifth grade. We were accordingly restricted to a 
block of three years. This increased the difficulty of the problem. 

Undoubtedly, our solution of the problem is open to improvement, 
but it is true that wherever the plan of the committee of eight has 
been introduced the schools are working, consciously or unconsciously, 


upon the principle commended by Prof. Johnson. 


In the construction of the program I want to point out one or two 
difficulties. It has been said that the French program in history 


234 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


embodies a study of the development of humanity rather than a study 
of the history of France. However, if we look at the program for 
the first cycle we find that the first year of the four is devoted to 
ancient history, but that the bulk of the material for the second year 
is drawn from French history. The French have the advantage that 
the history of their country illustrates the development of civiliza- 
tion better perhaps than does the history of any other country. 
From the Roman Empire down, their history may be treated as the 
nucleus about which the experience of the rest of the world is 
grouped. Not so with us. Although our civilization, being Euro- 
pean, is as-ancient as theirs, it is not until we reach the period of the 
discoveries that we seem to be on American ground. This complicates 
the problem of the continuous course. 

The Cuairman. The next discussion is by Prof. Herbert D. Foster, 
Dartmouth College. om 

Prof. Foster. Among the admirable features of Prof. Johnson’s 
comprehensive conspectus was the way in which he forestalled criti- 
cisms by mentioning them himself and sweeping them aside. His 
excellently planned structure is well adapted to a siege, for he has 
left us exits rather than entrances; his castle has sally ports for 
himself but no drawbridge let down for our attack. 

He has mentioned the schemes of educational sociologists and psy- 
chologists, but are we sufficiently on guard against the uneducated 
sociologist? While he was speaking I found among my mail an 
appeal which took for gfanted that a teacher of history could with- 
out hesitation reel off “a list of a few of the most comprehensive 
books with which you are acquainted,” giving “a short outline study 
of the religious beliefs of the world; also the beliefs of men in the 
Stone Age, which I take to be the condition of the American Indians 
and of the African Negroes when the whites came first in contact 
with them.” Is it any less absurd to expect a teacher in the second- 
ary school to develop historical-mindedness and a reasonable amount 
of intellectual modesty while fox-trotting with her pupils over most 
ot the surface of the earth in a single year? 

However we may differ as to how long a period we should cover, 
can we not agree to recognize manifest limitations of time, maturity, 
and natural interest, and join in trying to help teacher and pupil in 
differentiating the essential from the unessential? When I sit down 
to talk over with a boy or girl a considerable block of a book, say 
like Green’s Short History of the English People, I realize what a 
body of,material there is that the young reader could not be expected 
to note or long remember, and how difficult it is for him to recognize 
the important things. The difficulty of the enormous body of mate- 
rial facing the immature pupil appears even more clearly when one 


CONFERENCE OF TEACHERS OF HISTORY. 235 


looks at even the most carefully prepared papers for the examining 
of secondary school pupils. The stretch of time, the variety of books, 
the range of topics are so tremendous that there is obvious need of 
some approach to a consensus of opinion as to what should be em- 
phasized and what may be neglected. Only through elimination, se- 
lection, and emphasis can teacher and pupil win time for some degree 
of thoroughness, and opportunity for real training through enlight- 
ening questions and: problems such as Prof. Johnson has suggested 
in his book and his address. Such selection and elimination can not 
be done solely by a single writer or teacher, or dictated to all and 
sundry in cast-iron form by any committee representative of only 
one stage of teaching. Such a piece of work, to command confidence 
‘and prove workable, must be somewhat elastic and must be the prod- 
uct of cooperation, and not of contention or exploitation. 

If we are to work out a generally acceptable plan, teachers in ele- 
mentary schools, secondary schools, and colleges must pool their 
knowledge and experience. Through such consensus of opinion as 
to what should be and what has proved to be worth while teaching, 
we can arrive at some agreement as to what should be emphasized, so 
that to other topics the relieved teacher may devote as much or as 
little time as his own judgment approves. If this association, through 
its committee on history in schools, could cooperate with the com- 
mittees of the various history teachers’ associations who have already 
given time and thought to this plan, and then say to teachers, “ we 
feel, having gone over the field together, that certain things prove to 
be fundamental, and you can afford to take time to teach these es- 
sential things well,” then teachers and pupil would have a certain 
freedom from the feeling that they must cover, as of equal impor-- 
tance, everything mentioned in the textbook. Teachers would then 
feel a certain freedom to take up other topics in which they are espe- 
cially interested or in which they find pupils taking keen interest ; for 
they would find time for such mattefs of local or personal interest 
because relieved of the burden of the omnium gatherum of Father 
Time, and able to pass over altogether some of the antiquities in 
the rag bag, or make any passing use they may wish of the even- 
tually negligible. Whatever your committee may do, however com- 
prehensive and ambitious its program, this marking out of consensus 
of opinion as to what is essential and deserving of emphasis in the 
various fields of history is vital to any report. 

It was the demand for something of this sort on the part of both 
school and college teachers, expressed repeatedly at conferences of 
the American Historical Association, at meetings of history teachers’ 
associations from New England to California, and through replies to 
questionnaires, that gave this committee on history in schools its ex- 


. 


236 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


istence and its primary object.1_ A comparatively brief list of essen- 
tial topics to be emphasized (not an elaborate syllabus) together 
with lists of topics for collateral reading, such as was asked for by 
replies from teachers in secondary schools and in colleges, might be 
used in the testing of pupils at the close of a school course or at their 
entrance to college. Is it fanciful to think that possibly such lists 
of topics and examinations based on such lists and given by the 
school might help to speed the day when school and college might 
unite in recognizing the great value of a written examination given 
by the school on the basis of material agreed upon by consensus of 


school and college teachers? It should, however, be always remem- 


bered that the matter of college entrance is not and has not been the 


main object of this committee. It is of course only one of the things | 


to be considered in the problem of the continuous teaching of history. 

As in the matter of topics to be treated there must be some range 
for individuality and locality, so in programs, why should we 
not frankly recognize that alongside an ideal program of courses 
for all schools (if we only had some central authority to carry it 
through as in France) we should take into consideration differences 
of conditions and aims and background? We have a multitude of 
educational authorities in different parts of the country, and entirely 
different kinds of schools. There is the ordinary high school, the 
technical and commercial high, the junior and the senior high 
schools, the private schools, and the historic endowed academies. 
Then there are existing and well established courses that should be 
recognized as such and entitled to definition, whatever new courses 
may be hoped for. In 1914 Prof. Johnson, in his excellent book 
on the Teaching of History, reports that he found out of 600 schools 
only 10 per cent entirely neglecting the epoch-making report of the 
committee of seven; 85 per cent offered ancient history; 79 per cent 
American history; 76 per cent European; and 58 per cent English 
history. American history was required in 63 per cent of the schools, 
ancient history in 59 per cent. A school unable to give four years of 
history and trying to map out three years might naturally give two 
years to European and one to American history. The difficulty here 
is as to how far to go in the first year and still do work that is really 
historical and not merely perfunctory and uneducational. Could we 
“not say to schools, If you are giving a four-year course as recom- 
mended by the committee of seven and the committee of five, or the 
slightly modified four-year course suggested by the committee of 
five, continue to give these if satisfactory; or if you can give but 


1 The origin and purpose of the movement, with analysis of 412 replies from teachers, 
may be found in The History Teacher’s Magazine, June, 1916, pp. 191-198. Ninety- 
two per cent of those replying to the specific question favored a list of ‘‘ essential 
main topics, with little 0: no subdivisions, which certainly ought to be included and 
emphasized.” 


ee a 


a a 
cain 


CONFERENCE OF TEACHERS OF HISTORY. 237 


three and are omitting the English (save as included in the Euro- 
pean) continue to do so if the plan works well? If the ordinary 
high school can give but two years, one of these would inevitably be 
American and the other would probably be in the majority of schools 
with little interest in ancient and more interest in later times, a year 
in medieval and modern history, with emphasis on the modern 
period. On the other hand, where there is a natural interest in the 
classics and ancient civilization, why notm ake use of that environ- 
ment and interest? Why should precisely the same selection of 
courses be made for the high school in Sleepy Eye, Dawn (in Darke 
County, Ohio), and in the Roxbury Latin School, and the Phillips 
Academy, Exeter? Why not teach thoroughly Greek and Latin 
civilization through both language and history courses, in schools 
with a sound historical background of appreciation of that civiliza- 
tion, where pupils can be led to understand and take interest in what 
they really know something about? That would give real knowledge 
and vital training. The quality of the knowledge and the training 
is more important than a uniformity which would have all pupils 
study the same period whatever the background and equipment of 
the school. We may well remember that England’s cabinets have 
largely been drawn from the men who have been trained not merely 
in the classical languages, but in the politics, social life, and prob- 
lems of Greek and Latin states, with that constant comparison with 
modern civilization which the well-read teacher and the reading and 
thinking pupil shall make. Quite different would be the environ- 
ment and intellectual stimulus of the technical high school, or per- 
haps of a school in a town that had been lately founded, where inter- 
est would lie in more modern lines. 

In any case let us try to cooperate in helping schools not to attempt 
more than they can do well. Let us give all the enthusiasm and in- 
telligence we can to helping teachers and pupils in history to do 
something well, so that they may know the difference between the 
thing that is and the thing that is not, recognize the difference be- 
tween knowing and guessing, and be ready to do their part not 
merely in making the world safe for democracy but in making 
democracy safe for the world. 

The Cuarrman. I suppose every one of us here has ideas about 
the subject that has been discussed, and I hope a very large number 
will desire to express those ideas. The time is yours, with the un- 
derstanding that no one shall speak for more than five minutes. 

Mr. Mirus. I was greatly impressed by what Prof. Foster said. 
I think he has struck one of the most vital problems that we have 
got to face. I think the first point of value that we have got to 
take up is not primarily the teaching of history. I am going to try 
to get out of one of the exits that Prof. Johnson closed up. I 


238 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


think we must start with elementary and secondary education, and 
there we have immature minds, and the primary object of all edu- 
cational systems is the training of those minds. What I am afraid 
of is this: If we go ahead and draft a program, the teachers will 
adopt it because it is something definite. That is where our text- 
books have failed, very frequently, I think, in putting things into 
a too definite form. Students are continuing, on their entrance 
examinations (of which I have read a great many), to give back to 
you classified statements, classified knowledge, apparently without 
much effort at digestion. It has been a question of making the mind 
a phonographic record instead of an organ of digestion, and if you 
give a very definite program in the teaching of history, the teachers 
are going to accept it. 

Now, I say we are after the education of those children, instead 
of teaching them so much history or attempting to teach them so 
much that we may keep them from studying subjects which are 
more profitable for them to study in the training of their minds. 
In other words, I think we must be very careful not to make too 
elaborate a program. Furthermore, might not the suggestion of sub- 
jects to be taught in the field to be covered by our teachers tempt them 
into too difficult programs? I am quite in sympathy with Prof. 
Foster’s point of view that the prime need of American education, 
in history, or in anything with which we are concerned, is to teach 
well. If we do suggest a program, why can’t we make some provision 
by which the teacher, if he does create a great deal of interest, or a 
school that finds itself in possession of a teacher who has enthusiasm, 
make provision by which the man that really teaches one thing well 
might teach that and not glide over a great many subjects? The 
course of American education to-day is along that line; we are wan- 
dering in the wilderness and trying to teach something of everything, 
and not teaching anything effectively. There are rare exceptions, but 
in general I think that is the great danger we are facing. I hope 
this association, therefore, will, through some form of committee, or 
acting as a body, not give to the secondary and elementary schools 
too much of a program, corrupting them along those lines in which I 
think our educational system has been corrupted too much. The 
great field which I hope to see developed under some program and of 
which I have heard no word this morning, is for the secondary school, 
the field of historical biography. I believe it is neglected, and it is 
a most fruitful field for approach to the study of history. Phillips 
Brooks.once said at Exeter, in a talk to the boys there, that he thought 
the most effective way for a young chap to get interested in the past 
was through reading the life of some great leader, and that if he 
found himself unable to get interested in the first chapter of the book, 
he should turn to the close of the man’s career and then read back. 


i ee a ae 


- 


CONFERENCE OF TEACHERS OF HISTORY. 239 


We have this study of biography, and it seems to me that it is a 
tangible way to introduce the subject of history to children and I am 
surprised that it has not been more extensively used. 

Mr. Moors. I want to tell you what we are doing in Indiana. I 
never knew what was the matter with the State legislature, but I 
think I have found out this morning; I think its members have per- 
sonality. Some time since the flood they demanded that if a stu- 
dent is going to study history for one year in high school it must 
be American history, and we have tried ever since to live that down. 
Last fall the State teachers’ association, through the history section, 
appointed a committee to revise the history course. That committee 
did a good deal of work. It sent out several questionnaires. Eighty 
per cent responded, and we found some very astonishing things. 
We found that only 10 per cent of the students in the larger high 
schools have any use for a course in history, and 60 per cent of them 
with only one year which, under the State law, had to be American 
history. I am sorry I have not the figures with me. I can only give’ 
you general figures. We found that seventy-odd per cent of the In- 
diana high-school teachers are in three-teacher high schools. After 
a good deal of careful investigation, a committee reported this last 
fall to the State association and suggested a wise solution very simi- 
lar to what Prof. Foster suggested—a two-year course. But we still 
have the State law, so that if we have a two or three year course the 
student must take one year of American history. Now, our two-year 
course is divided at 1715; that is, the first year is to cover the ground 
down to what we will say is the beginning of recent times, and the 
second year is to be spent on the last two centuries. 

' In addition to that there must be a course in American history 
which will include a good deal of civics. You see the two-year course 
includes American history, which is the State requirement. The 
association adopted that report of the committee and a resolution 
was sent to the State board, which adopted it, and the coming March 
the board is to make a five-year textbook adoption, and the new 
course is to be the thing around which the textbook condition centers. 
Iam interested in the matter because I am on the committee, and the 
committee is to try to humanize the textbooks which have been sent 
in. We have already received two textbooks which fairly answer the 
demands of the two-year course. Each one is a two-volume set. I 
have looked them over very, very carefully. It is the same old story; 
most of the books deal with teaching the teacher, and the question 
is how to teach history to children. Now a great many of the 
teachers know a great deal more about history than they can pos- 
sibly teach to the children. You gentlemen deal with College 
students; you are much nearer to the students than the high-school 
teacher is to his students, or to a still greater degree than the grade 


240 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


teacher. There is a great gap which it is very difficult to bridge over, 
even though one knows it exists and tries very sincerely to bridge it 
over. We are going to try to make possible the use of those text- 
books in a variety of schools. We have made no specific plans as 
yet, but we are going to try to suggest as many possible ways of 
using those books as we can, whether it happens to be a Salt Lake 
City or some place in New Hampshire. We have a population which 
is largely German in some neighborhoods in indiana}; in some coun- 
ties 50 per cent of the people still speak only German, and the other 
part of the population is made up of people from Kentucky and 
New England, and we are_going to try to suggest methods so broad 
that they will cover the local demands; and if I am so fortunate as 
to be here a year from now I should like o tell you what we have 
accomplished in our attempt to adjust the situation. I think the 
discussion this morning illustrates the fluid state in which the asso- 
ciation finds itself in regard to the question of the teaching of history. 
‘I think that something ought to be done along the lines suggested 
by Prof. Tryon. I simply rose to say that there is a gentleman who, 
along with Prof. Johnson, has been for a long time working on a 
course of history for the high schools of the State of New York. I 
wish that Dr. A. C. Flick, of Syracuse University, would speak to us 
for a few minutes. 

Dr. Frick. I shall be very glad indeed to tell you what the com- 
mittee in New York State has been thinking about. I don’t know 
that I can give away all of the secrets of that committee; that is not 
expected. Perhaps the general character of our work can be com- 
pletely understood when I say that Prof. Johnson has been, in a way, 
the guiding spirit in that committee. The committee feels that it has 
a very serious problem before it in the State of New York. We have 
unusual conditions there; we have a great city down along the lower 
end of the Hudson, with its own particular needs; we have also small 
towns and villages scattered throughout the remaining portions of 
the State, and there the conditions are very different, and the prob- 
lems must be handled in a different way. Now, New York State, 
along with other States of the country, I believe, has honestly at- 
tempted to do something with the old recommendation of the block 
system, but I think in general it is true that we have found that 
while the idea was one toward which a great many teachers desired 
to strive, they found it absolutely impossible to work it out, not only 
in the four-year course, but even in the three-year course. As sug- 
gested by the gentleman from Indiana, they found that the State, 
through its appropriations, virtually compelled all of the schools in 
New York to teach American history if the State money was to be 
received, and there was virtually little time left, as you will under- 
stand, for three years or even two years of history work. The com- 


a i i ti i 


CONFERENCE OF TEACHERS OF HISTORY. 941 


mittee at its annual session has sought to meet that condition. We 
have not been able to teach the four-year or the three-year course. 
What can we do? Can we count on two years? Can we count on 
three years? And if we have two years, or three years, then what 
ought we to teach? What ought we to put into the high schools? 
The committee has discussed those questions, and in a way it has 
answered them. We have been led to hope that in New York State 
we might have three years for history work, and if that is done— 
if that is granted to us—then I believe the committee will recom- 
mend that the three years be divided up somewhat as follows. 

The first ear will be devoted to ancient history and to that period 
following the ancient field down to some more recent epoch, say, 
1750 or 1789. That would probably be the plan and would mean that 
one-half of the first year would be devoted to the field of ancient 
history and the second half to the period following, down to 1789 
or 1750. If but two years are allowed, there is to be a separation at 
that point, and students will have the opportunity of one year of 
American history with the world view in mind, American history as 
the center of world history, or he may go on and take up modern 
European history with the world history as the goal. If. however, 
“he can devote his time to two years, then he will probably take as his 
second year modern European history from the world standpoint, 
and go on to the third year American, still from the world stand- 
point, with stress on civics. I think it is the general hope through- 
out the State that we may be able to obtain these three years, and, 
if we can, as far as my own view goes, I believe it would be a very 
decided step forward. 

Miss Tatzu. Those of you who are familiar with the elementary 
schools know that up to this time we know what to do in geography— 
we know we must have it from the third grade up; we know what to 
do in arithmetic from the first grade up—it is well defined. But 
for years we have been wondering what to do with history. The 
teachers are willing to do what you say; they are not specialists, 
as they are in the secondary schools; an elementary teacher has to 
be a very miscellaneous-minded person. She is teachable and is 
easily led. 

A few years ago the committee of eight gave us some plans, and 1 
should say that there has been no greater evidence of the interest 
in history, in our country, than is evident in our country school sys- 
tem. We still need more light. When Prof Johnson says that we 
want continuity, we are willing to have continuity in the elementary 
grades. We should be glad to have him lay out a plan for the teach- 
ing of history in the first three grades, something like the plan 
adopted by the Horace Mann School in the Teachers’ College, and 

88582 °—19——16 


242 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


this could go out over the country. It is not only necessary for the 
private schools, but it is necessary for the public schools. JI am not 
considering the secondary schools right now; but we should be very 
glad to follow a plan and come back with our evidence for discus- 
sion at the joint meeting of elementary teachers and historians, 
and I think we would have very good results. But there must be 
definite standards, set up for the grade teacher, just as there are 
definite standards in other branches, such as English. We know 
whether the sentence idea should be taught in the first grade, whether 
there should be the recognition of a period as punctuation; do we 
know definitely whether the third grade should have at least 10 
facts in history? Probably the facts would not be stated, but a 
statement should be made to the effect that pupils should have 10 
facts in history, that the child shall have come in contact with at 
least the primary sources, that the child shall have come in contact 
with at least_four evidences, four phases of historical evidence, shall 


have seen several relics, something of that kind. Can it be made as 


definite as that? It has got to be if the foundation for historical- 
mindedness is to be made in the elementary school; and according to 
Prof. Foster the elementary school has got to lay the foundation. 
They want the secondary free to do the special things; so we have 
got it all to do in the elementary. The matter of standard is one 
that I should like to leave with you this morning. It will not meet 
the situation just to lay down the cycles, you must lay down defi- 
nitely the historical facts, the historical events that you want the 
children in the first and second and third grades to know, and I think 


it can be as definite as that; and the textbooks that are placed in 


the hands of the teachers must be well worked out. The textbooks 
have got to be improved very, very much before history teaching 
can be improved. 

Miss Betcuer. I was in absolute sympathy with every word that 
Prof. Johnson said. We all deeply regret the resignation of the 
chairman of this committee; it will be a great loss. I was also in 
sympathy with the remarks of Prof. Tryon. I have felt that the 
secondary school teacher has been in a quandary; we have been under 
some pressure to accept the educational, psychological study, and 
it has been a question whether we should accept it or not. I feel 
that the American Historical Association should be the leader, 
should assume the leadership, and I wish to follow that association 
because it seemed to.me that the committee of history teachers spoke 
with more authority than the educational association. That is the 
stand I have taken so far, but it is difficult to keep that stand 
unless the American Historical Association explains the definite 
stand which must be taken. J think this association has more au- 
thority, because we represent the two sides of the question; we are 


. i. 
Pi 


— ee 
" 


CONFERENCE OF TEACHERS OF HISTORY. 243 


not only historians, but also educators; we represent both points of 


view. The other committee has some of the historical profession, 
but has also other members who have nothing to do with history; 
they are school superintendents and administrators. I think Prof. 
Tryon is right; we ought to get together and work in sympathy; 
there should be no antagonism, because the evidence points very 
strongly to the fact that the different committees are following 
the guidance and mandates laid upon the other committee of school 
superintendents and school commissioners. We must have some- 
thing definite to follow, and the report of the committee of seven 
did furnish some sort of a plan; did bring order out of chaos. I 
should prefer to get along with that, modified, until we can have 
something of equal authority, something authoritative from this 
same association. We have individual schemes, and I think the 
committee should continue its work without creating more disorder 
at the present time. Personally I should be heartily in favor of 
this committee being continued and getting to work with great 
enthusiasm and scholarship to give us something definite. Other- 
wise we shall be forced to some other leadership. 

Dr. Knowtrton. At the risk of being considered an opportunist, it 
would seem to me that the next step is rather a matter of defining the 
field already marked out by the committee of seven and by such 
committees as have worked over the fields of history. I heartily sym- 
pathize with the remarks of Prof. Foster. It seems to me that in 
working out the definition by topic, with some idea of the content 
of the topic, we should be ready, probably within two or three 
years, to take the step which has been suggested here as the possible 
next step, that is, a continuous course. A continuous course—that is 
the point. Let us take what we have and make a logical course. I 
would like to see such a logical course mapped out along the lines 
suggested by Prof. Johnson, with that kind of a theme; but I am 
thinking of the practical side of the problem, and I know that the 
conditions in the high schools where we have together three or four 
teachers, make it hard to get them to work‘toward a definite goal. 
Tf it is a hard thing to get three or four teachers to cooperate with 
the head in a single school, to work over the same ground and with 
the same aims, how much more difficult when we have to consider the 
schools of the entire country or the schools of an entire State. It 
seems to me that this is the line of least resistance. Let us do 
something. There is nothing that needs sound teaching more than 
history, and we need it now more than ever. Can we not within a 
year or two define a certain field; we have already made some plans; 
we have a basis to work upon; and I think we should map out a pro- 
gram, a continuous program, running from the first grade on to the 
last grade of the high-schoo] course. That is where I stand, and I 


944 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


feel that my convictions have been reinforced by the clarifying — 


discussion of the morning. I was rather inclined to believe with 
Prof. Johnson that the first step was a course system; but I feel I 
have been switched around; I think the matter has been forced upon 
this association and we must face it, as has been suggested 
by two or three speakers. The elements are already mapped out. 
In the block system we must determine the points that we are to 
lead up to, the points that would appeal to the student when first 
taking up the subject. It seems to me that the coming textbooks 
for the elementary and secondary school should be encouraged to 
make their first chapters a good deal easier than the last chapters. 
It seems to me that most textbooks are too continuous; they tell the 
story in too uniform a manner. The textbooks on other subjects 
start in with the easy, elementary work in the first chapter and 
then gradually lead up to the more advanced work. The third point 
I should like to make is the question of having the longest course 
first in the high school; the course from primitive man to 1715 seems 
to me much more difficult than the next course, the next two cen- 
turies, of European history. It is very difficult for the young person 
to cover that vast extent of time. It seems contrary to the idea of 
taking up the more elementary and easier portion of the subject first. 

Miss Evans. Has this body the power to act or are we simply to 
discuss this? I should like to know if we could crystalize some of 
this discussion and draft some resolution which could be given to the 
council of this association as the fruits of what we have been talking 
about; otherwise they may not be present and may not realize the 
points that have been brought out to-day. I was personally very 
much interested in Dr. Tryon’s suggestion of seeking from the coun- 
cil the continuation of this work by securing a grant of money and 
the paid service of a secretary in order that the work might not fall 
too heavily upon people already overburdened; such work always 
falls upon the people who are most overburdened with other things. 

Perhaps we could get Dr. Johnson to do the directing. I should 
like Dr. Tyron to offer’ a resolution which might, if it suits this 
body, be passed on to the council, asking that Prof. Johnson be per- 
suaded to help the committee in an advisory capacity, and that suffi- 
cient funds be subscribed to carry on the work. We are going to 
lose a year or two by losing the direction of the work—that is with- 
out doubt—and all of these discussions to-day have shown the great 
need for some sort of crystallization. As a member of the com- 
mittee of the National Education Association, I was interested to 
see that we are not taken seriously, that our recommendations are 
unorthodox because they are not stamped with the approval of the 
American Historical Association. I expected that; but I also noticed, 


— 
ne 
’ 


CONFERENCE OF TEACHERS OF HISTORY. ; 945 


Miss Belcher, that orthodox historians are being somewhat in- 
fluenced by that report although we were branded as sociologists 
and failed to put over an historical program without the backing of 
the American Historical Association. We need either one of two 
things; either Mr. Knowlton’s idea of this morning of defining the 


field, the ideas he has just voiced, or his idea of last night of having 


a continuous course in history. We want something done. Why 
wait a year or two years and then perhaps meet the same conditions? 
If Mr. Tryon, who suggested the idea, would present a resolution 
which could be passed on to the council, so this committee might be 
continued without burdening Prof. Johnson, but might have his 
advice, I think we might be able to accomplish results. 

The CHarrman. We are not a body capable of taking action, but 
it is an indisputable right of any body of Americans to offer and pass 
resolutions. 

Prof. Durcuer. There is some information which I judge has 
not been put in general circulation, that a committee was appointed 
consisting of six secondary teachers and five college teachers of his- 
tory, to define, as several have suggested here this morning, the dif- 
ferent existing fields as outlined by the committee of seven, or later 
modified by the committee of five, so that the teachers who are trying 
to prepare students to meet the college entrance examination may 
have a uniform method to follow in giving their instruction; and it 
is the purpose of the college examination board to have this report 
in the course of the present college year, and it is intended to make 
that work simply a matter of simple expedience. There has been no 
attempt to encroach upon the field of Prof. Johnson. The committee 
has taken pains to acquaint itself with Prof. Johnson’s work and 
the necessary relation of the work of the two committees. 

The Cuairman. It is now a little after half past 12 and I think we 
shall have to close this meeting in a few moments; but the Chair will 
recognize those on the floor. 

Mr. Catpwett. I have felt in the discussion that there must be a 
reactionary cause; there has been so much stress laid on a program of 
a diversified character. I have felt from my experience and from my 
own study the impossibility of expecting too much from boys and 
girls in the way of covering a wide ground, and particularly in the 
way of philosophizing. The college entrance board on examinations 
and the committee on definition of standards have just been men- 
tioned, and that is, it seems to me, more important almost than the 
laying down of a program, because the college entrance board in past 
examinations has required from students of history a standard of 
knowledge that not 1 out of 10 of the average school students could 
attain. It seems to me that we ought to hold clearly in mind that 


246 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


girls and boys up to the age of college students have limitations. 
We can not expect large acquirements of definite facts along the lines 
of history. We can suggest the general principles and establish 
those in our minds, but the actual relation of those principles must 
come in later years from the contemplation of facts which they have 
acquired in school, and I think we ought to satisfy ourselves with 
that knowledge and recognize that general principle in any program 
which we may formulate for the study of history in the schools. 

Mr. Harprne. I have been very much interested in the discussions 
this morning from several points of view. JI am interested in the 
work of the committee, and I should like to say as a member of the 
council of the association that certain arguments advanced this 
morning are very essential, and that they ought most assuredly to 
receive the attention of the council. But there are difficulties with 
which perhaps all of the members of the association are not familiar. 
This is a lean year, a very lean year, and the association is suffering 
from a lack of means. The committee was greatly handicapped last 
year owing to the illness of Prof. Johnson, which prevented his per- 
sonal direction, and it was also handicapped by the lack of funds. 
During the present year, I regret to state, the lack of means still 
continues. I think I shall not be guilty of divulging secrets if I say 
that the association is faced with a considerable deficit. Now, I 
do not know that I shall continue on the committee during the coming 
year. I can not speak for the other members of the committee, but 
I shall be glad, at my own expense, to give wherever it is needed; 
and in regard to the problems that face us it occurs to me that the 
matter first of all is the matter of definition of the field of which 
Prof. Foster has just spoken. The committee has the benefit of 
a considerable number of individual attempts at such definition, 


and those attempts, that material, ought not to be lost. All that ~ 


is needed is a certain amount of coordination of combinations and 
publications, and inasmuch as the commission or the committee 
of the college entrance board is already at the task, it seems to me 
that the work might be turned over to that body; the material 
collected by our committee might be given to the college entrance 
board as the definition of the content of the existing needs. We are 
passing through an extremely critical period, and there is no ques- 
tion that an important study will have to be made; the program 
will have to be modified. That, it seems to me, is the function which 
the American Historical Association might assume. The committee 
might be continued and offered these suggestions. In reference to 
a resolution being adopted, I hope you will consider the resources 
which will be available for the continuation of this work. I suggest 
a continuation of the work and also a division of the labor. - 


— 


7 2 
CONFERENCE OF TEACHERS OF HISTORY. 247 


The Cuarrman. I am sorry to have to close this extraordinarily 
interesting discussion. 

Miss Evans. May we not act upon some resolution ? 

The Cuarrman. That right is still yours. 

Dr. Tryon. Miss Evans has suggested that I present a resolu- 
tion. I would not care to do so. Dr. Harding has attended our 
session and I feel sure that if there is any possible way to get any 
money or anything from the council, Prof. Harding will present 
it to the council and get all that we could get through a resolution 
of this kind. I am personally willing to trust the entire matter to 
Prof. Harding. 

Prof. Foster. May I suggest that we do not fully understand the 
financial standing of the association, and we had better leave this 
matter to the council which has all information in its hands. 

The Cuarrman. This discussion has been most interesting to me, 
and it has been extraordinarily interesting in point of view of the 
failure of all discussers to take up points that I thought might be 
made the subject of rather heated discussion here, for example, the 
question of the relation of history to patriotism. The position taken 
by Prof. Johnson and Mr. Wolfson seems to have aroused no dissent 
upon the question of interpreting history of the past by the motive of 
the present; there seems to have been no dissent. Perhaps I have 
phrased that unfortunately. The position taken_by Prof. Johnson, 
and perhaps suggested by one or two others, was that the past should 
be interpreted by the motive that induced the action of the past. 
There seems to be no dissent from that position. Those two points, 
I thought, would meet with a great deal of discussion, and the fact 
that they have not seems to imply that we have reached a con- 
sensus of opinion on that proposition, and that the points advanced 
by Prof. Johnson meet with our approval. The meeting stands 
adjourned. 


VI. THE EDITORIAL FUNCTION IN UNITED STATES HISTORY. 


By WORTHINGTON C. FORD, 


President of the American Historical Association. 


249 


— 


THE EDITORIAL FUNCTION IN UNITED STATES HISTORY.’ 
By WokRTHINGTON C. Forp. 


The long line of my abler predecessors in office has given expres- 
sion to many views and convictions. There are definitions of his- 
tory, the application of historical principles, the interpretation of 
periods or of events, and experiment in forecasting the future in terms 
of the past. Scholar, publicist, and public servant have expressed 
their beliefs, outlined their hopes, and even intimated their disap- 
pointments in historical language. After such a series of treatments 
the field has been so well gleaned as to leave little yet to be garnered. 
If, therefore, I say a word for an historical agency on which almost 
no words have been spent, my apology must cover at once the pov- 
erty of the subject and the comparatively low rank of the agency. 
I refer to the editor of original sources of history, the ginning or 
picking machine which deals with the raw material, the first stage 
toward the warp and woof of historical writing. 

Let us start with something definite. “Was it you,” wrote an 
Englishman to Joseph Jefferson, the actor, “or was it your grand- 
father who wrote the Declaration of Independence?” The inquirer 
and the question are always with us and one of the objects of writing 
and teaching history is to make both harmless, if not impossible. 
And the lowest round of the ladder of accomplishment is the editor. 
He assumes the existence of the anxious inquirer, he seeks to measure 
his wants, and he frames the answer on such a plane as to hit the 
average degree of ignorance. “Ignorance,” wrote Emerson in his 
journal, “is but an appetite which God made us to gratify.” The 
editor is a source of information and a measure of quantity suited to 
a dose. A physician selects his remedies on case practice on a range 
of experience which has eliminated every factor of doubt but the 
personal equation of the subject. The giver of information has few 
rules based on experience for his guidance, and has a double personal 
equation to meet—that of his subject and that of his questioner. No 
wonder the failures are many. 

The art is comparatively new, for it arose out of myth and fable 
and is still painfully groping toward truth. Evolutionists tell us 
that the development of moral concepts has been as gradual and 


1 Presidential address, reprinted from American Historical Review, XXIII, 273-286. 
251 


252 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


certain as the development of physical characteristics, and some 
would lay down a rule of thumb to show how the ideas of truth, 
right, and justice have been evolved from moral nescience. What 
would the writer of history not give for such a standard or meas- 
ure! The pleasure and the relief of being able to determine thus 
almost mechanically the degree of faith to be given to this or that 
relator; the delight of placing him in his proper stage of develop- 
ment and the mastery of purpose which would follow—what boons 
to the plodding reader who must rest his story upon what others, 
of another time and place, have related. The strata of dependence 
thus defined would mean a scientific test for reliability, something 
far beyond the existing method of setting relator against relator and 
accepting the mean as truth. 

Three centuries ago, before there was a wide public to be gulled, 
the little circle of readers was given on the death of a great man a 
volume of his testament or parting advice. The contents had just 
enough verisimilitude to be accepted in part, and the advice was 
wholly interested. The practice common in its day on the Conti- 
nent of Europe easily slipped into the later form of memoirs, and 


from the memoirs came biography. To pass upon the career of 


a public man immediately after his death involves no light task. 
The secretarial writer, of which Boswell is such a shining example, 
may be truthful and interesting; but if he is sincere and loyal he 
will not lightly relate what may tell against his employer. That 
appeal to prurient curiosity which finds a market in sensation has 
been framed in many ways and still attracts support. A Pepys 
holds up a personal mirror with the reflecting surface toward him- 
self, and unconsciously gives material for judging others and his 
own times such as no serious-minded historian could give and such 
as no writer on Pepys’s period can neglect. The little has become 
the important. 


The United States has not been rich in self-written history, nor 


is the little it possesses of startling moment. An explanation of- 
fered by some declares the lack of real interest in American his- 
tory. However rich in pictures and incidents it does not present 
flashes and explosions of overwhelming importance. Another ex- 
planation is that its people have been too occupied in opening terri- 
tory to settlement and development to expend much energy on 
recording and explaining the course of events, much less the par- 
ticipation in the struggle where the overscrupulous were doomed to 
defeat. A third would say that a democracy is against good history, 
for it means a slow vulgarizing of the best: No such explanations 
will account for the absence of those willing and able to relate their 
own careers after their own point of view. Their names should be 
legion. The foreign visitor, in the rawest period of our growth, 


ee 


EDITORIAL FUNCTION IN UNITED STATES HISTORY. 953 


has not failed in picturesque, even lurid contrast, and has not found 
us inarticulate on ourselves or bashful of suggesting our merits. 
If the tone has been one of bluster rather than of philosophic analy- 
sis, it is genuine and not assumed, even to the wincing at the reflec- 
tion returned by the not too faultless mirror. 

In colonial New England publicity in the religious experiences 
of members or would-be members of the churches was exacted. If 
printed they take rank with the confessions of condemned criminals 
just reprieved, interesting not for their content, but for the state 
of mind and surroundings they show. They constitute a necessary 
item in the social history of the time, a crude form of the third de- 
gree, by which it was hoped a corner of the curtain of the soul, 
the token of immortal man, would be raised. The diaries, chiefly 
kept in interleaved almanacs by the ministers, were never intended 
for the public eye, and rarely rise above the level of a record of 
church ministration, with items of farm and household of a singu- 
larly bald nature. Once in a great while some one has the itch of 
putting all his thoughts and feelings on paper, and in seeking to 
imitate St. Augustine in frankness and scope, presents the most 
repellent features of religious ecstaticism. Sainthood and martyr- 
dom are able to endure that form of exhibition; but the atmosphere 
of early New England lacks in the quality which makes martyrdom 
picturesque; and this self-immolation to dogma long since passed 
away leaves the reader cold, even in a critical frame of mind. Did 
the situation of soul really demand this suffering? Is it not the 
symptom of physical derangement so easily mistaken for a divine 
afflatus? Of the sincerity of the sufferer there need be no doubt; 
but for permanent effect the acting is a little overdone. 

Whence comes this expansiveness which often mounts to the gro- 
tesque; this tendency to publicity of thought and action?- It is not 
English, for that people avoid exhibitions of feeling lest they make 
themselves ridiculous. It is not French, for they have a better 
sense of finish and proportion. It is not Scottish, for they are too 
canny to waste even emotion without some definite return. The 
Trish have a humor that saves them from ridicule, though it does 
not endow them with the needed balance wheel of wisdom. The 
sentiment of Germany overruns proper bounds, but is not reflected 
in the leading examples of American self-written biography. The 
American expression is peculiar, a proper accompaniment of a ter- 
ritory almost without limits. Virgin land at settlement, it had a 
strong influence on those who came to it. Its symbol is a screaming 
eagle, and who would blame an eagle for screaming in boundless" 
space? Every American claims the right of free utterance. As a 
child he has used it, as a man he has abused it, the only restraint 
being a wholesome fear of the law of libel or an appeal to the 


254 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. — 


medieval and murderous law of honor. Even this a of utterance | 
is quite modern. 

Censorship of the press, one stage in the de velinpeaeae is an his- 
torical survival, and in English-speaking countries (except Ireland) 
is merely of Hicterical importance. Liberty “to know, to utter and 
to argue ” Milton placed above all other liberties; but so long as it 
could be interpreted by an autocratic ruler, by virtue of an undefined 
general prerogative, the liberty existed only in name. Sir Thomas 
More in his Utopia made it punishable by death to speak against the 
ruling power, and by one of those strange sequences of events he was 
himself brought to trial for countenancing the pretensions of a nun 
who was charged with treasonable language. Freedom came slowly, 
and such was the effect of the supervision of the press that under 
the Restoration the newspaper press was practically reduced to the 
London Gazette—an official and inspired organ. In two centuries 
and a half such interferences have been abolished. While Great 
Britain has, after its fashion, never rested the freedom of the press 
on law but on its unwritten constitution, the United States have 
glorified in its recognition in their bills of right, an essential part of 
their constitutions. The price paid is a confusion of tougues, a mul- 
tiplicity of opinion which produces indigestion, and an absence of 
standards which permits the glorification of the seamy and the sordid 
as freely as of the great and the admirable. Laudation of self and ~ 
institutions is justified by accomplishment, and if it is pi in too 
high a key is excusable by its honesty. 

One compensation may be found in this discordant circle of self- 
praise, filial praise, and disciple praise. The note is unharmonious 
even in development. There has not long existed a studied combi- 
nation singing praises of one man or one policy; at no time do we 
trace that blind sacrifice of opinion which marks the devoted ad- 
herent to faction, to party, to church, or to State. There has been no 
suggestion of genera] interference by the State to impose upon the 
people a single interpretation of policy outside of law. The opposi- 
tion has been as free as the supporters of government, and the third 
or independent party, or the silent independent voter, tends to cor- 
rect such an overwhelming drift as could be interpreted as an un- 
restricted mandate from the people to their representatives, or from 
the Government to the people. Except in great crises the American 
conception of liberty of speech has been maintained, and in the severe 
crises, as Rhodes says of the War of Secession, the great principles 
of liberty have not been invalidated by the exercise of extraordinary 
powers, although the arbitrary exercise of those powers were to be 
condemned. Even against the Government the citizen can invoke 
the protection of the courts, 


Se 


EDITORIAL FUNCTION IN UNITED STATES HISTORY. 255 


Self-editing finds expression in autobiography, and the one great 
example of American autobiography is that of Franklin, written, be 
it remembered, late in life and never finished. Unable to live his 
life over again in fact he took the nearest to it, to make a recolleetion 
of that life as durable as possible by putting it down in writing. 
And he gratified his vanity in so doing, believing that vanity is 
“often productive of good to the possessor, and to others that are 
within his sphere of action; and therefore, in many cases, it would 
not be altogether absurd if a man were to thank God for his vanity 
among the other comforts of life.” The entire relation is redolent 
of a studied frankness that lulls the reader into a forgetfulness of 
much in Franklin’s career that a moralist would dwell upon. I 
almost fancy that Cotton Mather would have been pleased to preach 
the last sermon heard by the condemned Benjamin Franklin. And 
the circumstance would have been possible, for Franklin was born in 
1706 and Mather lived until 1728. The autobiography was first 
published in 1817 and could occasion no serious controversy ; but the 
papers printed with the autobiography by the grandson did arouse 
comment on both sides of the ocean, more for what had been omitted 
than for what had been included. The question of an interference 
by the British Government is not one which need delay us in pass- 
ing. That Government and that people have not shown strong in- 
clinations to edit their expressions on America and its history, least 
of all at the time the Franklin volumes appeared. Jefferson inti- 
mated that William Temple Franklin may have been “an accomplice 
in the parricide of the memory of his immortal grandfather,” but 
the result of the publication gave proof of the incapacity of the 
grandson. ‘There is not a line of Franklin’s writings which could not 
have seen the light in 1817 with as little injury to his reputation as 
in 1917. 

An earlier and the earliest printed autobiography after the War 
for Independence appeared in 1798. Maj. Gen. William Heath took 
us into his confidence in the form of a journal of events compiled 
after his active service was past, and published, it has been charged, 
before its intended time, to promote an election to office. Fully ac- 
quainted by his studies, as he believed, “with the theory of war in 
all its branches and duties, from the private soldier to the commander 
in chief,” he wrote sometimes as a private and sometimes as general- 
issimo. He was the preacher of preparedness from 1770, and like 
most such preachers was lacking in action. A trusted heutenant he 


‘attained rank without distinction, and grew corpulent in inaction and 


performance. “Our general,” as he pleases to call himself, a term 
reported to have been applied to him by Bernard in one of his pro- 
phetic moments, printed his book, which was greeted by smiles on 


- 


256 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


all sides. It was impossible to misinterpret such a delightful piece 
of vanity. Its historical value shrinks before its personal quality. 
Gradually an interest in personal history was awakened. In 
biography Marshall’s Life of Washington was easily first to challenge 
attention. It was based upon original documents; it appeared at a 
time when the power of the Federalists had been shattered, and their 
shrewdest opponent was in full possession of the executive. Did 
Marshall intend to raise a monument to Washington or to the Fed- 
eralist Party? It was good history, good politics, and good biography 
for the time, yet the neglect into which it has fallen is due more to 
the writer than to what he used of the subject. Fourteen years later, 
in 1818, Wirt’s Life of Patrick Henry, necessarily largely based on ~ 
tradition, carried into biography the oratorical flowers of Independ- 
ence Day, and succeeded so far as to make its transplanted garden a 
desert place in comparison to a later and saner cultivation. It issome- 
thing to have manufactured a good book, yet an example that is to 
be avoided—otherwise the sense of relation would be weakened. Vir- 
ginia still held the field for a period. In 1825 the life and corre- 
spondence of Richard Henry Lee and in 1829 that of Arthur Lee 
were given out by a grandson of the former. They were defensive, 
colored by deliberate but mistaken purpose. Both compilations 
showed how good material could be wasted in an effort to prepare a 
brief in a cause of secondary importance. 
The first compilation of Jefferson’s letters, by his grandson Thomas 
Jefferson Randolph, appeared-in 1830. Monroe and Madison, the 
closest intimates to Jefferson after his presidency, were still living, 
not to mention some of the opposition whose feelings might be 
touched. They knew some years in advance that this work was in 
preparation, yet neither attempted to interfere or to control what 
should be inserted. Randolph possessed the courage of his necessi- 
ties, for on the last pages of the last volume he printed the Anas, that 
body of comment which is so characteristic of the Jefferson epos. 
Yet he did not let stand the criticism of Washington or the word 
which made John Marshall the mountebank of the X Y Z mission, 
and he omitted more than half of the record as of lesser importance. 
Jefferson’s opinions invited dissension, and the publication of the 
volumes led to an exchange of epithets that enlivened, even if it did 
not much enlighten, the history and practice of politics. Having 
gone as far as he did, Randolph need have omitted no part of the 


record. Those who disliked Jefferson were convinced of the sound- 


ness of their dislike; those who practised politics as a profession 
busily engaged themselves in constructing that Jeffersonian myth 
which still persists and, judiciously used, has exerted a constant effect 
in hypnotizing the wavering voter. 


— 


EDITORIAL FUNCTION IN UNITED STATES HISTORY. 957 


These lights of the War for Independence used language unre- 
strained by a fear of publication. They lived in the day of a news- 
paper which seems singularly harmless for attack. The party 
seribbers of low character might dip their pens in venom; the very 
excess of their invective discounted and the small circulation 
deadened its force. When Callender turned upon Jefferson, his 
benefactor, he was obliged to set up a sheet of his own, and the few 
copies in existence are eloquent on his poverty and incapacity. In 
the respectable press the discussion of men and measures rarely 
rose above mediocrity, and mere personalities could not explain 
policies. Hamilton, one of the best controversialists of his time, 
might have repeated his letter to John Adams six times over, with 
six different objects, and had either the diary or letters of John 
Adams seen the light in his day, the pot of discord would have 
remained at boiling point. Both men in their own time experienced 
the effect of an untoward publication of confidential communica- 
tions, and the experience embittered their later years. Hamilton’s 
papers drifted for years looking for a biographer, and when at last 
in 1840 they were used by a son, his brothers openly expressed 
their disapprobation and regret on the event. 

In this early period of personal relations the editor had no place. 
The member of the family sufficed. However marked a curiosity 
over a public character might exist, it did not extend to his writ- 
ings. An early experiment (1810) of printing Hamilton’s financial 
papers failed. With the current questions interest ceased, and news- 
paper discussion rarely dipped into past American history. Prece- 
dents and comparisons were drawn from Greece and Rome, not from 
colonial Britain. In the small number of instances where elaborate 
defense was deemed proper, it was the leading actor who performed 
the task—as in Monroe’s defense of his French mission and in Ed- 
mund Randolph’s Vindication. A pamphlet would cover the 
emergency; and it was prepared by an interested party. Yet in the 
first years the editor appears in a modest but efficient form, dealing 
with original sources and with some comprehension of the office he 
was to fulfill. 

The earliest example is Ebenezer Hazard and his Historical 
Collections, printed by the author—a euphemism then as now, for 
printed at a loss—in 1792. Wait’s State Papers (1815) were a 
forerunner of Force’s Archives. As to the publication in 1819 of 
the Acts and Proceedings of the Convention of 1787 by John Quincy 
Adams, then Secretary of State, as related in his Memoirs, he enlists 
the heartfelt sympathy of everyone who has dealt with original 
material as arranged by ambitious but badly equipped adventurers 
in history, or by pious hands directed by filial apprehension. These 

88582°—19 17 


258 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


Without undue reverence for the written word, they followed the © 
text without modification in language or in intention. Why should — 
this attitude have undergone a change which for half a century — 
persisted in mutilating the text and giving excuse for every vagary — 
_ of statement ? a 
*Tis woman that seduces all mankind; S 

By her we first were taught the wheedling arts. i 

And it was a Massachusetts woman who pointed out the way. 
Secretly Eliza Susan Quincy compiled a memoir of her grandfather, 
Josiah Quincy, the patriot, and when she had completed the task 
she induced her father, Josiah Quincy, to put his name on the title- 
page arid thus assume responsibility for the dark deed. How she — 
doctored the text—altering, omitting, and mutilating as seemed to 3 
her proper and best—has only recently become known. I will not ~ 
say that she violated all the commandments of ‘good editing, but — 
she was remarkably successful in sinning against the great majority. — 
This volume appeared in 1825, and the first volume of Sparks’s — 
Washington followed nine years later, so perfect an imitation of all 
the faults embodied in the Quincy publication that collusion might 
be assumed without the excuse of family reticence. — 
I wish to be just to Mr. Sparks. Admit that he designed and — 
carried into execution large undertakings, and a series of 10 volumes — 
is a large undertaking even now; admit his singleness of purpose ? F 
and consistency of operation; is it harsh to say that his judgment is 
condemned by the necessity for going again over the ground he ~ 
covered, not because of new material discovered or available since — 
his day, but because of an unreliable text? The writings of Wash- — 
ington, Franklin, and Gouverneur Morris and the Diplomatic Cor- 
respondence which he edited—all have since been republished, and a 
with patience, not from a few samples but from the many, may be © 
discovered the manner in which Sparks misused his. opportunity. 
His good fortune in being a pioneer in this form of compilation — 
and his industry as an editor have placed his volumes on the shelves — 4 
of every self-respecting library, public and private; yet his repute 
as an authority has been steadily falling. . 
Deliberate falsification can hardly be charged to these early prac: 
titioners in editing. They felt the presence of some who had_par- 
ticipated in the events they_were to describe. Why print anything — 
unpleasant or unkind or partisan, or personal? Why expose the : 
foibles of men looming big as historical characters? These con- — 
temporaries, wearied = perpetual party strife, were beyond a — 
capacity to reply; they asked only to be permitted to close their — 
lives in peace, Others were actually in office, honored by the free — 


é 


EDITORIAL FUNCTION IN UNITED STATES HISTORY. 259 


choice of the electors or by the trust of those who held their office 
by election. Why raise disputes of the past,“much and probably 
ignorantly discussed at the time, now the ashes of controversy ? 
The supposed necessity of party supplied the newspapers with abuse 
of individuals, and the pamphlets of the day could match the news- 
papers in directness and scurrility of language. “History and biog- 
raphy should rise to a higher level and in style attain to some merit. 
If it bordered on the ultrapatriotic, that was an excusable foible, 
for the men of the War of Independence then looked large, larger. 
even than the principles for which they fought. 

The influence of official relations must be held responsible for 
some serious blunders. When Congress assisted to publish Hamil- 
ton’s works in 1850, it was the son who edited the material; the 
Jefferson, three years later, was intrusted to the librarian of the 
Department of State, and he took remarkable liberties with the 
text—inexcusable unless we accept the theory that political exigency 
rather than historical truth guided the undertaking. The dominance 
of the South made expedient suppression of some features, for the 
South had become sensitive to the growing antagonism to slavery 
and the increase in material power at the North. Even the foreign 
relations of the United States remained in good part unknown; 
the Executive could give out what it pleased and withhold infor- 
mation on the plea of prejudice to public interests. The Department 
of State harbors an unmeasured mass of historical material, and 
has used only what has seemed good to more or less well-informed 
officials in the past when weighing it in the scale of occasion. Diplo- 
macy, even the open diplomacy of the United States, has had its 
high victims, and both Secretaries of State and agents stand as 
sacrifices offered to smooth over blunders or to quiet public clamor. 
What a field for judicious editing! 

It may thus be said that the editor has been coming into his own, 
not rising in importance, but better recognized as a useful albeit 
somewhat erratic adjunct to the writing of history. The quality of 
product has improved, and the shadows of family or political doubt 
are less frequently encountered. Public archives have been made ac- 
cessible, a generous freedom of use accorded by private owners of 
papers; and pride of ancestry has contributed its share to the ever 
increasing quantity of product. If only certain possessors of ma- 
terial could appreciate how far they are like the ostrich, and what — 
damage their aloofness is working on their pet admirations! Imagine 
trying to prove anything against public morals on John Jay! Yet 
he has been fastened in a niche of the 1833 model, when reserve dark- 
ened reputations. I could name a number of such distorted models, 


still cramped under a silence that almost confesses guilt. Where 


260 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION, 


papers have been destroyed in the hope that criticism would be — 
ended, the ghosts of*old controversies arise and the worst or opposi- — 
tion phases of character are remembered. Descendants who have ~ 
nestled in self-confidence and wrapped themselves in forgetfulness 
are pained and shocked to have the old gossip and tradition of their 
ancestors served up highly spiced in modern journalese. aUSe have — 
only themselves to blame. 

For nearly a century after the Declaration of Indepauiege both 
biography and editing of original materials had not attained success. 
They lisped, fearful of speaking aloud, and they avoided crucial 
matters of controversy. Was it this example which led to a series of 
political autobiographies in the last two generations? From Benja- 
min F. Butler to George F. Hoar and beyond—the mere writing of 
the names suggests startling comparisons of product. Was it a 
suspicion that they could not intrust their reputations to editors or 
to biographers which tempted them into a difficult adventure? Was 
it a desire to anticipate the opinion of contemporaries, and while yet 
s1ving to taste the sweets of servile flattery? They chatter of many . 
things, but are reticent on those most important to the historian. As 
appeals to a simple faith, and as childlike murmurings of unrelated 
facts they awaken wonder without gratifying a reasonable curiosity. 
To compile such works and then to destroy the original records, as 
if the last word had been said, is a crime against history, and a futile 
plea in abatement against further consideration. Yet most of those 
self-constituted apologists have been lawyers, and some of them good ~ 

lawyers. 
a ANG approach such modern instances with due reverence is difficult. 

Conditions have altered, the standard of greatness has changed, and — 
the demands as well as the responsibilities of biographer and editor — 
are other than were accepted unquestioned a half century ago. His- ~ 
tory is better written, and the subject is attracting the best; but auto-— 
biography lags behind, good-naturedly accepted for its detains rather 
than for its virtues. The charm of literary autobiography persists, 
but the unreliability of political autobiography has come to be a by-— 
word. To describe action directly and intention truthfully after the 
event appears to demand opposite qualities. Magna pars fui—the 
accent is on the magna, and the relator exaggerates his own impor- — 
tance while twisting his facts and misstating his motives. 4 

Is it not a form of conceit, and a vulgar form at that, to suppose 
that the story of a life can be only self-written? Is man so little” 
influenced by circumstances and so greatly molded by his own will q 
that he can consciously assume to be master of his own fortunes? — 
The self-made man is subject to attacks of assurance which awaken 
in him an anxiety to tell others how he accomplished it—it referring — 
to any achievement from making a large fortune to writing a popu-— 


is ‘ 


EDITORIAL FUNCTION IN UNITED STATES HISTORY. 261 


lar song. Success is the worst judge of itself, and some other 
tribunal should take cognizance and, if possible, commit such bud- 
ding sprouts to safe quarters where they may interchange their 
confidences without making an undue exhibition of themselves. The 
thing is possible, for did not an Italian saint not only overcome the 
devil but make him confess all his sins? 

The human machine is self-advertising, for its wants are impera- 
tive and its acts come for judgment before an immediate tribunal— 
public opinion. Is not, then, the desire of writing an autobiography 
a confession that some explanation of conduct is to say the least 
expedient? The atmosphere of publicity in which a public character 
of to-day moves gives to surrounding objects and relations a certain 
distortion. The distortion becomes natural to him, and he wonders 
why others do not accept him as unquestioningly as formerly, why 
they adopt a critical attitude with a tendency to open opposition. 
Tf he is pushed out from a public career, and gains time for reflec- 
tion and self-examination, the injustice and unreasoning of his 
former constituency loom large and to him are based upon miscon- 
ception. So he enters upon his defense, and tells the old story in 
the old way, with distorted vision and with vanished glamor. It 
requires a greatness of character to stand the test, and there are 
few great characters. The majority babble, retail half-truths and 
vamp the worn and patched shreds until they have encased them- 
selves in nothing but their own too transparent self-consciousness, 
still not undisturbed by doubts. Seeking to invest themselves with a 
cloudlike splendor and halo as the reward for upright conduct, they 
retire into the smoke-shield of their own creation, to emerge streaked 
with smudge. As a mode of defense autobiography is a failure; it 
too often confirms the old saying, that a man who is his own 
lawyer has a fool for a client. The ghastly skull of St. Charles 
Borromeo looked out from its gorgeous trappings and surroundings, 
always a reminder of what he had been—a mortal; as ghastly figures 
stare from the written pages of autobiography, reminders that the 
mortal or weak parts dominated the whole, and left a record that is 

unchangeable. 

To the biographer, not too closely related to his subject, and to 
the editor, belongs the task of telling the truth—not the simple or 
the whole truth, but as much as the records will afford. The writer 
of biography has the wider field, the better opportunity, for he may 
wander far and invoke the dramatic and the picturesque, even in- 
fusing into the relation a color of his own. His story may read like 
a romance, it may be a fairy tale, or it may be a verbal cenotaph 
_wherein nothing of its subject may be found; it soon is weighed, 
_ judged, and ticketed for remembrance or oblivion. 


262 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


An editor is restricted to the written record; the memories of — 
oldest inhabitants and the tradition of generations have no attrac- — 
tion for him. His purpose is to give all that may be of service to — 
our host of anxious inquirers and the ever-increasing number of — 
writers of history, and to give it unvarnished, as the documents — 
contain it. This is not to say that he will be Unseen ae I defy | 
anyone to live among the records of the past without absorbing — 
some spirit kindred to that which actuated the men of that time. — 


He sees through their eyes and reenacts their deeds with a wider 


3 
: 


| 
: 


vision and a knowledge of consequences not vouchsafed to them. 
Whatever reserve is imposed arises out of a sense of decency ; all 
else may safely be left to the judgment of history. It is good to 
humanize Washington, to have the means of tracing the tortuous 
policy of Jefferson, to measure the ability and ambitions of Hamil- 
ton, to comprehend the rash but honest conduct of the Adamses, 
and to wonder at the little greatness of Monroe. We owe these to 
modern editors, and in no instance did they inflict injury upon good 
repute, nor did they greatly modify the great lines of historical 
writing. They supplied treasuries of fact from which incidents and — 
characters may be written or newly written. To furnish the ma- 
terial in its full and unaltered shape—that is the achievement of 
the change which has come to editorial methods in a generation. 
True perspective requires time and space, and neither historian 
nor editor can use material of the day in the hope of attaining final- — 


journalists, few civil and military officials, can boast. A knowledge 
of what has gone before, of past events, a habit of analyzing char-— 
acter, of combining facts and weighing evidence, constitute an — 
added sense in seeking some solid foundation in the welter of to-day. — 
They have tested the politicians’ position. They know that from 
the very beginning of history the country has been in a chronic state ‘ 
of crisis, requiring the election of this or that man to office, demand- 
ing sacr ‘ifices which constitute the stock claim of the poliiaae 
reward; that the years are strewn with such sacrifices, and that the ; 
aiiber of pretended and willing saviors of the country would fill — 
several Valhallas. They know that family, censors, and state are 
futile against time and that no cause has been without its evil fea- : 
tures which can not be forgotten and ought not to be suppressed. © 
They know that no human agency can belie the character for which 
the man himself is responsible. The inevitableness of history lies 
before them in too many examples to be neglected. The editor 
deals with individuals; the historian with generals. The cultivation 
of a balanced and epee spirit and utterance, no small ac-— 
complishment, brings its reward in confidence and clarity of vision. 


EDITORIAL FUNCTION IN UNITED STATES HISTORY. 263 


What is the application of this excursion? For three years the 
country has been under a stress which has tested its people and its 
Government. In the mass of interested discussion and propaganda, 
licit and illicit, it has been difficult not to take a position and express 
the faith that is in us. Even before actual participation in the war 
necessary information was wanting. Of partial statements the 
number was and is in excess, but it may be doubted if the fullest 
exposure of motives and performance will much change general 
opinion. The extremist is beyond change, and among these ex- 
tremists on both sides are some historians. Their honesty of con- 
viction is not to be questioned, but their violence of expression is 
to be regretted. Exaggeration in language is not confined to the 
newspaper. The time is not yet come for a final weighing of evi- 
dence, for we are living, as in the England of the Restoration, under 

a “Royal Gazette.” Cables and mails are under a censorship which 
tends to become more rigid; discussion of governmental policy and 
execution is under a threatened interference by officials, who are 
wanting in experience and are fallible and extremely sensitive to 
currents of public opinion; and American public opinion is subject | 
to strange excitements, fitful and explosive. But unless a man sells 
his soul he can be heard and answered, or left to the certainties of 

time. It is all very well to speak of the sober second thought of 
the people; the first thought may not be sober and may inflict great 
injury, and in war times the first thought is explosive. How long 
has it been since our writers of textbooks on history consented to 
modify their denunciation of Great Britain? How many years have 
allowed the war with Mexico to pose as a shocking example of greed 
and broken faith? The word “rebel” as applied to the South is 
a survival; the bitterness has slowly turned into sweetness, and the 
glory of honorable conflict is shared between the two sections. 
~ Much of what parades as history to-day will fortunately sink into 

* the forgetfulness of the future, to be exhumed at times as curious 

examples of misdirected energy and ill-exercised thought. What 

_ remains, clarified of its partisanship, may serve for real history. 

Tt will be two generations before the full publication of documents 

can begin, and then will be applied the tests of fair judgment. In 
the meanwhile we should adopt the editorial attitude, keeping our 
minds open, and exercising the same patience and restraint under 

- wrongs and violations of good faith and comity of nations as have 

placed our country with an unsoiled record at the front of a world 
movement. 


ARLY ASSESSMENTS FOR PAPAL TAXATION OF 
ENGLISH CLERICAL INCOMES. 
By WILLIAM E. LUNT. 
3 265 


—_— se 
. 


EARLY ASSESSMENTS FOR PAPAL TAXATION OF ENGLISH 
CLERICAL INCOMES. 


By Wirttam E. Lunt. 


The first papal income tax was imposed in 1199.2 when Innocent 


III ordered the clergy to pay a fortieth of their yearly revenues? 


to aid the,Holy Land.* The assessment and collection of the tax 
were intrusted to the bishops, in order, as Innocent III explained 
later,’ to disarm the suspicion of those who, like Ralph of Diceto, 
feared that “unless by chance the Romans should renounce the 
cupidity natural and innate in them, it [i. e., the money] would never 
be delivered in full to those for whose use-it was sought.”* The 
bishops of each province were directed to meet at an early date for 
discussion of the mandate and immediately thereafter to hold dioc- 
esan synods.’ Here each clerk was to declare the value of his 
income. Then, within three months, he was to deliver the fortieth 
at some designated place within the diocese, where the act could be 
attested by the bishop, some monks, and some laymen. Those who 
fulfilled these conditions honestly would receive a rebate of a quarter 
of their enjoined penances; those who contemplated disobedience 
were reminded of the account that must be rendered at the final day 
of judgment.® 

How these rules for the assessment may have worked it is difficult 
to imagine, since they leave so many details of the procedure in 


1 The editions of all chronicles cited are those issued under the direction of the master 
of the rolls unless otherwise noted. 

2A Polish chronicler of the fifteenth century speaks of a tenth levied on the Polish 
clergy by a papal legate in 1188 and 1189. Gottlob (Die pipstlichen Kreuzzugs-Steuern, 
pp. 18-22) discards his evidence as worthless, but Cartellieri (Philipp II, August, II, 
74, n. 1) thinks further investigation is necessary before final judgment is passed. 

*“ Quadragesimam partem omnium ecclesiasticorum reddituum et proventuum.” 

+A copy of the papal decree addressed to all prelates is dated 27 December: Roger of 
Hoveden, IV, 108-112; another addressed to the archbishop of Magdeburg and his 
suffragans, 31 December: Migne, Patrologia, CCXIV, 828-832. Portions of the copy 
addressed to the archbishop of Canterbury and his suffragans are given by Ralph of 
Coggeshall, pp. 113-116. The provisions are explained by Gottlob, Kreuzzugs-Steuern, 
pp. 21—23, 170-176. The pope and the cardinals paid a tenth and certain religious orders 
a fiftieth. =) 

5 Luchaire, Innocent III, la Question d’Orient, pp. 10, 11. 

®II, 169. See also Luchaire, Innocent III, la Papauté et l’Empire, p. 271. 

™The exempt clergy were ordered to attend these synods, Migne, Patrologia, CCXIV. 
835, 867. 

*“ Sub interminatione divini judicii districte praecipimus’”’—‘‘sub divini judicil 
obtestatione mandamus.” 


267 


268 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


obscurity. The contributor did not have to testify to the extent of 
his income under oath, and there is no indication that a falsehood 
would be punished in this world. The bishop and his assistants ap- 
pear to have had no authority to revise the estimates submitted. 
They witnessed the delivery of the money, but their instructions do 
not provide for any verification of the accuracy of the sums rendered. 
In some measure the rules guard against the possible elasticity of 
the taxpayer’s conscience. The valuation had to be announced in the 
diocesan synod, where too great a discrepancy between the pro- 
fessed and the actual income might arouse comment. But such de- 
terrent effect upon dishonesty as ie may have been expected to 
exert was probably. wealened by the hostility of the clergy to the 
tax. The French clergy for a time openly refused to submit,’ and, 
though there is no record of similar action in England, ever 
the English clergy did not assume the burden readily. In 1201 
payments were still being made,” and the Pope thought it expedient 
to renew his orders to the English bishops." Indeed, one obstacle to 
efficient administration was the sympathy of the bishops with the 
taxpayers? Innocent IIT, despite his disclaimer, does not appear 
to have trusted fully to their good faith, for early in 1200 a papal 
nuncio, Master Philip, the notary, arrived in England*® to super- 
intend, to some extent, the collection of the fortieth." 

Records of the sums paid by individuals, which might afford a 
basis for comparisons with the actual incomes, or with later valua- 
tions, are lacking.® In fact, it is doubtful if any itemized accounts 
were kept by the collectors, since the pope required a report only 
of the total sum realized in each diocese.*° Perhaps it may be a 
reasonably safe conclusion that the decentralized administration, 
the lack of any official supervision of the estimates, and the absence 
of any mundane penalty for dishonesty would be likely to result 
in much undervaluation by members of a body opposed in principle 
to the tax. 

The next papal demand upon the incomes of the clergy came from 
the fourth council of the Lateran held in 1215. There the assembled 
fathers, under the guidance of Innocent III, drew up the most de- 

® Luchaire, Innocent III, la Question d’Orient, p. 9. 4 

10 Roger of Wendover, ed. Coxe, III, 167; Liebermann, Ungedruckte Anglo-Norman- 
nische Geschichtsquellen, p. 140: Registers of Walter Bronescombe and Peter Quivyil, 
ed. Hingeston-Randolph, p. 293. 

15 May, 1201, Roger of Hoveden, IV, 166, 167. 

2 Tuchaire, Innocent III, la Question d’Orient, p. 8. 

38 Rotuli Chartarum, p. 61. 

4 Ralph of Diceto, II, 168, 169. 

15The valuation of the income of Bury St. Edmunds, which is assigned to 1200 by 
a contributor to the Victoria History of the County of Suffolk (II, 57), is a copy of 
the valuation of 1291. The scribe wrote ‘‘anno domini M°CC°”’ and neglected to finish 


the date: British Museum, Harl. Ms. 63838, fo. 223. 
1% Roger of Hoveden, IV, 110. 


RS i. 


a ee 


+ 


\ 


EARLY ASSESSMENTS FOR PAPAL TAXATION. 269 


tailed constitution on the subject of the crusade yet promulgated. 
It provided among other things for the compulsory payment by the 
clergy of a twentieth of their incomes for three years.1* The execu- 
tion of the decree was left to the pope, with the provision that any 
who failed to observe its terms would be excommunicated. With 
regard to the method of assessment the decree is silent. Its pro- 
visions, however, display in general a more centralized administra- 
tive plan than that employed in 1199,1° and from the registers of 
Honorius III we learn that the papacy kept a closer control over 
the disposal cf the proceeds.?? We should expect such developments 
to carry with them an improved method of valuation. The direct 
evidence on this point is meager and unsatisfactory. 

Innocent III began to make the arrangements necessary for the 
collection of the tax,” but apparently they had not been completed 
at the time of his death,” since the appointment of collectors was 
continued by Honorivs IIT.28 Unfortunately no copy of the origina! 
instructions issued to the collectors by either pope appears to be 
extant,* and our information of the mode of assessment is derived 
from a letter of Honorius III announcing to the prelates of the 
province of Gran the appointment of the collectors. for that 
province.” According to its terms the execution of the conciliar 
constitution was given to the masters of the temple and the hospital 
and to the treasurer and cantor of the chapter of Gran. They were 
empowered to appoint as assistants two or more clerks, a templar, 
and a hospitaler. Each clerk subject to the impost was required to 
declare to the agent who came to him the amount of his twentieth 
reckoned on casual as well as fixed income. The penalty for fraud 
was excommunication. This machinery appears to have been better 
adapted to produce accurate estimates than that used before. The 

47 Rocquain, La Cour de Rome, I, 420. 

18 ‘‘ Vigesimam partem ecclesiasticorum proventuum.’”’ The pope and cardinals, who 
paid a tenth, those who took the cross, and certain religious orders were granted ex- 
emption: Hardouin, Acta Conciliorum, VII, 74, 75; Ann. Cambriae, pp. 72, 73; Roger 
of Wendover, ed. Coxe, III, 343. 

29 Gottlob, Kreuzzugs-Steuern, pp. 176-85. 

+0 Regesta Honorii Papae III, pp. 111, 381; Theiner, Vetera Monumenta Historica Hun- 
gariam Sacram Illustrantia, I, no. 8; Bliss, Calendar of Entries in the Papal Registers, 
I, 74, 75; Potthast, Regesta, 5209, 6285. 

21 Theiner, Vetera Monumenta Slavorum, p. 68, nos. 151, 152; Idem, Vetera Monu- 
menta Historica Hungariam, I, no. 8 

2216 July, 1216. 

23 Theiner, Vetera Monumenta Historica Hungariam, I, nos. 2, 8. 

24 Possibly “there was a copy in the lost register of the last year of Innocent’s pontifi- 
cate, but none is found in the fragments which have been recovered. See Delisle, in 
Bibliothéque de Il’Hcole des Chartes, XLVI, 91, 92; Rocquain, in Journal des Savants. 
1873, p. 441; Hampe, in Mittheilungen des Instituts fiir oesterreichische Geschichts- 
forschung, XXIII, 546, 547. Theiner (Vetera Monumenta Slavorum, no. 77) prints an 
inventory of a portion of this register made in the time of Innocent VI, and Hampe 
(in Mittheilungen des Instituts, XXIII, 55U-67) edits some letters of the nineteenth 


year preserved in a formulary. See also Potthast, Regesta, I, pp. 489-60. 
% Theiner, Vetera Monumenta Historica Hungariam, I, no. 2. 


270 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. ~~ ae 


heads of the knightly orders would ordinarily bs more interested than — 
the bishops to obtain as large a sum as possible for the Holy Land, “- 


rent effect upon underestimation. The letter of Honorius III was 
encyclical ?° and probably kept the formulas used by Innocent IIIT 
in the similar communication which he had addressed to the prelates _ 
of several provinces.2?7 We ought to be able to feel comfortably cer- 
tain that the system established in Hungary was applied without 
great change in England. Yet such scattered references as we find in 
English sources indicate the possibility of some variations. 

. For one thing the legate appears to have had charge of the business 


g : 
which I have found, were issued to Pandulph on 18 August, 1220.78 
But they merely urge him to diligence and order the disposal of the — 
proceeds; they do not constitute the original commission. ces a 
had been engaged in the work earlier in 1220 *°, and some assessments 
had been made in 1217.°° Either of two hypotheses seems to be pos- 
sible. Since others than the masters of the temple and the hospital 
were originally appointed collectors in some provinces, the first 
commission may have been issued to Gualo, who was sent to Eng- 
land as legate soon after the council of the Lateran **, and taken 
over by Pandulph when he succeeded Gualo as legate in 1218.%% On — 
the other hand, the masters of the temple and the hospital may have _ 
been commissioned originally in England, as in Hungary, and later 
subordinated to Pandulph or superseded by him. Early in 1219 
Honorius III sent members of his immediate household to various 
parts of Europe to superintend the work of the local collectors,** and 

these appointments were part of his settled policy to remedy the © 
defects which he had found inherent in a decentralized administra- 
tion.*® In view of the evidence so far discovered, I see no reason to — 

regard one hypothesis with more favor than the other. As in Hun- — 


2% Potthast, Regesta, 5362-65. 
27 Theiner, Vetera Monumenta Slavorum, p. 68, nos. 151, 152. 
28 Theiner, Vetera Monumenta Hibernorum, no. 40. See Mengozzi, “ Papa Onorio a e 
le sue Relazioni con |’Inghilterra,” in Notizie e Documenti di Storia Senese, an extract 
from Bulle Tino senese di Storia Patria, XVIII (Siena, 1911), pp. 38, 39. 7 
79 Potthast, Regesta, 6285. ; 
30 Ann. de Dunstaplia, p. 52. Payment of the tax is first mentioned under the year™ 4 
1219 in Ann. de Theokesberia, p. 64; Ann. de Wigornia, p. 411. 
si [heiner, Vetera Monumenta Slayorum, p. 68, no. 252. > 
82 Norgate, John Lackland, pp. 264-68; Gasquet, Henry the Third and the simmea 
p. 24; H. Zimmermann, Die pipstliche Legation in der ersten Hiilfte des 13. Jahrhun-— 
derts, p. 46. Pe 
83 Pandulph was appointed on 12 September and arrived in BEngland early in De 
cember: Norgate, The Minority of Henry the Third, p. 111; Gasquet, Henry the Third 
and the Church, p. 44; Turner, in Trans. of the Royal Hist. Soc., N. S. XVID 2e0 se 
Potthast, Regesta, 5905. ous 
21 Recueil des Historiens des Gaules et de la France, XIX, 676. Pandulph was the 
papal camerarius, but none of the members of the papal household appointed in 1219 
was a legate. 
* Jordan, De Mercatoribus Camerae Apostolicae, p. 71. 


3 


EARLY ASSESSMENTS FOR PAPAL TAXATION. 271 


. gary, the principal English collectors were assisted by deputies se- 


lected from among the local clergy.** Another divergence appears, 
however, in the method of assessment. At the monastery of Dun- 
stable the valuation was made in 1217 “secundum communem aesti- 
mationem bonorum virorum.”*’ If it was the general practice in 
England thus to determine the liability of each taxpayer by the testi- 
mony of several witnesses, the valuation ought to have been more 
thorough than that made in Hungary. That such was the case is a 
plausible hypothesis,** since the supervision of a legate would be 
likely to produce better results, and since this mode of procedure was 
a well-established English custom. Yet the incident may be an iso- 


lated example of the way chosen by one monastic community to decide 


its own responsibility. I am inclined to think this the more probable 
explanation. The papal mandate to the clergy of the province of 
Gran indicates that the collectors were to play a passive part and 
accept without question the valuations offered by the contributors. 
The sentence of excommunication was self-executory and required 
no action on the part of the collectors to put it in motion. 

On the whole, it seems probable that this assessment was an im- 
provement over the first, although the paucity of evidence makes it 
rash to assert that there was a significant advance in administrative 
technique.*® Nevertheless, the second valuation constitutes a land- 
mark in the history of the taxation of clerical incomes. The results 
were entered upon rolls kept by the collectors,*® and this valuation 
was the first preserved in written form.*1 In 1226 the valuation was 
used for the assessment of a sixteenth granted to the king by the 
clergy. Subsequently it became the invariable practice to levy 
royal taxes upon the spiritual revenues of the clergy according to the 
apportionment fixed under the direction of papal agents for some tax 
previously levied by the pope. 

The third assessment of English clerical revenues for papal taxa- 
tion was made in 1229.4° Gregory IX found it so difficult to finance 


_ his war against Frederick II that in 1228 he invoked the “ plenitudo 


potestatis ” for the first time to compel the clergy to contribute to the 


%6 Vetus Registrum Sarisberiense, II, 70, n. 1. 

% Ann. de Dunstaplia, p. 52. 

% Graham suggests that this method was generally employed: Eng. Hist, Rev., XXIII, 
438. 

89 Compare Gottlob, Kreuzzugs-Steuern, p. 220. 

* Vetus Registrum Sarisberiense, II, 70, n. 1. 

41 Gottlob believes that the valuation of 1229 is the oldest: Kreuzzugs-Steuern, p. 221. 
He seems to have been misled by a statement made in the chronicle called Flores His- 
toriarum, II, 207, 208. 

42 Vetus Registrum Sarisberiense, IT, 64, 67, 69; Patent Rolls of the Reign of Henry 
III, 1225-1232, p. 64; Ann. de Oseneia, pp. 67, 68. 

4% Ann. de Dunstaplia, p. 114; Ann. de Burton, pp. 364, 365; Roger of Wendover, 
ed. Coxe, IV, 202. According to a letter issuea by Stephen, the collection began in 1228, 
but the ‘‘anno secundo” of the date obviously should be “anno tertio”: Vetus Regis- 
trum Sarisberiense, IJ, 149, 100, 


4 


ae, AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


papal needs.** He ordered the clergy of the province of Canter- 
bury to deliver the tenth of their annual revenues to his chaplain, 
Stephen of Anagni,*® who had been acting as collector of the papal 
dues in England since late in 1227.4° He informed them that he 
had made his intentions more fully known to Stephen and enjoined 
them to pay their shares without delay at the times fixed by him.*? 
In case any doubt should arise about the exact meaning of the phrase 
“decimam omnium reddituum et proventuim vestrorum,” they were 
to accept the interpretation of the collector under pain of the sentence 
customarily meted out to rebels.*8 Stephen’s commission authorized 
him to excommunicate taxpayers guilty of fraud. He was directed 
to make the valuation with the aid of competent and trustworthy 
deputies, whom he should bind to the faithful performance of their 
duties by oath or in any other manner which seemed to him ex- 
pedient.*° 

His deputies in each diocese were empowered to summon the arch- 
deacons, the rural deans, the rectors, and any others whose presence 
they desired, to come before the bishop.*° They could compel the 
clergy, when assembled, to disclose under oath the number of churches 
in each rural deanery and the value of each church. They were to al- 
low the bishop to substitute for a sworn declaration his personal mani- 
fest based on the evidence of his officials, stewards, and other servants 
who would have knowledge of the facts. In the cathedral church 


“ Gottlob, Kreuzzugs-Steuern, pp. 69-71; Winkelmann, Kaiser Friedrich II, II, 41. 

420 December, 1228: Vetus Registrum Sarisberiense, II, 144-46. The same mandate, 
“etsi naturali’ sit,’ with many variations, was addressed to the clergy of Milan on 
22 November: Registres de Grégoire IX, 251. For the provinces required to pay this 
tenth see Winkelmann, Kaiser Friedrich II, II, 41, n. 2. 

46 His royal safe conduct was issued 22 October, 1227 (Patent Rolls of the Reign of 
Henry III, 1225-1232, p. 150). His commission as general collector of papal dues is 
dated 23 December, 1228 (Vetus Registrum Sarisberiense, II, 146), but he was acting 
in this capacity earlier, since he received payment on 21 February, 1228, of the royal 
tribute due to the papacy (P. R. O., Liberate Roll, Chancery, no. 7, m. 8). The annalist 
of St. Paul’s (Mon. Germ. Hist. Script., XXVIII, 548) notes his coming under the 
year 1228. Roger of Wendover (ed. Coxe, IV, 198) and the annalist of Dunstable 
(p. 114) place his arrival in 1229, and they have been followed by Luard, On the Rela- 
tions between England and Rome, pp. 51, 52, and Gasquet, Henry III and the Church, 
p. 125. 

47**Cum pro tuendo,” 28 December, 1228: Vetus Registrum Sarisberiense, II, 148. 

48 “Cum ad exigendas,” 30 December, 1228: ibid., II, 147. 

49“ Cum ad exigendas,” 17 December, 1228: ibid., II, 147. 


° Concerning the activities of the deputies we possess fairly full information. The — 


executory letters which Stephen issued to the two assistants whom he assigned to the 


dioceses of Salisbury and Worcester were transcribed and preserved by the dean and ~ 


chapter of Salisbury: Vetus Registrum Sarisberiense, II, 149-52. Roger of Wendoyer 
(ed. Coxe, IV, 200-203) follows the tenor of these letters fairly closely in his narrative, 
and several of the many other chroniclers who give less detailed accounts supply addi- 
tional particulars: Flores Historiarum, II, 206, 207; Ann. de Duastaplia, pp. 114, 115, 
125; Ann. de Theokesberia, pp. 73, 77; Ann. de Wigornia, p. 421; Ann. de Wintonia, 
p. 85; Ann. de Oseneia, p. 70; Ann. de Burton, pp. 245, 364, 365; “ Ann. de Southwark,” 
Mon. Germ. Hist. Script., XXVII, 481, 432; Chron. Petroburgense, ed. Stapleton, p. 10; 


Chron. Abbatiae de Evesham, p. 274; Cont. of Gervase of Canterbury, II, 128; Chronicle 


of Abingdon, Trinity College, Cambridge, MS. 993, ad annum 1229; Chronicle of Peter- 
borough, Muniments of the Dean and Chapter of Peterborough, Swaffham Cartulary, 
fo. 3. 


_--e. 


— =< « 


EARLY ASSESSMENTS FOR PAPAL TAXATION. 273 


they could require three or more members of the chapter to give 
sworn testimony to the value of the goods of the whole community, 
and in each monastery as many members of the convent as they 
desired. The assessors were authorized further to excommunicate 
any who should give false evidence or commit fraud, and to excom- 
municate, suspend from office, or place under interdict those who 
should oppose them in the discharge of their duties. The collector 
reserved to himself the right to depose defrauders from their bene- 
fices and to reserve for papal provision benefices thus voided. 

The oath required from the clergy summoned to appear before the 
assessors explains exactly what information was demanded. “We 
swear,” reads the formula,“* * * toassesssucha church faithfully 
and completely, namely, the benefices of the parson and the vicar, the 
pension, and anything which the chaplains and clerks appointed to 
the service of the church receive, not according to the valuation made 
for the twentieth, but according to whatever assessment can be made 
in a better way and more productively, and without fraud or deceit, 
or any abatement, to declare and to reduce to writing and to deliver 
to Masters B. and S. [1. e., the assessors], or to him whom they dele- 
gate, the full truth concerning all rents, revenues, crops, oblations, 
tithes, increase and fruits of animals, and all incidental receipts 
winch in any way belong to us or to the church by whatever name 
they may be called,** no expenses or debts having been deducted 
under any circumstances. Moreover, if any one ventures to hinder the 
said valuation by threats, blandishments, promises, or alarms, we 
will obtain from the said masters his ecclesiastical censure; and we 
swear to observe this without fraud, guile, or evil intent.” 

This procedure was far better designed to secure true estimates of 
taxable property than any previously tried by the papacy. This 
time the papal agents had the initiative, they could compel the tax- 
payers to reveal their incomes under oath, and they could enforce 
their authority with adequate penalties. The deputies were bound 
to the general collector by oath, and Stephen, in the one instance 


- recorded, selected as deputies members of his own and the papal 


households, whose interests would tend to be with the administrative 
service and not with the taxpayers. The papal camera could check 
the work of the collector and his assistants by inspection of the 
written accounts which they were required to keep. The process of 
centralization, which began apparently under Honorius III, was 
completed in‘all its essential outlines in 1229.°* For the remainder 
of the thirteenth century the papacy followed the fundamental prin- 


5: An explanation of these terms is given by Gottlob Kreuzzugs-Steuern, pp. 206-8. 

52 Gottlob ascribes this centralization to the time of Innocent IV, but he seems to be 
unaware of the documents preserved in the register of Salisbury: Kreuszzugs-Steuern, 
pp. 185, 186. 


88582°—19—_18 


274 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


ciples of assessment established in 1229, although there were many 
subsequent improvements in their detailed application. oe 

Testimony is not lacking that the valuation increased notably the 3 q 
burden upon the taxpayers. None of the chroniclers gives definite _ 
comparisons, but several voice forcibly the outraged sensibilities of | 
the clergy. The annalist of Waverley, whose house was exempt, 
contented himself with the observation that the nuncio caused the 
tenth to be collected “ very severely,” *? but others did not hesitate 
to accuse the pope of extortion.** The most vigorous protest came 
from the historian of St. Albans, as was apt to be the case when 
papal taxation was concerned. “ For he [i. e., Stephen],” says Roger, 
“ was such an unjust exactor in the execution of this business that he 
compelled each to pay to him the value of the tenth even from the 
crops of the next autumn, which were still growing in the blade. The 
prelates, indeed, having no other resource, sold some of the chalices, 
goblets, reliquaries, and other sacred utensils of the altar and placed 
others in pawn at interest. The land is filled with continuous though 
secret maledictions and with universal prayers that such an exaction 
may never be of benefit to the extortioners.” * / 

Gregory IX °° did not again attempt to utilize this source of rev- 
enue until 1238°7 when he was organizing relief for the hard- 
pressed Latin kingdom of Constantinople.** On November 24 he 


ee ee, eo ee ene 


5 Ann. de Waverleia, p. 305. 

54 Ann. de Theokesberia, p. 73. 

55 Roger of Wendover, ed. Coxe, pp. 202, 203. See also Flores Historiarum, II, 207, 208. 

56 The history of the valuations for papal taxes on incomes levied between 1229 and 
1254 is exceedingly difficult to piece together. The evidence is so fragmentary 
and so confused that no historian yet has succeeded even in the mere correct enumera- 
tion of the papa: taxes paid during the period. The following instances of confusion 
on the part of secondary writers may be cited by way of illustration: Gasquet, Henry 
the Third and the Church, pp. 179, 240-269; Mitchell. Studies in Taxation under John 
and Henry III, pp. 264, 267; Smith, Church and State in the Middle Ages, pp. 
139-48; Richardson, The National Movement in the Reign of Henry III, pp. 
§9-104; Prothero, Simon de Montfort, pp. 74-80; Tout, History of Hngland from the 
Accession of Henry III, pp. 58-60; Stubbs, Constitutional History, 4th ed., II, 
70; Ramsay, The Dawn of the Constitution, pp. 111-115; Gottlob, Kreuzzugs-Steuern, — 
pp. 34, 35, 67, 72; Weber, Ueber das Verhiltness Englands zu Rom, p. 99. 

51 Two chroniclers record the levy of a tenth during the interval. Internal evidence 
indicates that the writer of Flores Historiarum (II, 207) misplaced the tenth of 1229, 
The other chronicler probably did the same thing. In a set of annals found in the 
register of St. Augustine’s, Canterbury, commonly called the Red Book (Brit. Mus., 
Cottonian MS., Julius D. II, fo. 20), under the year 1234, appears the entry: “‘A tenth 
part of all the goods of the whole English church is given to the pope.” In this com- a 
pilation the numerical dates are often wrong, but the dominical letters are right. 
Richard’s death, for example, is located under 1205, but the dominical letter is that — 
of 1199 (Hardy, Descriptive Catalogue of Materials, III, p. 75). The tenth of 1229 
seems to have been misdated by five years in a similar way. No other chronicler men- — 
tions a tax in this year, nor is there record of any among the papal letters. On , 
4 September, 1234, however. the pope requested the clergy and various communities of 
England to provide armed warriors equippec with funds for their expenses for the aid 
of the Holy Land (Potthast, Regesta, 9525), and nuncios came to England empowered | 
to collect alms for the same purpose (Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, III, 279-88). 
The second entry may be due to the confusion of these alms with a tax. 

5’ Norden, Das Papsttum und Byzanz, pp. 305-13; Kegistres de Grégoire IX, 4205-19. 


EARLY ASSESSMENTS FOR PAPAL TAXATION, 275 


addressed letters to the Kings of England and France, requesting 
them to seek the assent of their bishops to the payment by their 
clerical subjects of a thirtieth of their incomes for three years.® 
He suggested craftily that they deal with the prelates individually 
and secretly, and speak first with those who were their closest 
friends.°° <A year later Gregory offered the proceeds arising in Eng- 
land from this and several other sources to Richard of Cornwall to 
provide for the expenses of his projected expedition to the Holy 
Land.” What action was taken by the bishops in answer to the 
papal request I have not discovered; but, if there was any, it was 
probably unfavorable. In 1244, Richard of Cornwall, who had mean- 
while fulfilled magnificently his promise of a crusade, acknowledged 
the receipt from the bishop of Salisbury of a portion of the papal 
concession. He specifies the revenues whence the sum was derived, 
but among them does not mention the thirtieth.** His silence is not 
conclusive, but it renders probable the supposition that the tax was 
not granted by the clergy.** 

It is not unlikely that Gregory IX ceased to insist upon the grant 
of the thirtieth for Constantinople because of his desire to tax the 
clergy on his own account. In 1239 the renewal of war with the 
Emperor plunged him heavily into debt,’ and tc satisfy his creditors 
he ordered the clergy of France and of the British Isles to provide 
him with a subsidy.®* The tax has left such scant trace in written rec- 


59“ Tricesima reddituum suorum.” 

© Registres de Grégoire IX, 4605, 4607, 4609, 4610, 4615, 4618; Raynaldus, Ann., 
1238, secs. 23, 24; Bliss, Calendar, I, 177. 

61 23 November, 1239: Registres de Grégoire IX, 4965; Bliss, Calendar, I, i85. 

© Rohricht, in Forschungen zun Deutschen Geschichte, XXVI, 67-102. 

6% Muniments of the Dean and Chapter of Salisbury, IV, box A, 1. 

“The silence of Matthew Paris is also significant, since he rarely lost an opportunity 
to inveigh against the pecuniary demands of the pope: Plehn, Mattheus Parisiensis, 
pp. 102-6; Smith, Church and State, pp. 174-78; Luard, introduction to vol. III of 
Chronica Majora, p. xi. Gasquet (Henry the Third and the Church, p. 179) and 
Mitchell (Studies in Taxation, p. 264) confuse the thirtieth with the aid sought by 
Gregory IX in 1239 for the war against Frederick II. I have found no mention of 
the tax in French chronicles. 

‘ 6 Nicholas de Curbio in Muratori, Rerum Italicarum Scriptores, III, 5928. 
66 The letters are not to be found in the extant registers or in Potthast’s Regesta. 
They were published in England by the legate, Otho, at the council of Reading held 
_ in 1240 (Matthew Paris, IV, 9-11), but I have not found the exact date of that assem- 
bly. ‘The decree was known to Henry II! before 22 February, 1240 (Close Rolls of the 
Reign of Henry III, 1237-1242, pp. 175, 176). A papal letter, addressed to the bishop 
of Palestrina, papal legate in France, dated 10 January, 1240, refers to the aid in 
France as already ordered (Registres de Grégoire IX, 5067), and it seems probable that 
the original mandate was issued about the time of the appointment of the legate, 
- namely, on 21 October, 1239 (Teulet, Layettes, II, 2835; Zimmermann, Die pipstliche 
Legation, pp. 112-14). 
4 That the papal letters were in the form of a mandate is evident from one of 
the objections offered by the English bishops and archdeacons against the imposition 
of the tax: “ Dicunt quod contribuere non debent * * * tum, quia fieret contra 
libertatem ecclesiae, quod patet ex forma ejusdem scripti (i. e., apostolici) ubi dicitur, 
; contradicentes ecclesiastica censura compescentcs”; Matthew Paris, IV, 37. The 
annalist of Tewkesbury (p. 115) says: ‘‘Omnes et singuli clerici contradixcrunt, ne 
consentirent in contributionem ad mandatum domini Papae.” 


276 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


ords that its very nature is now obscure.*’ The papal mandate has 
been lost, and we have to rely chiefly on the descriptions of chron- 
iclers, who seem to have had an aversion to exact statement when 
dealing with taxes.°* Without doubt foreign clerks beneficed in Eng- 
land were asked to give a fifth of their incomes. The native clergy 
were divided into two classes. The prelates apparently made in- 
dividual agreements with the legate to pay lump sums,” bearing no 
definite proportional relation to their incomes.” The lower clergy 
paid a fractional portion of their yearly incomes, varying in rate 
from one diocese to another.’ I have found no indication of the 
mode of assessment desired by the pope, or of the practice actually 
followed; but I doubt if it could have been worth the effort to make 
a new valuation which would have omitted the great wealth of the 
prelates. 

Innocent IV, who had to meet fiscal obligations contracted by 
Gregory IX,"* turned to the English clergy for aid at once. Early in 
1244 he dispatched to England his cameral clerk, Master Martin,” 
whom Matthew Paris has rendered notorious.** He sought from the 
English clergy an aid of 10,000 marks. The demand was opposed, 
and Martin was forced to leave the country in 1245 without the 
desired concession.”* But the pope did not give up his quest. At 


The amount of confusion existing may be ascertained by a comparison of the fol- 
lowing secondary accounts: Stubbs, Constitutional History, II, 70; Tout, History of 
England, p. 58; Gasquet, Henry the Third and the Church, pp. 179-88; Ramsay, Dawn, 
pp. 92, 93; Gottlob, Kreuzzugs-Steuern, pp. 34, 35, 72, 73; Weber, Ueber das Verhiltness, 
pp. 98-120; Mitchell, Studies, pp. 264, 265. 

* Ann. de Dunstaplia, pp. 154, 155; Ann. de Wigornia, p. 482; Ann. de Burton, 
pp. 257, 366; Ann. de Theokesberia, pp. 115, 116; Ann. de Wintonia, p* 88; “Ann, de 
Southwark,” Mon. Germ. Hist. Script., XXVII, 432; Chron. Petroburgense, ed. Stapleton, 
p. 14; Hist. et Cart. Monasterii S. Petri Gloucestriae, I, 28; Matthew Paris, IV, 9-11, 
15, 35-43, 60. 

® Close Rolls of the Reign of Henry III, 1237-1242, pp. 175, 176; Ann. de Dunstaplia, 
p. 154; “ Ann. de Southwark,” Mon. Germ. Hist. Script., XXVII, 432; Ann. de Theokes-~ 
beria, p. 115. Matthew Paris (IV, 9, 10, 15, 35) displays his usual prolixity and con- 
fusion. He speaks in one place of a fifth of the goods and revenues of the foreigners 
beneficed in England, and in another of a fifth part of the goods of the English prelates. 

7 Ann. de Burton, p. 366; Ann. de Dunstaplia, p. 154; Matthew Paris, IV, 15, 35. 

71 Dunstable, for example, paid either 40 or 60 marks for the tenth of 1229, and 20 
marks for the aid of 1240; Burten paid £24 14s. 2d. and £20; Tewkesbury, 109 marks 
and 50 marks; the priory of Worcester, 30 marks and 120 marks: Ann. de Dunstaplia, 
pp. 115, 125, 154; Ann. de Burton, pp. 365, 366; Ann. de Theokesberia, pp. 77, 116; 
Ann. de Wigornia, pp. 422, 432. 

72 Historical Manuscripts Commission, Calendar of the Manuscripts of the Dean and 
Chapter of Wells, I, 403; Idem, Reports on the MSS. of Wells Cathedral, pp. 175, 176; 
Matthew Paris, IV, 38-43; Registres d’Innocent IV, 1862. 

73 Nicholas de Curbio in Muratori, III, 5928. 

71 have not found Martin’s commission. On 7 October, 1243, he was sent on papal 
business to Viterbo: Registres d’Innocent IV, 167; Potthast, Regesta, 11153. On 
7 January, 1244, the pope addressed letters, of which Martin was to be the bearer, to 
the abbots and convents of the diocese of Canterbury: Matthew Paris, IV, 369, 370. 
His commission was probably issued about the same time. 

7% Ibid., IV, 284, 285, 358, 368-76, 379, 391, 402, 416, 418, 420-22. 

7% Tbid., IV, 362-76, 420, 421; Amn. de Dunstaplia, pp. 166, 167; Calendar 
of the Patent Rolls, 1232-1247, p. 463; Prynne, An Exact Chronological Vindication, 
II, 618, 634; Sweetman, Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland, I, 2746, 2757; 
P. R. O., Close Rolls, 29 Henry III, m. 9 vy. 


a al ll iia Ele ee ile SO 


yong 


EARLY ASSESSMENTS FOR PAPAL TAXATION. 277 


the council of Lyons, held in 1245, he persuaded six English bishops 
to attempt the assessment and collection of the aid previously sought 
by Martin, which was now stated to be 6,000 marks." Since the aid 
‘was called a twentieth by contemporaries,” it was without much doubt 
a tax on incomes.”® The collectors apportioned it in accordance with 
arrangements made by Martin before his departure.*° Since he could 
not have made a new assessment for a tax which the clergy refused 
to grant, presumably he was prepared to use an old one. In all prob- 
ability it was the valuation of 1229. The papal camera, in which 
Martin was a clerk, had a copy of this valuation,®* and, unless a new 
appraisement was made in 1239 or 1240, it was the most recent and 
consequently the most likely to have been used.. There is, moreover, 
some reason to believe that 6,000 marks was the yield of a twentieth 
assessed upon the valuation of 1229.* 

Meanwhile the council of Lyons had commanded the payment by 
all the clergy of a twentieth of their incomes for three years in aid of 
the Holy Land * and the payment by certain classes of the nonresi- 
dent clergy of a fractional portion of their incomes, varying from 
a twentieth to a half, in aid of the Latin kingdom of Constantinople.* 
The decree aroused from the English clergy prolonged opposition 
and repeated protests, which received the hearty support of Henry 


™ An undated papal letter quoted in a letter of the bishop of Norwich, dated 
24 March, 1246: Matthew Paris, IV, 555-57. Potthast (Regesta, 11611) dates it be- 
tween 1 January and 23 March, 1245, but it probably was issued late in 1245 or early 
in 1246. In his letter the pope states that he has received no reply to his earlier letter 
written to the six bishops after their return from his presence. Since at least four 
of the six bishops had attended the council of Lyons (Huillard-Bréholles in Notices 
et Extraits des Manuscrits, XXI, ii, 271; Ann. de Wintonia, p. 90; Calendar of the 
Patent Rolls, 1232-1247, p. 453), the earlier letter was probably written after 17 July, 
1245, when the council had its last session (‘‘ Brevis Nota,’ Mon. Germ. Hist. Const., 
Il, pp. 515, 516). The letter cited above was sent after the allowance of an interval 
sufficient for the receipt of a reply to the first letter. 

78 Matthew Paris, IV, 584; Cont. of Gervase of Canterbury, II, 202; Chronicle of 
Glastonbury, Bodleian Library. Laud MS., 750, fo. 4. 

79 Mitchell (Studies, p. 267) says ‘‘ the tax was not based on an assessed value of 
clerical reyenues,’’ but he produces no evidence to substantiate the assertion. 

* Grosseteste, Epistolae, p. 341. 

%1Plores Historiarum, II, 207, 208. 

® The annalist of Dunstable (p. 186) calls an aid of 6,000 marks levied in 1253 a 
twentieth. The part of this sum levied on spiritualities was assessed on the valuation 
of 1299 (below, p. 279), but this tax was paid by the clergy of the Province of Can- 
terbury alone, while the aid of 1246 was paid by the clergy of all England. The annalist 
of Tewkesbury (pp. 150, 151), however, thought that the levy in 1253 applied to all 
England, and the annalist of Dunstable may have had a similar misconception. 

8 Hardouin, Acta Conciliorum, VII, 392-95. The decree repeats nearly verbatim that 
of the fourth council of the Lateran, and the same classes are exempted from the tax. 

%JTbid., VII, 390, 391; Ann. de Burton, pp. 276-78. Contemporary chroniclers gen- 
erally describe these taxes inaccurately. See, for example, Matthew Paris, IV, 580; 
** Annales Stadenses,’”’ Mon. Germ. Hist. Script., XVI, 369. Secondary writers treat the 
tax carelessly with the exception of Berger and Dehio: Ramsay, Dawn, pp. 111-18; 
Mitchell, Studies, pp. 266, 267; Gasquet, Henry the Third and the Church, pp. 241. 
253, 254, 263-69; Gottlob, Kreuzzugs-Steuern, pp. 48-52, 66, 67, 75-7; Prothero 
Simon de Montfort, pp. 77, 78; Smith, Church and State, pp. 139, 143; Stubbs, Con- 
stitutional History, II, 70; Berger, introduction to vol. II of Registres d’Innocent IV, 
pp. cxxxiy-clxi ; Dehio, Innocenz IV und England, pp. 30, 31, 38-42. 


278 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. as 


1247, was to the effect that these taxes had been imposed univer- — 
sally by a general council and could not be remitted.8® The subse- 
quent course of events affords abundant opportunity for speculation, ~ 
but it has left no trace in the series of documents which record the © 
earlier history of these taxes.- The collection of the subvention for 
Constantinople had begun.8* Whether it continued and whether the 
twentieth for the Holy Land was levied at all are open questions.** _ 
The silence of the chroniclers may mean that the taxes were never — 
paid. It may equally well mean that Henry III and the clergy gave 
way before the papal insistence as they had so often done before. A 
successful resistance would have been an event so exceptional in char- 
acter that contemporaries would have been as likely to notice it as to 
notice another of the postponed acquiescences so habitual in this 
period. The silence of the registers of Innocent IV is more signifi- — 
cant,®® since they contain many letters, issued after 12 June, 1247, 
concerned with the levy of these taxes in other Jands.°° Whether the — 
pope intended to have a new assessment for these taxes does not ap- 
pear in the evidence at our disposal, but if the taxes were not levied, 
as seems probable, it is also probable that no new valuation was — 
made. 4 
In 1247 Innocent IV again appealed to the English clergy for an — 
aid to meet his personal needs.*t The exempt clergy agreed to pay — 
lump sums, fixed by individual negotiations with the papal com- — 
missioner,®? and the remainder of the clergy to contribute 11,000 — 
marks.*? This sum was apportioned among the clergy according to” 
the assessment of 1229. 


{ 


8 Matthew Paris, IV, 473, 518-22, 526, 560, 581-85, 590, 594-97. 
86 Rymer, Foedera, I, 266. The letter is erroneously dated 1246 by the editor. 
87 Bliss, Calendar, I, 232. 2: 
88 Berger (introduction to vol. II of Registres d’Innocent IY, p. exli) asserts that 
the collection of the twentieth had also begun, but I have found no evidence of it. 
He concludes, however, that we can not determine whether the taxes were levied in 
England or not. Gottlob (Kreuzzugs-Steuern, p. 67) decides that they were levied and — 
Dehio (Innocenz IV und England, p. 41) that they were not. Other modern historians — 
assume that the taxes were levied, but they offer no proof, or supply evidence which — 
relates to the papal aids and not to the subsidies for the Holy Land and Constantinople. 
89] refer to the extant printed registers, which, I assume, include all those known Lo os 
exist. a 
% Registres d’Innocent IV, 3055, 3057, 3058, 3063, 3383, 3384, 3432, 343840, 3450, 
3451, 3459, 3468, 3488, 3545, 3551, 3719, 3755, 3979, 4120, 4166, 4238, 4292. See 
also the references given in Berger’s introduction to vol. II, pp. exxxix-cxli. \ 
1 Matthew Paris, IV, 599; VI, 119, 120, 144, 145. 
2 Tdem, IV, 599, 600, 617-23. ' 
Idem, VI, 144, 145. The sum probably Soca a tenth with the incomes of 
the exempt clergy omitted. ' ; 
% Gunton, History of the Church of Peterburgh, p. 307. In addition to this aid, 
Italians having benefices or pensions in England were required to pay a fourth of their / 
annual incomes, if their incomes were less than 100 marks, and a half, if their incomes 
were more than 100 marks; Registres d’Innocent IV, 2997, 3025. The many Italians who 5 
farmed their benefices paid their quotas on the sums actually received from the farmers: Ae 
Historical Manuscripts Commission, Calendar of the Manuscripts of the Dean and 
Chapter of Wells, I, 85; II, 558. What mode of assessment was used in other cases” i 
does not appear, 


, 
“ 
} 

: 
. 


Pa? ees 


\ EARLY ASSESSMENTS FOR PAPAL TAXATION. 279 


Before the valuation of Norwich in 1254 the clergy of the province 


of Canterbury paid one more aid to the pope. On this occasion the 


clergy took the initiative and the aid was offered in return for papal 
privileges granted at their request. The collectors were appointed 
by the pope, with instructions to distribute the burden among the 
contributors in proportion to their respective faculties.°* They or- 
dered their agents to fix the value of the temporal goods of religious 
houses by estimation and the value of churches and ecclesiastical 
benefices “secundum taxationem antiquam.” Both were to be ascer- 
tained by inquisition.°*7 The work was done during the autumn of 
1252.°° 

Two aspects of this valuation are of especial significance. The 
first is the use of the “ antiqua taxatio.” The phrase could have been 
used loosely to denote any old valuation, but collectors giving in- 
structions to their agents must have intended to designate a specific 
valuation. Since the valuation of 1229 had been employed to assess 
the aid of 1247, it was the only one which could have been described 
in 1252 as “antiqua” without danger of confusion. The second note- 
worthy aspect is the different procedure with regard to the temporal- 
ities. They were not assessed like the churches at the values assigned 
to them in 1229, but at values estimated in 1252. The reason for 
the distinction is not made apparent in the instructions of the collec- 
tors, but two explanations may be suggested. It is possible that the 


_ returns from temporal goods had increased in value so much more 


rapidly than those from churches and benefices, that a new valuation 
was deemed advisable for the one and not for the other. Since the 
sources of both kinds of income were mainly of the same economic 
nature,” this does not seem probable. It is a more plausible sup- 
position that the temporalities had not been assessed in 1229. The 
directions given to the assessors in 1229,1°* and such fragments of 
the valuation as we now possess + do not conflict with this hypothe- 
sis; and Wykes’s description of the valuation as “antiqua benefi- 
ciorum taxatio” *°* assumes significance in this connection. It seems | 
probable that the valuation of 1229 was confined to those classes of 
clerical income later known as spiritualities. 

This survey of the subject has necessarily been brief; it has been 
sufficiently thorough, perhaps, to demonstrate that the evidence is 


® Historical Manuscripts Commission, Calendar of the Manuscripts of the Dean and 
Chapter of Wells, II, 563; Matthew Paris, V, 225; Ann. de Burton, pp. 300-3. 

% Matthew Paris, VI, 213-15. 

“ Ibid., VI, 213-17. 

* bid; Ann. de Theokesberia, p. 150. 

” Matthew Paris, VI, 215, 216. 

19 Hudson, The ‘“‘ Norwich Taxation” of 1254, p. 46 (reprinted from Norfolk and 
Norwich Archaeological Society, vol. XVIII). 

1m Above, pp. 272, 273. 

1 British Museum, Cottonian MS., Tiberius B II, fo 235, 

3 Pp, 225, 


280 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


for the most part too fragmentary to admit other than tentative 
conclusions. Apparently the three valuations of 1201, 1217,” and 
1229 were the only assessments of English clerical incomes made for 
papal taxation previous to 1254. They probably included only the 
spiritualities and did not extend to the temporalities.” The last of 
the three was the most thorough; it furnished the precedents for the 
methods followed in later valuations; it probably was used for the 
assessment of all papal taxes imposed upon the incomes of the Eng- 
lish clergy between 1229 and 1254; and it was probably called “ an- 
tiqua taxatio” before the valuation of Norwich acquired that appel- 
lation. 


10 These seem to be the dates when the valuations ordered respectively in 1199 and 
1215 were taken in England: Roger of Wendover, ed. Coxe, III, 167; Ann. de Dunstaplia, 
p. 52. 

1% The temporalities probably would not have been omitted in 1229 if they had been 
included earlier. When the attempt was made to extend the valuation of Norwich to 
their temporalities, the clergy offered a strenuous opposition on the ground that ecclesi- 
astical revenues, upon which the tax was ordered to be levied, did not include the profits 
derived from their lay tenements: Matthew Paris V, 524-7, 553; Ann. de Burton, 
p. 361; Rymer, Foedera, I, 280, 342, 345, 346; Theiner, Vetera Monumenta Hiber- 
norum, p. 57; Calendar of the Patent Rolls, 1247-1258, p. 396; P. R. O., Patent Rolls, 
53 Henry III, m. 23 y. The three earlier assessments had applied to ecclesiastical reye- 
nues, and if they had included the temporalities of the clergy the contention made in 
1254 would have lacked force. 


. 
ee — oe 


|. THE ASSESSMENT OF LAY SUBSIDIES, 1290-1332. 


| By JAMES F. WILLARD, 
Professor of History in the University of Colorado. 


THE ASSESSMENT OF LAY SUBSIDIES, 1290-1332. 


By JAMES F. WILtarp. 


The dates selected as the limits of this paper, 1290 to 1332 in- 
clusive, mark important stages in the history of the taxes upon per- 
co piceable conde! PASAT hs ciciajuer was plated 
in charge of all the transactions having to do with these subsidies.? 
Henceforth it watched over their assessment and collection, received 
directly or indirectly all the money gathered by the collectors and 
kept a record of the partial and final accounts rendered by the same 


collectors. The change was therefore administrative in character. 
The later date, 1332, is that of the last tax of the type that was d 


; 


“ 
veloped under Henry III, and levied so frequently under Edward 1 


xnd his immediate successors. The methods of assessment and col- 
lection used for the next subsidy, that of 1334, were, in answer to 
charges of corrupt practice in the levy of the subsidy of 1332, espe- 
cially devised to insure a just valuation of movables. The crisis 
passed, there was no return to the older way of doing things. A 
fifteenth and tenth, after 1334, meant something quite different from 
what it had ever meant before. 

During the years from 1290 to 1332, taxes were levied upon the 
personal property of the nation sixteen times.? In every instance 
they were granted either originally or finally by a properly con- 
stituted national assembly. The grant took one of two forms: It 
was either a uniform proportion of the value of the personal property 
of all parts of the population, such as a thirtieth, a fifteenth or a 
tenth. or it recognized the economic and political distinctions be- 
tween the rural districts and the boroughs, and imposed different rates 
upon each. Whenever there was a double rating, such as an eleventh 
and seventh, or a fifteenth and tenth, the men of the cities, boroughs 
and ancient demesne paid the higher rate, and the men living in the 
rural districts, the lower. The first plan, or uniform rating, was 
used five times during the period; the second, or double rating, eleven 
times. 

1 The evidence of the changes that took place in 1290 and the following years is to be 
found on the receipt rolls, issue rolls, and memoranda of the exchequer. It is the pur- 
pose of the present writer to describe these changes at some time in the near future. 

2See my papers in the English Historical Review, XXVIII, 517-521; XXIX, 317-321; 


XXX, 69-74. 
283 


Y 


284 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


After the grant had been made groups of commissioners, usually 
called chief taxers, were appointed to oversee the assessment and 
collection of the subsidy.* Such chief taxers were assigned to all 
parts of England, with the exception of the palatinates of Chester 
and Durham. The normal procedure was to select two men, though 
three and even four were at times appointed, for each county. 
There are a few exceptions to this rule. In 1316, for the tax levied 
upon the movables in the cities and boroughs, there are a number 
of examples of the appointment of one group of chief taxers to act 
in two counties. The same year furnishes the only example of the 
assignment of two groups of chief taxers to the same district—one 
to take charge of the urban, the other of the rural assessment and 
collection. Chief taxers were sent to each of the ridings of York- 
shire, and after 1313 to the parts of Lincolnshire. London, York 
several times, and Lincoln once, were treated as separate districts. 

The men appointed to act as commissioners were usually laymen 
and men of affairs. In 1295, on the other hand, of the two chief 
iaxers assigned to:each county or part of a county, one was an 
ecclesiastic and one.a knight. Most of the men appointed were 
residents of the districts to which they were sent and had there 
or elsewhere served the government in various capacities. Many 
had been or were at the time of the grant county members of Par- 
liament. A rather large proportion had the additional qualification 
of experience. For seven subsidies of the eight levied from 1306 
to 1322 about 41 per cent. of all the chief taxers had served at least 
once before in a like capacity. The proportion was not so nee 
either before or after that time. 

With the writs of appointment issued to the chief taxers, in wits 
they were told to assess and collect the subsidy and when to answer 
for it at the exchequer, were sent their instructions concerning the _ 
manner of making the assessment and collection.® These were — 
known as the form of the taxation and were written in French in jo 


% Palgrave, Parliamentary Writs, I, 24 (1290), 27 (1294), 45-46 (1295), 51 (1296). BS 
63-64 (1297), 106-108 (1301), 178-179 (1306); ibid., II, ii, 14-15 (1307), 38-39 a 
(1309), 116-17, 119 (1313), 163-164, 167-168 (1316), 211-212 (1319), 278-279 (1322). ed 
The writs for 1290 and the names of the chief taxers are found on K. R. Memoranda 
Roll, No. 64 (19 Edward I), mm. 5, 6; those for 1296 on K. R. Memoranda Roll, No. 71 
(25 Edward I), mm. 87, 88; and those for 1315 on L. T. R. Originalia Roll, No. 73 
(8 Edward II), mm. 29, 30. The writs for the two subsidies of the reign of Hdward III 
are found in Rotuli Parliamentorum, II, 425-426 (1327), 447-448 (1332). For pur- 
poses of convenient consultation, I add the following references to the calendars of . 
patent rolls: C. P. R., 1292-1301, 103-104 (1294), 170-172 (1295), 611-613 (1301); 
ibid., 1301-1807, 456-457 (1306) ; ibid., 1307-1313, 22-24 (13807), 183-186 (1309) Sean ; 
ibid., 1313-1317, 49-51 (1313), 473-475 (1316); ibid., 1317-1321, 347-349 (1319); 
ibid., 1321-1324, 224-225 (1322) ; ibid., 1327-1330, 172-173 (1327) ; ibid., 1330-1334, 
357-358 (1332). a ae 

4The subsidies were those granted in 1306, 1307, 1309, 1313, 1316, 1319, 1322. 

5 These instructions are usually placed with the writs sent to the chief taxers by 
Palgrave, and on this account no separate list of references is necessary here. Con- 
venient summaries of the instructions are to be found in Vincent, Lancashire Lay Sub- 
sidies, I 


i i a 


lth whl i i i ee el, ell 


gh pelea 


ASSESSMENT OF LAY SUBSIDIES, 1290-1332. 285 


contrast to the Latin of the writs. In the nature of things it would 
be too much to expect the instructions to be followed with absolute 
fidelity by any group of human beings. So after the letter of the 
forms has been described an attempt will be made to discover how 
closely it was followed in practice. 

Throughout the entire period one fundamental principle was em- 
bodied in the instructions: The personal property of every individual 
was to be valued by men of his neighborhood. Two methods of attain- 
ing this result were used, the first set forth in the form of the taxation 
of 1290, used until 1296, and again in 1306; the second found in the 
form of 1297 and thereafter, with the exception of 1306.6 According 
to the plan of 1290, the chief taxers were to summon before them the 
best men of every hundred and from these they were to cause to be 
chosen twelve for each such district. The twelve, with the assistance 
of the reeve and four lawful men of each township, were to make a 
true valuation of the movable goods possessed by the people on a day 
named. The form of 1297 placed the responsibility for the assess- 
ment squarely upon the shoulders of men of the township, without 
the intervention of any intermediate jury for the hundred. The only 
variations after that date were in the method of selection and in the 
number of these subtaxers. In 1297 and 1301, the chief taxers were 
directed to cause to be chosen two to four men, more or less, who were 
to serve as assessors in the vills. In 1307 and the ensuing years they 
were to summon before them the most lawful men of each borough, 
city, and vill and from these they were to select four to six or more 
men to act as subtaxers.?. There was a provision in the form of 1319, 
which was omitted from the subsequent instructions, that the ward, 
leet, or parish should be the administrative unit of taxation in the 
cities and boroughs.® 

The evidence of the practical working of these systems is found 
on the rolls of the assessment, which will be described later. During 
the years when provision was made for the intermediate juries of 
twelve subtaxers the extant rolls usually show a close adherence to the 
instructions. There are some examples of a contrary practice. On 
the Sussex roll of the eleventh and seventh of 1295 the hundreds 
are frequently divided and juries of six named for each half.* There 
are also instances of juries of nine, ten, and eleven for the full hun- 
dred.?? The Northumberland roll for the same subsidy names juries 
for vills and groups of vills in addition to juries for the ward, which 


6 The instructions of 1290 are accurately summarized in Vincent, op. cit., I, 177-178; 
those of 1297 are in Pafgrave, op. cit., I, 62-63. 

8 Palgrave, op. cit., II, ii, 213. 

® Sussex Record Society, X, 18, 19. 29, 47, 49. etc. 

1 Tpid., nine jurors, 4, 24; ten jurors, 28, 41, 43, 45; eleven jurors, 78. 


\ 


286 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


is in that county equivalent to the hundred? The plan of 1297 and 
1301, which provided for two to four subtaxers, or more or less, if con- 
venient, to serve in the vills, allowed for a very wide latitude in the 
number of these sworn assessors, but designated the vill as the unit. 
Yet on the few rolls that have been preserved two or more vills are 
found assigned to one group of subtaxers.” 

The deviations from the instructions of 1307 and the following 
years seem even more striking than those mentioned, though this ap- 
pearance may be due to the fact that a much greater number of the 
documents relating to the assessment have been preserved. Provi- 
sion was made for four or six subtaxers, or more if desired, to serve | 
in the cities, boroughs, and vills. There would, therefore, seem tobe _ 
no official warrant for less than four subtaxers or for any other units 
than those named. Despite this, in county after county, there were : 
usually two or three subtaxers assigned to one district. Four or 
five are also found at times. It was the same with the administra- ; 
tive units of taxation. In Hertfordshire, in 1322, two, three, four, . 
and even six vills were joined, and there is one instance of the union 
of nine vills.1* Throughout Sussex in 1327 both the hundred and 
half hundred were used instead of the vills, but subtaxers were also 
assigned to groups of vills and even to single vills.1* The county roll 
of Berkshire for the same subsidy shows the use of single vills, groups 
of two, three, or four vills, and hundreds.** In all parts of England 
it was the same—free manors, manors, hamlets. groups of vills, par- 
ishes, and hundreds were all substituted in different districts for the 
vill of the instructions. Local custom or local convenience would 
seem to have influenced the chief taxers to disregard the strict letter 
of the forms of the taxation. In the larger boroughs the ward or 
parish frequently served as a convenient unit for the purposes of 
assessment, while there was no subdivision of the smaller boroughs.%® 

The remaining details of the instructions, which have to do with 
the manner of making the assessment, were essentially the same 
throughout the period and, so far as can be discovered, were care- 
fully observed by those persons whose duty it was to-put them 
into practice. YOnce selected, the local assessors, whether of the 
hundred or township, were placed under oath to value the personal 
property of the people which they had in their possession on a a 


u Wxchequer Lay Subsidy, +42. 

2H. g., Yorkshire Archeological Society, Record Series, XVI; Exchequer Lay Subt- 
sidies, 23, 72 (Bedfordshire), +85, 4%£ (Lincolnshire). Compare the remarks on the 
jurors in Northumberland in 1297 in Archzlogia Aeliana, 3d series, XIII, 200-201, 

13 Wxchequer Lay Subsidy, 33°. x . 

A4 Sussex Record Society, X, 109-222, passim. us 

15 Bxchequer Lay Subsidy, 4%. For additional examples of variations, see Exchequer 
Lay Subsidies, 282 (Somerset, 1332), 48% (Shropshire, 1332). ‘ 

16 Exchequer Lay Subsidies, 24+ (London, 12 Edward II, the ward), 82 (Cambridge, 
8 Edward II, the ward), 23%, 23% (York, 1 and 6 Edward III, the parish), 2% (Nor- 
wich, 6 Edward III, the leet). 


eS Oe 


Se ee ae ee 


’ 


ASSESSMENT OF LAY SUBSIDIES, 1290-1332. 287 


day named. This was usually Michaelmas, when the crops were 
in and such property could be easily assembled and valued. No 
loss or sale of movable goods subsequent to Michaelmas was to be 
taken into account by the subtaxers when they reached the potential 
taxpayer. After the valuation of personal property had been made, 
the results of the labor of the subtaxers were recorded upon du- 
plicate local assessment rolls. *7 Unfortunately not many of these 
documents have been preserved at the Public Record Office. The 
reason for this is that they were not sent to the exchequer, except 
for some special reason, such as the investigation of charges of 
fraudulent assessment. Upon these rolls are described in detail, 
after the names of the property owners, the various kinds of moy- 
ables in their possession with the assessed valuations of each item. 
These valuations are then totaled and the amount to be paid by 
each person estimated. The assessment of the goods of the sub- 
tuxers, made under the direction of the chief taxers by men of 
the district, is at times separately recorded on the same rolls. 

After a general survey and correction of the local assessments 
by the chief taxers, the information contained in the local rolls 
was summarized in two large rolls for the entire county.** On 
these appear, arranged by hundreds and townships, or whatever 
the divisions used, the names of the owners of property and the 
sums with which they were charged to the subsidy. One of these 
rolls was taken to the exchequer for its information, the other re- 
tained by the chief taxers for the purpose of collecting the tax. 
During the reigns of Edward I and Edward II only a relatively 
small number of these county rolls seem to have been kept by the 
officials of the exchequer. Apparently it was not the special duty 
oi anyone to preserve them. By Stapledon’s ordinance of 1323 it 
was, however, made the duty of the king’s remembrancer of the 
exchequer to care for the rolls of taxation. The remarkably com- 
plete series of the rolls preserved for the taxes of 1327 and 1332 
is direct and sufficient evidence of the efficacy of this enactment. 
When the chief taxers appeared before the exchequer to account 
for what they had accomplished, the assessment of the personal 
property of the nation was brought to a close with the valuation of 
their goods by the treasurer and barons.*® 


There are relatively few of these local rolls in print. The following examples 
jllustrate the character of the assessment in both urban and rural districts: Rot. Parl., 
I, 228-238, 243-264 (Colchester, 1295, 1301) ; Yorkshire Archzological Society, Record 


_ Series, XVI (Yorkshire, 1297). 


18 A number of these rolls have been edited and published by the English local his- 
torical societies. See the list in Gross, Sources and Literature of English History, second 
edition, 428-435. 

19This valuation is at times noted at the end of the county roll. EH. g., Sussex 
Record Society, X, 334; William Salt Archeological Society, X, 132; Exchequer Lay 
Subsidy, +%£ (Shropshire, 6 Edward III). On the enrolled account of the subsidy of 
1332 the valuation of the goods of the chief taxers is recorded; L. T. R. Enrolled Ac- 
counts, Subsidies, No. 8, mm. 2-3. 


gh 


f 


288 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


¢.. The way has now been cleared for a discussion of the personal 


| oA 


property that was valued and of the owners of property listed among 
the taxpayers. The instructions, upon examination, do not con- 
tribute any exact definition of movables. They state that all such 
goods were to be taxed with the exception of certain kinds of goods 
specifically excused. In like fashion all the people were to be liable 
for their goods except those therein relieved from the burden of 
taxation. By first considering these exemptions it will be possible to 
eliminate not only several classes of property, but also some property 
owners from further consideration. It will then be in order to turn 
to the more definite information found in the local and county rolls. 

The standard list of movables exempt from taxation is found in 
the instructions of 1290.°° Such changes as were made in later years 
were either ephemeral in character or unimportant modifications of 
this list. It was divided into two parts, one having to do with the 
property of men living in the rural districts, the other with the goods 
of those living in the cities and boroughs. The first or rural list 
exempted the armor, riding horses, jewels, and clothing of the 
knights, gentlemen and their wives, and their vessels of gold, silver, 
and brass; the second or urban list exempted a garment for a man 
and one for his wife and a bed for the two, one ring, one clasp of 
silver or gold, and a girdle of silk, if these were in daily use, and a 
drinking cup of silver or mazer. 

Aoene the property owners receiving special considstatinnt in the 
forms of taxation, the lepers occupied a peculiar position. Their 
movables were not to be taxed if they were ruled by a master who 
was a leper; if their master was sound their goods were to be taxed.”* 
The only other class dealt with in the forms was that of the clergy. 
Though it is hardly possible without a detailed discussion to fully 
explain their relation to the lay subsidies, it is believed that the fol- 
lowing brief statement indicates its more important features. In 
1291 was completed the valuation of the property of the English 
clergy made by order of Pope Nicholas IV.” This valuation was 
thereafter available for the use of the crown as well as of the papacy. 
During the remainder of the reign of Edward I it was the practice 
to base clerical grants upon the taxation of Pope Nicholas and to 
tax only the goods on the temporal lands of the clergy whenever 
they, either individually or collectively, refused to grant a tax to 
the king. In the instructions of 1307 the position of the clergy 


20 Vincent, op. cit., I, 177-178. 


"1The clause reads: ‘‘E les biens des meseaux la ou il sount governez par sovereyn ~ 


meseal ne seient taxez ne prisez. EH sil seient meseaux governez par mestre seyn seient 
leur biens taxez come des autres gentz’’; Palgrave, op. cit., I, 63. 

22 See the paper by Miss Rose Graham in the English Historical Review, XXIII, 434— 
454, and the returns of the valuation as published by the Record Commission, Taxatio ec- 
clesiastica Angliae et Walliae auctoritate schol IV. , 


t 


: 


3 
d 
3 
3 
¥ 


ae 


oT 


ebay 


4 
a 


ASSESSMENT OF LAY SUBSIDIES, 1290-1332, 289 


was clearly defined and placed upon a sound basis. All property, 
whether temporalities or spiritualities, which was taxed under the 
clerical grants and so included in the taxation of Pope Nicholas, 
was to be excused from the valuation for the lay subsidies.” But 
for movables upon or issuing from lands acquired since 1291 or not 
taxed when the clerical subsidies were levied, the clergy were to pay 
whenever lay subsidies were granted. This clause reappears in all 


_ the forms of the reign of Edward II, but is not found in those of the 


years 1327 and 1332. The practice of these years, despite this omis- 
sion, followed the older instructions.** 

There remains but one other exemption clause to be considered. 
It had to do with the smallest holding of personal property that 
was to be taxed. This minimum was frequently changed. In 1290 
it was 15 shillings’ worth of property. From 1294 to 1297 it varie 
with the rate of taxation, a tenth and sixth having the correspond- 
ing minima of 10 shillings and 6 shillings. There was no exemption 
of small holdings in 1301. For the later subsidies the minimum for 
the rural districts was 10 shillings, with the exception of the year 
1307, when it was 15 shillings. In the cities, boroughs, and ancient 
demesne the minimum was also 10 shillings, save in 1319, when it 
was half a mark, and in 13822 and 1832, when it was 6 shillings. 

Special exemptions from the burden of one or more subsidies, 
granted by special writs and not indicated in the. forms of the 
taxation, were fairly numerous. Individuals were at times excused, 
though very infrequently.**> The goods of the workers in the royal 
tin mines in Cornwall and Devon, the stannary men, were not 
subject to the levy of the national taxes upon movables after 1305.” 
The king’s -moneyers, the workers in the royal mints at London and 
Canterbury, were in a like privileged position.?” Because of poverty 
caused by fire, flood, pestilence, or the havoc of war, townships, 
boroughs, and even counties were at times excused. The most notable 


23The clause reads: “Ht fait a savoir, que les propres Biens des Prelatz, & des 
Religious, & d’autres Clerks, lesqueux Biens sont issantz de Temporautez que sont annex 
a leur Eglises, & sont taxez entre lour Espirituautez a la Disme, ne serront mie taxez en 
ceste Taxacion des Lais; Por ce que les ditz Prelatz, Religious, & autres clers donnent 
au Roi le Quinzime de lor Hspirituautez & Temporautez selone la Taxacion darreinement 


’ faite. Netredent, si Prelat, home de Religion, ou autre clerk, eit Terre ou Tenement de 


heritage ou de purchaz, ou a Ferme, ou en noun de Garde, ou par Eschete, ou en autre 
manere, qe ne soit cea en ariere taxe au Disme ge la Clergie ad done, soit taxacion fait de 
tous les Biens ge lour feurent en mesmes les lieux le jour de Seint Michel desus dit, 
en la forme ge ceste Taxacion se ferra des Biens des Lais’’; Rot. Parl., I, 443. 

% See the references given in my paper, “The English church and the lay taxes of 
the fourteenth century,” University of Colorado Studies, IV, 217-225. 

2C. P. R., 1307-1313, 152, 153, 179, 204, 229, 274, 321, etc. 

2% Lewis, G. R., The Stannaries, 164-165; Victoria County History of Cornwall, I, 536. 

2 C, P. R., 1272-1281, 416; ibid., 1307-1313, 152; C. C. R., 1333-1337, 549-550; 
Calendar of Letter Books, London Letter Book C, 102-103; ibid., Letter Book D 260; 
L. T. R. Memoranda Roll, No. 80 (3 Edward II), m. 62 d; Pipe Roll 152 A (35 Edward f), 
m. 27 (Moneyers of Canterbury) ; Exchequer Lay Subsidy 472 (Kent, 8 Edward III). 


88582°—19——19 


\\ 


290 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


example of such a special exemption is that of Cumberland, North- 
umberland, and Westmoreland during the greater part of the reign 
of Edward II and the early years of Edward III because of the 
devastation caused by the raids of the Scots.?8 Ecclesiastical com- | 


munities, such as abbeys, priories, and hospitals, at times sought 
and Chien the exemption of their taxable goods.”® 

These exemptions, numerous as they may seem to be, left the bulk 
of the property of the nation and the majority of the property — { 
owners untouched. Though the movables of the very poor and a few 
articles in the hands of the gentry and burgesses would escape the 
assessment, there remained subject to the taxation all the essentials 
of life in either town or country. With the enumeration of the 
goods that were not to be valued the contribution of the instruc- 
tions to a definition of movables ends. 

The evidence of the returns of the subtaxers is, on the contrary, 
very clear. In the rural districts there were valued all kinds of 
domestic animals, horses, oxen, sheep, and swine, and all kinds of 
grain, wheat, barley, rye, and oats. Peas, beans, and hay were fre- 
quently enumerated. At times hives of bees appear. Some carts : 
were valued, though they were usually designated as carts shod with 
iron, some wool, and now and then the goods of the rural tanner ; 
or small artisan. On the borough rolls are to be found not only 
the cattle, sheep, and grain of these semi-rural, semi-urban com- 
munities, but also household goods of all kinds, the tools of the 
artisan, merchandise, and many articles of luxury. The term “ moy- | 
ables” meant, therefore, in actual practice, one thing in the country 
and another in the towns. But there is no indication of any such 
distinction in the forms of the taxation. 

What is more, it may be categorically denied that the list of mov- ~ 
ables as it appears on the local assessment rolls for the vills includes 
all the personal possessions of the taxpayer. Where were the cheese, 
beer, cider, butter, eggs, salted or fresh meat, and other victuals of 
the peasants when the subtaxers appeared? Where were the plows, 
small carts, harrows, and other farming implements? Where were 
‘ the household goods? There is no doubt of their omission, but how 
explain it? ; 

What seems to have happened, in part at least, is that the sik ; 
taxers in the vills were following customs based on earlier instruc- i 
tions, but not mentioned in the forms of the taxes of 1290 orlater. The 
list of exempted goods of the villains in 1225 includes the armor to 
which they were sworn, their tools, and their fish, flesh, drink, hay, — 


28 See my paper, ‘The Scotch raids and the fourteenth century taxation of northern 
England,” University of Colorado Studies, V, 237-242. RS 
2 The following are references to typical exemptions: C. P. R., 1307-1313, 207; 
Cc. C. R., 1323-1327, 421; ibid., 1830-1333, 513, 520; ibid., 1333-13387, 566. . 


ASSESSMENT OF LAY SUBSIDIES, 1290-1332. 291 


and forage, which were not for sale.®° In 1283 the list of exemptions 
was more specific and also more comprehensive.*t | For those who 
were neither merchants nor burgesses it includes treasure, riding 
horses, bedding, clothing, vessels, tools, geese, capons, hens, bread, 
wine, cider, beer, and all kinds of food ready for use. These two 
lists would eliminate from the valuation all food in the larder, the 
farming implements, the household goods, the smaller domestic ani- 
mals, and most of the products that were not for sale. Grant that 
these exemptions were customary, or that they became so, and it is 
possible to explain the records of the assessments made after 1290. 
A definition of movables in the rural districts made in conformity 
to the returns of the subtaxers would therefore include cattle and 
other domestic animals and, presumably, such grain and other prod- 
uce as was for sale. In some districts it would have to include wool, 
a heavy cart, hives of bees, and probably a few other possessions, but 
at that it would alway be subject to correction if a larger number of 
the local rolls were brought to light. 

How far the subtaxers observed their instructions to value mov- 
ables at their true value is a difficult question to answer. Some light 
is thrown on the problem by the local rolls. On approximately half 
of the rolls for the West Riding of Yorkshire, the subsidy being the 
ninth of 1297, there is much evidence of what may be called con- 
ventional valuation.*? In Burton, 28 oxen are enumerated, each ox 
being valued at 5 shillings, and 34 cows, each valued at 3 shillings 
4 pence. In Austwick, there were 43 cows of the value of 4 shillings 
each. In Thornton, there were 15 cows valued at 3 shillings 6 pence, 
and 12 oxen valued at 4 shillings 6 pence. In Bentham, 36 cows 
were valued at 3 shillings 6 pence each, and 12 oxen at 5 shillings. 
In other vills elsewhere in the same riding the values placed upon 
both oxen and cows vary in relation, presumably, to the age, health, 
or usefulness of the ox or cow. It is hardly to be presumed that 
43 cows in Austwick should each be worth exactly 4 shillings, 34 in 
Burton exactly 3 shillings 4 pence, and 36 in Thornton 3 shillings 
6 pence, when it is considered that all these vills were in the same 
wapentake of Ewcross, and near neighbors. If the subtaxers adopted j 
a plan of conventional valuation, it is quite likely to have been at 
the value of the poor rather than the higher grade cow or ox. Even 
if they did not go quite so far they were evading the strict letter of 
the instructions, Without reference to the sale prices of oxen and 

*” Patent Rolls, Henry III, 1216-1225, 560. 

#1 Palgrave, op. cit., I, 12. For lists of the movables taxed see E. Powell, A Suffolk 
Hundred in 1283. 

#2 Yorkshire Archaeological Society, Record Serids, XVI. The references to the vills 


named below are as follows: Burton, 1-4; Austwick, 4-6; Thornton, 11-12; Bentham, 
12-14, ; 


. 


292 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. oa 
cows as found on the rolls of contemporary manorial bai 
hardly possible to extend the investigation of valuations : 
The property owners whose names appear on the local and 
rolls charged with the payment of the taxes upon movables 
7from every rank and condition of medieval society save the 
highest and the very lowest.’ The king’s name does not appea: 
the rolls, or the queen’s, and the very poor would escape taxa 
because of the provision for a minimum holding of taxable p 
erty. The goods of all others were taxed. Earls, barons, 
simple knights; the two archbishops, the bishops, abbots, and o 
clergy down to the chaplain in a country village; and on the same 
lists John the reeve, William the carter, and Adam the spec fe 
peasant folk of the countryside. 
The assessment was completed. The subtaxers, who were also ha 
collectors of the subsidies, at once began to gather the money, / whick 
was soon on its way to the exchequer at Westminster. 


IX. ENGLISH CUSTOMS REVENUE UP TO 1275. 


By NORMAN S. B. GRAS, 


Associate Professor in Clark Unwersity. 


293 


ENGLISH CUSTOMS REVENUE UP TO 1275. 


— 


By Norman S. B. Gras. 


The history of the English customs duties may be conveniently 
divided into several periods. The first is up to 1275, which we may 
call the period of unsuccessful beginnings. Between 1275 and 1347 
the customs system, which is so well known in history, was estab- 
lished. This was made up of five groups: The ancient custom of 
1275 on wool, woolfells, and hides; the new custom of 1303 paid by 
aliens; the cloth custom of 1347; the subsidy on wool, woolfells, and 
hides; and the subsidy of tonnage and poundage. In the next 
period—1347 to 1558—these were consolidated and maintained with 
but minor changes. Between 1558 and 1660 there were many royal 
impositions and considerable manipulation of valuations. During 
this period the constitutional struggle over the control of the customs 
took place. In the period from 1660 to 1787 Parliament controlled 
the customs, piling up one subsidy on another till the rates were in 
confusion. From 1787 to 1860 Pitt, Peel, Gladstone, and others 
carried through a policy of simplification and reduction. And since 
1860 England has had free trade. 

This outline is given in order to indicate the remoteness of the 
period of our present interest—that is, the period up to 1275. 

The customs have been studied more or less carefully since 1606 
when Bate’s case of impositions precipitated the struggle between 
Crown and Parliament for the control of the customs. Lawyers 
such as Coke, Bacon, Davies, and Hale have endeavored to discover 
and explain the main lines of development. Historians, too, have 
devoted their energies to the task, notably Madox, Hallam, Stubbs, 
Round, and Hall. The works of all of these are useful, but they 
have many shortcomings. 

Since the appearance of Hall’s book in 1885 not a single important 
treatise on the customs has appeared. This may be explained by 
the widespread acceptance of Hall’s views. Much more surprising 
than this is the fact that, since the legal case of 1606 and the par- 
liamentary discussion of 1610, not a single capital fact or a general- 


ization of weight has been adduced for the better understanding of 
295 


296 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. ae > Be A 


the earlier history of the customs, that is, the period of origins up. a 


to 1275. 

The only comprehensive theory of the origin of the English cus- 
toms, an old one in essentials, was formulated and elaborated by Hall. 
According to this theory, the customs arose out of the royal right and 
practice of seizing goods from merchants. Whether this was acqui- 
esced in because the King gave protection in return for the goods 
seized, or because such a seizure was regarded as a prerogative in- 
herent in sovereignty, we do not need to inquire. It is enough to 
note that according to the theory the seizure of goods, at first irregu- 
lar, was later systematized, reduced to a definite percentage, and 
‘finally commuted to money payments. Old as this view is in some 
of its essentials, and widespread as has been its acceptance, we must 
reject it in its general application. There can be no doubt about 
such seizure of goods in Angevin and late Plantagenet times, but for 
the view that it grew into the customs system there is no evidence. 
This “ seizure,” or, as it was called in the Norman-French of the time, 
the “ prise” of goods, was the well-known practice of purveyance so 
indelibly written into the early legislation of England. 

Usually where there is smoke there is at least a little fire. In most 
fables we are accustomed to look for an element of truth, and so in 
this theory there is a measure of genuine financial history. The prise 
theory, as we shall see presently, holds true for the development of 
the wine custom paid by aliens. To apply this theory, which rings 
true in the case of one commodity, to the whole situation is to make 
the exception the rule. 

The purpose of this paper is not so much to disprove an old theory 
as‘to discover a new one. Not in the general and vague royal right 
of seizure, but in certain definite customs are the origin and early 
development of the national system to be sought. But before setting 
out on the quest let us reflect on the precise nature of our search. The 
essential characteristic of the system evolved in the period beginning 
in 1275 is indicated by the word “national.” The customs were 
levied on foreign trade, were paid by both denizens and aliens, and 
were collected by officials directly or indirectly responsible to the 
sovereign to whom the returns were periodically made. It is hardly 


necessary to add that reference is here made to the sovereign as such 


rather than to the lord of lands held in demesne. With these cri- 
teria in mind, then, we may begin our search among the numerous 
taxes on trade which we encounter in medieval documents. 

As we might expect, it is in connection with towns or boroughs that 


the assortment of customs is largest. These dues were so numerous 


and in some instances so difficult to understand that whenever we 
meet with an unfamiliar tax we readily put it down as a town custom 
or perhaps a fair due. A special investigation based upon compara- 
tive studies should be made to determine the precise nature of these 


ENGLISH CUSTOMS REVENUE UP TO 1275. 297 


local or so-called local or town dues. Until this is made, however, 
we Shall have to be content with a partial treatment of the subject. 

With those town dues such as custuma ville, anchorage, murage, 
and the like, which were unquestionably local and not national in 
character, we do not need to concern ourselves, reserving our in- 
terest for those which on examination have at least some character- 
istics of national taxes. The earliest ones found are lastage and 
scavage. 

Lastage was a tax on goods exported abroad, levied at a specific 
rate of so much per last, for example, per last of hides or herring. It 
was collected in at least nine or ten ports and is accounted for in the 
pipe roll of 1130 and in the pipe rolls of Henry II. Whether it goes 
back to the Anglo-Saxon rule or was imported by the Normans is not 
clear. An uncertain passage in the customs of Chester recorded in 
‘Domesday Book, seems to push lastage back to 1086, or perhaps even 
to the time of the Confessor. 

The reasons why this tax has been neglected by the historians of 
the national customs are not hard to discover. At an early date lastage 
was defined as a tax on goods sold in fairs. With the question 
whether there ever was such a tax we are not so much concerned as 
with the fact that our lastage was collected only in seaports and on 
goods going abroad, if we are to trust an early fourteenth-century 
deposition made by a jury at Skirbeck. A further confusion is found 
between our lastage and the lastage meaning ballastage. Equally 
disturbing is the fact that lastage, unlike the late customs, came into 
the hands of local barons and gentry. In the twelfth century it was 
infeudated in one case at the tenure of grand serjeanty. If our 
Chester reference really be to lastage, we have an eleventh-century 
instance of a similar situation, the King and the Earl of Chester each 
sharing in the returns from the tax. 

Not only did lastage as a tax suffer from infeudation, but from 
exemptions in favor of burgesses residing in certain privileged towns. 

As to the origin of lastage, we can only speculate. It may have 
been a national tax imposed by Anglo-Saxon or Anglo-Danish kings, 
which was all but buried in the process of feudalization, and which, 
because of the rise of prices and the unchangeableness of local (or 
localized) rates, came to have small value. Accordingly, when the 
later customs system was imposed, its identity was lost. 

Analogous to lasting was scavage, a tax paid’ on showing goods. 
While lastage was an export tax, scavage was an import tax. Its 
earliest appearance is in a London document belonging to the 
eleventh century, but whether to the earlier or the latter half of 
the century we have no means of determining with any degree of 
certainty. The document in question smacks of the Anglo-Saxon 
régime and by one authority was assigned to the Anglo-Saxon 


298 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


period. Accordingly, we may raise the question whether scayage had 
a history analogous to that of lastage. 

No instance of scavage in any port other than London has been 
discovered. Whether this is indicative of its early decline in other 
points or of the restricted area of its application, is not apparent. 
If we regard it as a tax imposed by the national sovereign, we must 
see in it another example of localization, since it was in later days 
collected not by a feudal lord, it is true, but by the officials of the 
city. It was local in character, also, in so far as citizens of London 
were exempt from payment. 

Occurring later than lastage and scavage are two other national 
taxes, both on wine, which have quite a different origin. The first 
of the two was sometimes called “cornage,” a tax of a few pence 
on each tun or cask of wine imported from abroad. What the 


word means is unknown. It may have been of Norman origin, for 


we find a cornage in Normandy in 1099 and in England probably not 
earlier that about 1150. The name cornage was apparently not 
widely used in England, it may be, because it was already applied 
to the northern English tax of horngeld. The identity of the tax, 
however, may be traced right through the thirteenth century when 
. it was called a “custom of pence,” due to the King and to others. 
Like lastage and scavage it fell from the hands of the King into those 
of local potentates, a fact which in part explains its obscurity; and, 
if our information was not so scanty, we should probably find that 
like them, it, too, probably underwent local exemptions which would 
account for its gradual decline. 

The other tax on wine is the “ prise,” later called “ prisage.” At 
first it was a seizure of a rather loosely-defined character; but the 
wine so seized was to be paid for. It is obvious that this was a device 
for filling the royal cellars with a commodity that was not so much 
a luxury as a necessity at the royal table. From an early date, too, 
the wine so seized, was given to nobles and high churchmen, some- 
what as gobelins and sévres were later on in France. 

The history of the prise of wine runs somewhat parallel to the 
history of the other dues already dealt with. It, too, was infeudated 
and so lost to the Crown, and exemption from it was won, and 
always highly prized, by London and the Cinque ports. But here 
the analogy ends, for the prise, because of its original peculiar rela- 
tion to the royal needs and the resulting prominence of the tax, had 
a close relation to the later customs system. It was commuted to a 
money payment in 1303, in the case of aliens, and centuries later in 
the case of denizens. It is this commutation that probably served 
as the suggestion for the general prise theory of the origin of the 
customs; but as we have noted, such a commutation was the excep- 
tion rather than the rule. 


oe 


ot ne 


gt pe 


‘ 
OO ei ds 


? 


ENGLISH CUSTOMS REVENUE UP TO 1275. ~ 999 


Additional evidence that wine was unique is the fact that the prise 
of wine was originally hardly a tax at all. The King paid for the 
wine taken at a slightly less than market rate. The original wine 
tax was cornage. The prise of wine became a tax only when the 
early official valuation, which had become fixed at 20s. fell much 
below the market price in the general rise of prices in the thirteenth 
century. The prise as a tax was historically an accident, the King 
becoming the beneficiary of an unearned increment. 

Whence the prise of wine came, we can do little more than con- 
jecture. An analogous Norman tax, the modiation or measurage of 
wine, has priority in the records and may be the progenitor. At least 
two editors of documents have translated modiatio by prisage. But 
there is no good reason for closely associating the two, except in so far 
as both may have arisen in answer to the same need, that is, for wine 
for the sovereign’s use. 

All of these taxes, lastage, scavage, cornage, and prisage, have three 
points in common. The assizes or decrees bringing them into exist- 
ence have been lost. While they were all national in so far as they 
were on foreign trade, imposed on alien and denizen, and apparently 
originally imposed by the sovereign, they all have traits of localism 
that are unmistakable. They were all infeudated in whole or in part 
and to all of them, with the possible exception of cornage, exemptions 
were made in favor of individuals or such groups of individuals as 
burgesses and theinmates of ecclesiastical establishments. 

Infeudation and exemption are suggestive of what is probably the 
key to the origin of the national customs. Probably the model of the 
national system was the local system of the towns. The purely local 
customs ot the towns, which we now call “ tolls,” were indeed at this 
early date called “ customs,” the very term applied to the four taxes 
above mentioned whenever they were described without being named. 
Exemption and infeudation are likewise the characteristics of local 
taxes. Seemingly then the town customs were at once the models for 
a national customs system and the rocks on which that system finally 
foundered. It was localism which was likewise to prove the stumbling 
block to later royal efforts as we shall presently see. 

The concept of national customs is now familiar enough, but we 
must not take it for granted at the beginning. If the local system 
of taxation on trade antedated the national, as is probable, then the 
national system involved a new step not only of financial but of 
economic import. It would be going beyond what we know of the 
times to assign the invention to anything but fiscal expediency. 
Town customs already in existence were needed for local purposes. 
They bore many exemptions, at any rate at a later date. They did 
not hold out much prospect for further development at the hands 
of the sovereign. Accordingly a new system was evolved, based not 


800 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. ¥ 


on local but on foreign trade. Any tax on such trade would seem- 
ingly be paid by foreign merchants who were the first to organize the — 
export and import trades of England. 

This new system was made up of lastage and seavage, with the 
later additions of cornage and prisage. The sovereign might evolve 
a new system, but he could not make it an entire success without 
changing the social and economic system of the time and the mental 
make-up of his subjects. Accordingly the new customs soon began 
to be assimilated to the local system with its exemptions and infeuda- 
tion, and for this reason, as time went on, yielded less and less to the 
King, with the exception of prisage above noted. Time and tide, 
however, were with the central government which could make further 
efforts. These fell within the thirteenth century but still previous to 
the year 1275. 

When hard pressed for money. King John ee a new system of 
customs practically unrecognized by historians of English taxation 
and when at all noted, wrongly understood. The tax was a fifteenth 
of goods exported or imported, an ad valorem duty of 63 per cent. 
Although we have a summary account of the amount of money 
returned to the exchequer from this source, we do not know how long 
the tax lasted. Apparently its history was brief, for it has been 
traced only from the beginning in 1203 to the year 1207. Why it 
was so short-lived is unknown. The high percentage suggests oppo- 
sition from the King’s subjects. The loss of Normandy would point 
to the end of the most pressing need for its existence. But London’s 
purchase of exemption for a lump sum is the significant event, in- 
dicating the most potent enemy of national taxes on trade, the 
privileged burgess class of the town. Localism was ready to do 
for this tax what it had done for lastage and the others. 

In the reign of Henry III there is some general evidence of the 
desire on the part of the sovereign to use the royal right of pur- 
veyance as a means to establish a new tax on trade. The Barons’ 
War checked this, and in its stead came a tax which apparently has 
never been isolated and identified, though it has been accidentally 
noted by historians. This is the new aid of 1266. 

The new aid of 1266 was the invention of Prince Edward, later 
Edward I. It was an ad valorem tax on foreign trade, which lasted 
apparently down to the laying of the corner stone of the later cus- 
toms system in 1275. What the rate was is unknown, for no accounts 


of the tax are extant. Why it was of so short life is likewise un- ay 


_certain, though we may conjecture that the reason was chiefly the 
extraordinary character of the tax, which like other aids was levied 
to meet a special situation. But this much is clear that, as in the 
case of the other customs, towns at once sought and obtained exemp- 


tions through the influence of patrons or by the payment of money. “@ 


ENGLISH CUSTOMS REVENUE UP TO 1275. 801 


With this our outline ends; that is, with the disappearance of the 
new aid, about Easter, 1275. All the taxes dealt with have been na- 
tional in whole or in part. All have been called into existence by 
special action of the sovereign, with some little doubt (because of 
lack of evidence) in the case of only two, lastage and scavage. All 
have suffered from the dominant localism of the day. All have been 
money payments, except prisage which was peculiar in many re- 
spects, as has been shown. 

According to long-accepted opinion, the order of development of 
English national taxes has been, first, those on land (the Danegeld), 
then on movables (the Saladin tithe), and only later on trade (the 
commuted prise). If what has been said about the development 
of the customs be true, then this order must be changed. National 
taxes on trade preceded those on movables and possibly those on land. 

Vinogradoff has lately resurrected the question: What was the 
ordinary means of meeting the requirements of the early national 
government? He has answered it orthodoxly by asserting that serv- 
ices not taxes were the main reliance, services from Crown lands 
rather than revenue from public taxation. He probably misses the 
main point at issue when he speaks of the tenth and eighth centuries 
in the one breath. What may have been true at the time of Bede 
would probably not have held in the year 1000. Bede might well 
have complained of the alienation of the royal demesne, but this 
alienation was one of the processes that made a new field of taxes 
essential. All this leads us merely to the speculation about the time 
when the first national customs duties were imposed, the lastage and 
the scavage. The conservative answer is in the period 1050-1150, 
but this may be a century too late. 

In place of the gradual and vague development underlying the 
prise theory, we should substitute a series of clearly defined actions 
and inventions which, though in themselves single events, were not 
isolated facts. The establishment of lastage, scavage, cornage, 
prisage, the fifteenth, and the new aid marked in each case an episode 
in the struggle between localism and nationalism. The struggle was 
in no sense won by nationalism in 1275, but at that date there was 
every assurance that it would be. The history of the period from 
1275 to 1347 is replete with evidence of the waning strength of local- 
ism and the growing power of nationalism. Localism was carried 
into the Parliaments of the period, while nationalism was enthroned 
in the royal council. By means of gradual encroachment, tact, and 
cooperation, the Crown ultimately had its way. Up to 1275 every 
effort on the part of the Government to found a national customs 
system resulted in a large measure of failure; in the subsequent 
period every effort ended in partial or complete success. 


X. THE ASSOCIATION. 


By J. FRANKLIN JAMESON, 


Director of the Department of Historical Research in the 
Carnegie Institution of Washington. 


303 


THE ASSOCIATION. 


By J. F. Jameson. 


The purpose of this brief paper is to set forth some facts and 
make some suggestions or conjectures regarding the history of the 
institution called the association in a specialized sense of that word. 
When the First Continental Congress met in this historic city, in a 
hall not many squares from that in which we are to-day assémbled, 
one of its first acts was to appoint a committee to prepare an asso- 
ciation. What did they mean by that word? If used in this present 
day of highly developed social organization, it would mean an 
organized body having a president, a vice president, a secretary, a 
treasurer, an executive committee, a constitution, and probably also 
by-laws, and as many other of the paraphernalia of organization 
“ as the traffic would bear”; but what the members of the First Con: 
tinental Congress meant was a document of the nature of a non- 
importation agreement. In their journal, under date of October 20, 
1774, we read: “The association being copied, was read and signed 
at the table, and is as follows.” Then the document is inserted, with 
52 signatures of members, followed by the vote: “ Ordered, That 
this association be committed to the press and that 120 copies be 
struck off.” Of these first 120 printed copies one, bearing the sig- 
natures of the members, may be seen in the Library of the Historical 
Society of Pennsylvania. 

Although in the year 1774 the word “ association ” was occasionally 
used in other senses, yet its main sense, in the minds of men occupied 
with such tasks as those of the Continental Congress, was that of a 
signed agreement to pursue a given course of public action. It is the 
history of the association in this sense that I wish to discuss in outline 
on the present occasion. 

Whence came the word, and the device which it denoted, into the 
minds of the members of the First Continental Congress? Like so 
much else in their procedure, it came directly from precedents in the 
action of their respective colonies. For one instance not long before, 
when the Virginian House of Burgesses, on May 17, 1769, was dissolved 
by Gov. Botetourt because of their resolutions condemning parlia- 
mentary taxation, they proceeded at once to meet in an informal 


1“ Journals of the Continental Congress,” ed. Ford, I, 75-81, Oct. 20, 1774. See also 
Force, “American Archives,’ fourth series, I, 913. 


88582 °—19——_20 7 305 


/ 


306 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


the use of any ite ee that Saedid be imported from G <a 
Britain, drew them up in the form of articles of association, whichee “a 
were signed by those present and sent in various copies to the other 
colonies and to Great Britain, while other copies were circulated 
throughout the counties of Virginia for the signature of every free- 
man who would subscribe.? y 

Many of the non-importation agreements of those two or three 
years were called associations by those official or unofficial bodies that 
prepared them, and frequently they were printed under headings in 
which that name occurs. But the term, in colonial practice, was far 
from originating at that time. In that House of Burgesses which 
Lord ,Botetourt so summarily dissolved in May, 1769, many of the 
older members could easily remember the opening of the session of 
1745, when the governor in his formal address proposed that after — 
the example of their fellow-subjects the burgesses and inhabitants of 
Virginia enter into an association to defend their Sovereign Lord 
King George the Second from all the perils involved in the Jacobite 
rising of that year.® 

But indeed, as Gov. Gooch’s phrase indicates, the device was not 
one originating in the colonies, but was imitated from English prac- — 
tice, recurring from time to time. Let us, therefore, turn to the story 
of the association in English history. 

So far as I have been able to discover, the first use in Huser his- 
tory of the word “association ” in the sense which we have been dis- __ 
cussing occurs in 1584, in the celebrated instance of the association _ 
for the protection of Queen Elizabeth. It is true that the con- 
spirator Edward Fitzharris, in the libel which led to his trial in 
1681, says: “ Let the counties be ready to enter into an association, _ 
as ie county of York did in Henry the Eighth’s time.”* He i ciel . 
to the Pilgrimage uf Grace of 1536, but I find no evidence of the — 
general signing of any document on that occasion, and as no one | 
seems to believe anything that Fitzharris said about matters hap- 
pening in his own day, we shall hardly regard him as an authority — 
respecting the days of Henry VIII. We begin then with the inci 


the Queen in Omier to bring alone the succession of the Queen of Scots , 
had, it will be remembered, been discovered, their intentions frustrated, Pe 


dissolved many-of the constitutional foundations of society and in 


the éxisting circumstances would most likely lead to civil war. Wit 


2* Tournals of the House of Burgesses,” s. d. 
8Ibid., Feb. 20, 1745. 
6“ Parliamentary History,” IV, app. XIII, xxvii. 


THE ASSOCIATION. 8307 


that death Parliament would automatically come to an end, commis- 
sions would expire, public authority be nowhere securely vested. 
The device which was adopted in order to bridge the crisis appre- 
hended was that of a Protestant association. The terms of the docu- 
ment are well known. It declares that those “ whose names are or 
shall be subscribed to this writing . . . calling first to witness the 
name of Almighty God, do voluntarily and most willingly bind our- 
selves, every one of us to the other, jointly and severally in the band 
of one firm and loyal society; and do hereby vow and promise by 
the Majesty of Almighty God that with our whole powers, bodies, 
lives, and goods, we will serve and obey our Sovereign Lady Eliza- 
beth, against all states, dignities, and earthly powers whatsoever, 
and will with our joint and particular force during our lives with- 
stand, pursue, and offend, as well by force of arms as by all other 
means of revenge, all manner of persons of whatsoever estate they 
be, and their abettors, that shall attempt any act, or counsel or con- 
sent to anything that shall tend to the harm of Her Majesty’s per- 
son,” and will never accept or favor as successor anyone on whose 
behalf such detestable acts have been committed or attempted, but 
will prosecute such person to the death.® 

Such was the document prepared by Burghley and Walsingham. 
The privy councillors, the judges, and all others in and about London 
who held office under the Crown, signed forthwith. Letters from 
Walsingham went out to each lord lieutenant, urging him to induce 
the gentry of his county to execute a similar instrument of associa- 
tion, and for that purpose the secretary sent copies to each, one of 
which, when signed and sealed, should be sent to the council, while 
the other was to be kept by the Custos Rotulorum of the county. In 
the Public Record Office are preserved the copies which came back 
from many of the counties, with multitudes of signatures appended. 
“The loyal,” says Froude, “signed in a passion of delight; the dis- 
loyal, because they dared not refuse.” The Earl of Derby, writing 
for Lancashire, himself not exempt from suspicion, shows us the 
picturesque scene in which, on his knees in church, bareheaded, he 
took the oath, administered by the Bishop of Chester to him, first 
among the throng, and so to the rest, six at a time.® 

Now what was the nature of the device thus so extensively and so 
enthusiastically adopted? Obviously it was extra-legal, an emer- 
gency measure adopted to meet exigencies not provided for by the 
existing constitution or laws. Questions of conscience, questions re- 
specting illegality, did not fail to arise immediately in some scrupu- 
lous minds. In the Public Record Office is a paper entitled, “‘ The 
Dangers that may ensue by the Oath of Allegiance ereafter, if it be 


5“ State Trials’ (Howell), I, 1161-1163. 
*“ Calendar of State Papers, Domestic,’ 1581-1590, pp. 207-208, 210-212, 


308 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


not qualified by a convenient Act of Parliament,”* and an act was 
passed by the Parliament which was immediately convened, the 


statute of 27 Elizabeth ch. 1, “an act for the security of the Queen’s 


Majesty’s Most Royal Person.” 

But a device which, even by extra-legal means, could save the nation 
from civil war and the Protestant religion from extirpation, was 
too valuable to be ill thought of, and its popularity and éclat were 
not likely ever to be forgotten. In the period of the Interregnum, 


so fertile in constitutional experiments, signs are not wanting that »« 


the Protestant Association of 1584 was not lost from memory. The 
Eastern Association and the Midland Association of 1642 do not 
seem to have had the nature of ‘signed agreements, but rather to 
have been associations or groupings of counties effected by a superior 
authority, associations in a more modern sense. But the Solemn 
League and Covenant of 1643, like the Scottish National Covenant 
of five years earlier, was precisely a signed agreement binding the 
signatories to persevere in a described course of public action. 

But leaving Scottish instances to a later moment, we may pass on 
to the association of 1681, alleged to have been found in Shaftes- 
bury’s closet, though declared by him to be wholly unauthentic. 
Like its great prototype of 1584, it purported to defend the security 
of the Protestant religion, by preventing or making unprofitable a 
Catholic succession. The signers were to bind themselves, in case 
of King Charles’s assassination, to obey Parliament and those com- 
missioned by it, and in case of its dissolution, to obey those of its 
members who had enrolled themselves in this association. Not 
merely extra-legal but plainly illegal, such a bond nevertheless repre- 
sents clearly the type we are pursuing, and continues its tradition. 

Of far wider fame and effect was the association of 1688 which 
Sir Edward Seymour devised when he went to meet William of 
Orange at Exeter, and which did so much to pave the way for the 


latter’s success, the signers pledging themselves to hold together 


until religion and the laws and liberties of the country had been 


established in a free parliament.? The problem was that of meeting 


by voluntary and concerted action an interval in the operation of 
the regular machinery of monarchy. 

Bight 3 years later it again became, or seemed, neces ee to provide 
a device by which, as by the flywheel of an engine, the machinery of 


monarchical government might be carried past a dead-point, caused, 


not by the monarch’s flight or abdication, but, as in Queen Eliza- 
beth’s day, by his prospective assassination. In February, 1696, 


7“ Calendar of State Papers, Domestic,” 1581-1590. pp. 207-208, 210-212. 

8“ State Trials,” WIII, 781-787. See also “ Discourse touching the Addresses or 
Presentments to the King against the Association, with Account of the Association 
made and confirmed in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth” (1682), 

® Burnet, ‘‘Own Time,” I, 792. : 


¥ 


°% 


THE ASSOCIATION. 309 


the plot of Sir John Fenwick and others to kill King William at 
Turnham Green had on its discovery caused widespread alarm 
throughout the nation, then still at war with France, still appre- 
hensive of a reinstatement of King James, and still nervous respect- 
ing Popery. lt was still the law that the death of the King eo ipso 
dissolved Parliament and determined all offices held under the 
Crown. The movement which ensued has been brilliantly described 
by Macaulay: 

“ Sir Rowland Gwyn, an honest country gentleman, made a motion 
of which he did not at all foresee the important consequences. He 
proposed that the members should enter into an association for the 
defence of their sovereign and their country. Montague, who of all 
men was the quickest at taking and improving a hint, saw how 
much such an association would strengthen the government and the 
Whig party. An instrument was immediately drawn up by which 
the representatives of the people, each for himself, solemnly recog- . 
nized William as rightful and lawful King, and bound themselves to 
stand by him and by each other against James and James’s adherents. 
They vowed that, if His Majesty’s life should be shortened by vio- 
lence, they would avenge him signally on his murderers, and would, 
with one heart, strenuously support the order of succession settled 
by the Bill of Rights.” To copies of this association, circulated 
throughout England, several hundred thousand subscriptions were 
at once obtained. “It seems certain,” says Macaulay, “that the 
Association included the great majority of the adult male inhab- 
itants of England who were able to sign their names. * * * The 
association was signed by the rude fishermen of the Scilly Rocks, 
by the English merchants of Malaga, by the English merchants of 
Genoa, by the citizens of New York, by the tobacco planters of 
Virginia, and by the sugar planters of Barbadoes.” *° 

Again in 1715 and in 1745 and in some later crises, when danger 
threatened monarchs of the house of Hanover, loyal associations 
were drawn up and signed almost as a matter of course. 

What Macaulay says of imitation in the colonies is shown by many 
American examples. Thus the Marylanders in April, 1689, follow- 
ing close upon the movement begun at Exeter by Sir Edward Sey- 
mour, drew up and signed “ An Association in Arms for the Defense 
of the Protestant Religion, and for asserting the Right of King Wil- 
liam and Queen Mary to the Province of Maryland and all the Eng- 
lish Dominions.” Eight years later, after Fenwick’s plot, and at 

10“ History of England,” IV, 533, 544-548. 

Chalmers, ‘“ Political Annals,’ 373. Their declaration was printed at St. Mary’s 
in 1689, the earliest known publication with a Maryland imprint, and reprinted in 1689 


in London and recently in this society’s ‘ Original Narratives” series, ‘‘ Narratives of 
the Insurrections,” 305-314. 


310 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. he eae 


various other times of crisis, we find in various colonies associations 


to stand by the Protestant succession.’? 
Thus the line of descent from the Protestant Association of 1584 
to that framed in Philadelphia by the First Continental Congress 


143 years ago is entirely clear, with the word used recurringly in 


the same sense, of a signed agreement to persevere in common in 
the same course of public effort. But what was the descent of the 
association framed in Queen Elizabeth’s time, what its origins or 
models? The answer to such a question must always be in some 
degree conjectural. It might easily be argued that the institution 
or device was of Scottish origin, as I have elsewhere shown to be 
the case with the device called the convention, borrowed from Scot- 
tish practice a little later.** In Scottish history there had been 
numerous signed agreements of a political character, usually agree- 
ments between the turbulent nobles of that distracted country to 
oppose their unfortunate monarch or some rival group of nobles. 
In Scottish practice they were not called associations, but bonds or 
bands.** Thus, when the Scottish Queen Mary, with ae eager- 
ness, hastened to concur in the association for the protection of 
Elizabeth, the document in which she did so is entitled “The Queen 
of Scotts Bond in Association to be an Enemie to all that shall at- 
tempt anie Thing against her Majestie’s Lyffe.”** There seems to 
have been a “ band ” for the murder of Darnley; there certainly was 
one for the murder of Riccio.** The followers of Knox drew up in 
1557 the Common or Godly Band, in 1559 the Bond of the Congrega- 
tion and the Generall Band, all of them precursors of the covenants 
of 1581 and 1638.- But, indeed, there is a long line of precedents in 
Scottish history, down from at least the time of the Bruces, when, 
for instance, we find in Balfour’s Annales, under date of 1306, that 
“This yeire ther was a mutuall endenture made betuix Sir Gilbert 
Hay of Erole, Sir Neill Campbell of Lochaw, and Sir Alexander 
Setton, knights, at the abbey of Londors, to defend King Robert and 
hes croune to the last of ther bloodes and fortunes: upone the 


sealling of the said indenture, they solemly toke the sacrament at 


St. Maries altar, in the said abbey-churche.” 17 


12 ‘New Hampshire Provincial Papers,’ II, 258-259. “Md. Archives,” XX, 538-546, - Pen: 


with eight pages of signatures. 


1%“ On the Early Political Uses of the Word Convention,” in “ American Historical, ‘i 


“Review,” III, 477-487. « 

144Rey. James Hewson, “ Bands or Covenants in Scotland, with a List of Bits 
Copies of the Scottish Covenants,” in Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scot- 
land, fourth series, XLII, 166-182. 

% “Calendar of State Papers, ee ubi supra. 


16 See appendix to Andrew Lang, ‘“‘ The Mystery of Mary Stuart,” 381-385, “for the “ 


instance relating to Darnley, and, for that relating to Riccio, Goodall, “ Examination 
of the Letters of Mary Queen of Scots,” I, 266-268. _ 
17 Balfour, “‘ Annales of Scotland,” I, 89. 


x 


THE ASSOCIATION. ot 


Thus conjecture might attribute the association devised in Octo- 
ber, 1584, by Burghley and Walsingham to imitation of a familiar 
Scottish model. But we are not without definite evidence of a 
curious sort pointing in another direction. The association was 
presented to the Privy Council on the 19th of October. Under date 
of October 12 there is, in the State Papers, Domestic, a letter of 
Burghley to Walsingham in which he writes that he has been much 
pleased with a book in which he found “The Confederation of the 
Nobility of the Low Countries against the Inquisition” in anno 
1568 (he means 1566), and advises Walsingham to read it.1® Thus 
a week before the two statesmen completed their association and 
presented it to the council for signature we find their minds actively 
occupied with the so-called Compromise of 1566, familiar to readers 
of Motley,’® by which Louis of Nassau and some 2,000 other noble- 
men and gentlemen and even burghers of the Low Countries bound 
themselves to resist the Inquisition and the rule of the foreigner. 

And what was the model of this Belgic document of 1566? 
Plainly the earlier among those Catholic leagues which had already 
_ begun to be powerful in France. To many minds the league in 
French history means simply the Holy League, the alliance of the 
Guises with Philip II. But on its first emergence in French history 
a few years earlier than that alliance the term league denotes an 
association of precisely the type we have been considering, a signed 
a®reement to persevere in a given course of public action; in this 
case the maintenance of the Catholic religion against heretical sec- 
taries and time-serving kings and politicians. The earliest which 
Prof. Thompson’s industry has discovered is a local association 
formed at Bordeaux in 1560. Another, for Provenc®; was drawn 
up at Aix in November, 1562. Montluc instigated the redaction of 
another at Agen in February, 1563, and took part in the framing 
of still another at Toulouse in March, which Agrippa d’Aubigné 
calls “the prototype and first example of all the leagues that have 
since appeared in France.” *° 

Thus by 1566 Louis of Nassau and his light-headed companions 
had in their minds many examples of the signed political agree- 
ment, and by 1584 the whole genus was doubtless familiar to states- 
men so experienced. as Burghley and Walsingham. Most of the 
members of the Continental Congress would have been ill pleased 
to think that the device they employed descended, even indirectly, 
from the Catholic leagues of sixteenth-century France, but such is 
most likely the historic fact. 

18“ Calendar of State Papers, Domestic,’ 1581-1590, p. 202. 


29“ Rise of the Dutch Republic,’ I, 493-499. 
20J. W. Thompson, “The Wars of Religion in France,’ 213-216, 


312 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


As to earlier origins, it is perhaps sufficient to say that instances 
of the signed agreement to hold together for the attainment of 
given political aims occur here and there throughout the later Mid- 
dle Ages, in the history of England (e. g., the barons at St. Ed- 
mund’s in 1214) ,”* of France, of Castile (hermandades) and Aragon, 
of Germany and Bohemia. As a primitive form of “ His Majesty’s 
Opposition,” as a simple step toward the organization of like- 
minded persons for political action other than that’ of the State, 
such agreements were almost certain to arise. 

More significant, however, than any question of origins is that 
of the essential nature of the association and its place in the politi- 
cal development of Europe. To properly place it in the history 
of the sixteenth century, we need to bear in mind how firmly the 
men of that time held that the nation and the country were the 
king’s; that the right to direct policy resided in him; how abhorrent 
to their thoughts would have been the rule of parties. The word 
“party ” they used as synonymous with faction, as denoting a thing 
to be warmly reprobated, a thing fraught with danger to the State. 
The party and the association were alike to be deprecated, as sub- 
stituting illegal or extra-legal machinery for that orderly govern- 
ment by the king through the king’s ministers which alone was 
the constitutional means for achieving the lawful ends of the State. 
“Leagues within the State,” says Lord Bacon in his essay on faction, 
“are ever pernicious to monarchies: for they raise an obligation par&- 
mount to obligation of sovereignty, and make the king tanquam 
unus ex nobis: as was to be seen in the League of France.” But 
of the two devices, the party or faction was the more reprehensible, 
as giving perfhanent force to the selfish interests of private men as 
against the public interest represented by the monarch. The asso- 
ciation, formed for a temporary occasion and limited by a definite 
program, seemed less dangerous and more allowable. Its interest 
lies in the fact that for a time it stood side by side with the party, as 
a means for reaching political ends through means other than those 
of the monarchical administration. The rivalry was soon ended in 
favor of the more flexible of the two devices, the one more capable 
of organization. The party became in time the leading means of 
achieving public ends; the association was relegated to the museum 
of constitutional antiquities. 


#1 Stubbs, “ Const. Hist.,” I, 567. 


P , eR, . 


q . 
~_ 


et ie ot Cale OE ie ee ee 


XI. TO WHAT EXTENT WAS GEORGE ROGERS CLARK IN 
MILITARY CONTROL OF THE NORTHWEST AT THE 
CLOSE OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION? 


By JAMES A. JAMES, 


Professor of American History in Northwestern University. 
e 


313 


TO WHAT EXTENT WAS GEORGE ROGERS CLARK IN MILITARY 
CONTROL OF THE NORTHWEST AT THE CLOSE OF THE AMERI- 
CAN REVOLUTION? 


By James A. JAMES. 


One view of this question is fairly presented in the letter of Gov. 
Benjamin Harrison, of Virginia, to Clark, on July 2, 1783. In this 
letter, Gov. Harrison states that since an offensive war against the 
Northwestern Indians has been given up that Clark’s services in that 
region will no longer be necessary. “ But before I take leave of you,” 
he says, “I feel myself called on in the most forcible manner to re- 
turn you my thanks and those of my council for the very great and 
singular services you have rendered your country in wresting so great 
and valuable a territory out of the hands of the British enemy, re- 
pelling the attacks of their savage allies, and carrying on successful 
war in the heart of their country.” John Pierce, representing the 
United States, as one of the three commissioners appointed to adjust 
the claims of Virginia for debts contracted in carrying on the Revo- 
lution in the Northwest, maintained “that by leaving the territory 
with his forces, Clark relinquished the defense of it, and he can not, 
I think, be said to have maintained or defended a country beyond him 
in which he retained no garrison and from which he was at such a 
distance as to afford no immediate assistance.”! 

Among the statements of historians who have discussed the prob- 
lem, the two following may also be fairly taken as illustrative. 
“ Clark would have pushed on to capture Detroit also but want of 
sufficient reinforcements compelled him to be content with holding 
Vincennes, Cahokia, and Kaskaskia. These posts, however, were 
sufficient to insure the American hold upon the Northwest until, in the 
peace negotiations of 1782, the military prowess of Clark was fol- 
lowed up by the diplomatic triumph of Jay.” ? 

“ The summer of 1779 marked the zenith of Virginia’s power north 
of the Ohio; from that date there was steady decline. * * * Fora 
year more there were a score of soldiers in those posts, acting as 
scouts; but even these were recalled in the following winter, and the 
villages were left to shift for themselves. * * * Virginia had 


1 At the meeting of the commission, May 15, 1788, William Heth, one of the commis- 
sioners, was appointed by Virginia. The third commissioner was David Henley. State 
- Department Manuscript, Bureau of Indexes and Archives, 
2 Van Tyne, The American Revolution, p. 284. aie 


316 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


really only weakened the hold of the mother country on a small 
corner of the disnuted territory.” 

To determine the influence of Clark’s conquests it will be neces- 
sary to ascertain to what extent he retained military control in the 
Northwest. The summer following the capture of Kaskaskia and 
Vincennes, 1779, Clark was forced to forego the march against 
Detroit; as he expressed it, “ Detroit lost for want of a few men.” 
But his preparations for this expedition produced unexpected results 
on the enemy. Efforts were made to render Detroit and Michili- 
mackinac more defensible, and reinforcements were hurried to these 
posts. Their French and Indian allies were in a panic over the 
report that the English, unable to withstand the effect of the alliance 
of the Americans, French, Spanish, and Germans, would be driven 
out of America. So great was the disaffection among the Indians 
that according to British testimony the Sioux was the only tribe 
still true to them.’ Two expeditions sent from Michilimackinac to 
intercept the Americans, one a force of some 300 regulars, traders, 
and Indians, the other with 600 made up mainly of Indians, and a 
third of 200 Indians, led by officers from Detroit, retreated in haste 
upon hearing a report that Clark was advancing toward Detroit 
with a force of 4,000. A campaign against Vincennes and another 
against Fort Pitt were also abandoned. 

While establishing his headquarters in the newly erected fort at 
the falls of the Ohio Clark’s plans seem to have comprehended two 
main objects—to raise a force in Kentucky, “ with the hopes of giv- 
ing the Shawnees a Drubing,”*® and to make a “bold push” and 
reduce Detroit and Mackinac.’ Full powers were granted him by 
Gov. Jefferson to engage in either of these enterprises or establish 
a post near the mouth of the Ohio. 


While preparing for the capture of Detroit, without which there 


could be no permanent peace, Clark, in the spring of 1780, began a 
fort 5 miles below the mouth of the Ohio, although a location north 
of that river was at first contemplated.?. Some months before, he had 
advocated building this fort, for on account of a failure of crops in 
the Illinois country some location nearer the frontier settlements 
would make the sustenance of his troops more feasible.® Moreover, 


8 Alvord, Virginia and the West: an Interpretation, Mississippi Valley Historical 
Review, Vol. III, 34. 

*The name Michilimackinac was changed to Mackinac in 1781, when that post was 
transferred to the island of Mackinac. 

5 De Peyster to Haldimand, July 1, 1779. Michigan Pioneer and Historical Collections, 
IX, 390. 

® Clark to George Mason, Nov. 19, 1779. James, George Rogers Clark Papers, 153. 

™Clark to Jonathan Clark, Jan. 16, 1780. Clark Papers, 383. ‘‘ My proposition would 
be to Make a bold push, Reduce those Garisons and no pgace with the Indians, only on 
our own terms, and never after suffer arms or amunition to go among them, which 
would effectually bring them to our Feet.” : 

8 Thomas Jefferson to Clark, June 14, 1780. Clark Papers, 427. 

® Clark to Jefferson, Sept. 23, 1779. Clark Papers, 365. 


Te —— 


7) «. we. = 


GEORGE ROGERS CLARK AND THE NORTHWEST. 317 


he argued that this post should be made the center for the other west- 
ern garrisons; that it would at once become the key to the trade of 
the western country and furnish a good location for the Indian de- 
partment as well as give the means of controlling the Chickasaw and 
the Illinois posts. By March, of 1780, he was aware that the British 
were again winning control over the northwestern tribes and that 
they contemplated some such plan of action as that attempted by 
Gov. Hamilton. Not alone must this expedition which threatened 
the total loss of western control be checked, but the advance of the 
Spaniards east of the Mississippi, who as John Todd said, “have a 
fondness for engrossing territory,” must also be met. The continu- 
ance of American control in the Illinois country seemed, as Clark 
believed, to depend on the concentration of his available force at the 
new fort. By this striking move, the Indians would be so mystified 
that they would refuse to join the British on the aforesaid expedition. 
At no time was there the suggestion of abandoning any territory 
beyond the Ohio, Gov. Jefferson having adopted the views of Clark 
and Todd on the practicability of concentration in the fort at the 
mouth of the Ohio which would, as he said, facilitate trade with 
the Illinois and be near enough to furnish aid to that territory; 
protect the trade with New Orleans; and together with other posts 
to be established would constitute a chain of defense for the western 
frontier.° In pursuance of this project, the troops were withdrawn 
from Vincennes leaving only a company of French militia to guard 
that post. But before the retirement of the troops from the Illinois 
villages had taken place a formidable advance. by the British was 
inaugurated. 

This plan for gaining control over the Mississippi—Spain was then 
a common enemy of the British—for the recapture of the [linois 
country, the falls of the Ohio, and finally Forts Pitt and Cumber- 
land. was one of the most striking military conceptions of the entire 
Revolution. If successful, the whole region west of the Alleghanies 
must have become and doubtless would have remained British terri- 
tory, for all communication between Clark and the East would thus 
have been destroyed. Besides, conditions east of the mountains must 
have been modified, for British rangers and their hordes of Indian 
allies would have been free to join the ranks of the British generals 
in Virginia and the South. 

The British were to advance in five sections, and three major as- 
saults were ordered to be made at widely separate points. With a 
force of 1,500 men, Gen. Campbell was to proceed from Pensacola 
and capture New Orleans. His strength was to be increased by the 
addition of white troops and Indians from Mackinac, this force 
having proceeded down the Mississippi after capturing St. Louis. 


10'Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Martin, Clark Papers, 385. 


318 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


The third detachment, assembled by Detroit officials, was to amuse ce 
Clark at the falls of the Ohio. One of the subsidiary forces wasto 
ae by way of the Illinois River, while a second was ordered to = 7 
“watch the plains between the Wabash and the Mississippi.” a 
The attack on St. Louis and the Illinois villages was entrusted by _ 
Gov. Sinclair, of Mackinac, to Capt. Emanuel Hesse. His com- . 
mand, made up of 950 British regulars, traders, and Indians, was 
assembled at the junction of the Mississippi and the Wisconsin. 
Conspicuous among the Menominee, Sauk, Fox, Winnebago, and 
Ottawa warriors was a body of 200 Sioux braves under the leader- 
ship of Wabasha, their illustrious chief. While the capture of Gov. 
Hamilton had weakened the hold of the British on the northwestern 
tribes, the Sioux, as stated by Sinclair, were “ undebauched, addicted 
to war, and jealously attached to His Majesty’s interest.” Warned 
of the approach of the enemy, the Spaniards had so strengthened 
their defenses at St. Louis that the first assault was repulsed. Mean- 
time Clark had reached Cahokia in response to the appeals for his 
immediate presence from De Leyba, the Spanish governor, and from 
Col. Montgomery. After a short skirmish at Cahokia the British 
retreated in two divisions, one up the Mississippi and the other 
to Mackinac. Two retaliatory expeditions were sent in pursut, 
but the enemy made good his escape. The villages of the Sauk 
and Foxes on the Rock River were destroyed by the Americans. It 
is impossible to determine the reasons for the British retreat. Clark 
claimed that it was due to the presence of himself and his men. The 
British pointed to the treachery of some of their Indian leaders and 
to the lack of spirit on the part of the Canadians.* Gen. Conphall 4 
evidently made no effort to leave Pensacola. = 
The third expedition was quite as striking a failure. For weeks — 
Maj. De Lak lavished what his superiors characterized as “amaz- ee 
ing sums” on the “over-indulgence” of the tribes tributary to De- __ 
troit in order to enlist them for the expedition against the falls of 
the Ohio.*? This, if successful, would cut the American communica- — 
tion with the East, force the surrender of the Illinois posts, and 
reduce the Kentucky settlements.‘? With a well-equipped force of 
1,100, 1,000 of them being Indians, Capt. Henry Bird, one of th 
best types of British leaders, descended the Miami to the Ohio. N 
withstanding his possession of two pieces of light artillery, he de- 
termined not to hazard an attack on the fort at the falls. Learnin 


11 Wisconsin Historical Collections, XI, 154. G y 

122Gen. Haldimand stated the amount to be £64,030. The appearance of such drafts, 
he wrote, ‘“‘in so regular and such quick succession lead me to reflect on their fatal —_ 
consequences to the Nation.” Michigan Pioneer and Historical Collections, X, 409, 7 5 
634, 636. Prise 

% Testimony of Cols. Thomas Marshall and James Knox before the commissioners 
to adjust the claims of Virginia against the United States, Nov. 16, 1787. Department 4 
of State, Bureau of Indexes and Archives. 


GEORGE ROGERS CLARK AND THE NORTHWEST. 319 


of the arrival of reinforcements from Virginia and that the other 
expeditions had failed, he turned toward Detroit after destroying 
Ruddels and Martins stations, two small Kentucky stockaded posts. 
So rapidly did they retreat that they abandoned their cannon at one 
of the Miami villages. 

At no time in his career did Clark show his capacity for leader- 
ship to a better advantage. No obstacle could deter him from the 
determination to deliver such a stroke as would prevent any like 
attempt on the part of the enemy. The rapidity with which he ad- 
vanced to his goal was not unlike the drive toward Vincennes in the 
February days of the preceding year. Learning of the designs of 
Capt. Bird, he set out from Cahokia with a few men for Fort Jef- 
ferson, and after barely escaping capture by the Indians, struck off 
through the wilderness with only two companions for Harrodsburg. 
In spite of protests from the crowd of investors in land, he closed 
the doors of the land office until the end of the campaign, and 
by August 1, seven weeks from the time of his leaving Cahokia, 
1,000 volunteers had responded to his order to assemble at the mouth 
of the Licking River. After a forced march, they reached Old 
Chillicothe, but the Indians had fied. At Piqua, a few miles beyond, 
a well-built town with a block-house, the Americans overtook and 
attacked several hundred Indians, and after a fierce engagement 
forced them to retreat. No effort was made at pursuit. After 
burning the towns, Clark led his troops to the mouth of the Licking, 
where they disbanded. In this campaign of a month they had 
marched 480 miles, and so successful was the effort that during the 
remainder of the year the Kentucky settlements were freed from 
serious molestation. 

By Christmas time Clark was in Richmond consulting with the 
authorities over plans for taking Detroit. Such an expedition would 
serve to prevent the promised advance of the British, of which there 
were again unmistakable signs. Inspired by the more aggressive 
policy of Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, and George Mason, 
leaders in the House of Delegates, Clark’s instructions provided for 
an advance of 2,000 men with the ultimate object of reducing Detroit 
and acquiring Lake Erie. If successfully carried out, so argued 
Gov. Jefferson, this expedition would insure peace on the whole 
frontier and create an extensive area for commercial expansion; 
and in the event of peace would “form to the American Union a 
barrier against the dangerous extension of the British Province of 
Canada and add to the Empire of Liberty an extensive and fertile 
country.” At the opening of the year 1781, therefore, there was no 
evidence of final territorial demands extending over an area less 
than the whole Northwest. Besides, Washington promised con- 
tributions from the continental stores for this object, which he 


‘ 


320 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


declared he had constantly borne in mind, believing that the reduc- 
tion of Detroit “ would be the only means of giving peace and security 
to the whole western frontier.” 

For the first time, a complete military organization for the West 
was completed, by making Clark brigadier general of the forces 
which were “to be embodied on an expedition westward of the 
Ohio.” ‘4 At no time during the Revolution was there a more strik- 
ing example of military inefficiency on the part of both the general 
Government and of Virginia. Almost six weeks were wasted by 
Congress and the Board of War in collecting the promised supplies 
for the western expedition, and there was a delay of two weeks at 


one point between Philadelphia and Fort Pitt in order to make new | 


kegs for the transportation of the powder. The time of necessary 
waiting at Pittsburgh might well have disheartened any leader. 
Drafting troops, under Virginia military laws, was a failure and 
Gov. Jefferson was forced to resort to the call for volunteers. Col. 
Brodhead, commanding officer at Fort Pitt, refused to grant permis- 
sion for 200 regulars to go on the expedition and finally, early in 
August, Clark set out down the Ohio with 400 regulars and yolun- 
teers, a force scarcely adequate to guard the boats which con- 
tained supplies for fully 2,000 men. But plans had been agreed 
upon at Pittsburgh, which provided for an expedition against the 
Wyandot early in September under Col. Gibson, while Clark was to 
advance against the Shawnee. Once more Clark’s activities had 
served as a defense to the frontier. Detroit was put into condition 
for withstanding this attack and Indian demands at that post in- 
creased “ amazingly.” 

Clark’s arrival at Louisville was opportune, for never was there a 
prospect so gloomy for the fate of the West. While Fort Nelson 
was completed, as he had directed, Fort Jefferson had been evacu- 
ated and there was a prospect that the Americans would be com- 
pelled to abandon Vincennes, where there was still a garrison of 60 
men.'® Preparations for the promised expedition against Detroit 
had been made by Kentucky officials under the most adverse condi- 
tions, for the credit of Virginia throughout the West was worthless. 
During the winter and spring the Kentucky settlements had been 
devastated by a succession of Indian raids and there were well- 


founded rumors that an army was to be sent against them from De- — 


troit. By order of the Virginia Assembly, the expedition against eo 
post was postponed. 


144 Draper Manuscript Collections, 51 J 18. This commission was granted under the 
authority of Gov. Jefferson. 

1%’ Michigan Pioneer and Historical Collections, X, 465. 

16 Fort Jefferson was finally evacuated in June, 1781. Some of the garrison went to 
Vincennes. Clark Papers, 585. 


yr 
a. ee ee ae 


¢t* 


=, Ae 


GEORGE ROGERS CLARK AND THE NORTHWEST. 321 


In council with his officers and the three Kentucky County lieu- 
tenants early in September, Clark still clung to his determination 
to march against the Indians by the way of the Wabash or the Miami 
and then to Detroit. But his advisers deemed the force available, 
some 700 men, inadequate for such an expedition. While insisting 
on the maintenance of the garrison at the falls, they likewise recom- 
mended that a fort should be built at the mouth of the Kentucky, 
and urged the assembling of a strong force for the reduction of 
Detroit the next spring. Clark still advocated an expedition up the 
Wabash against the Indian tribes among whom the British emis- 
saries seemed to be most strongly intrenched. He saw in such a 
move the capture of Detroit and the possession of Lake Erie; control 
of the savages and preservation of the Kentucky settlements; 
retention of power over the Illinois, both Spanish and American, and 
ultimate influence on the terms of peace.** It is probable he had in 
his possession at the time the message from Col. Arthur Campbell, 
written a month earlier, in which he stated that peace would probably 
be declared within a few months. This letter outlined the general 
situation, with Washington carrying on operations against New 
York; with Greene nearly in control of the two Southern States 
that were the preceding winter occupied by the enemy; and with 
Galvez in possession of Pensacola. It concludes with language 
strikingly resembling that of Benjamin Franklin to Lord Shel- 
burne in the peace preliminaries seven months and a half later: 

—“T wish we could carry our arms to the banks of Lake Erie, before 
a cessation would take place; to attempt it farther might be risking 
too much. For Canada confined to its ancient limits may serve 
our present turn: altho’ every true American must acknowledge 
the advantages that would accrue could Canada be added to the 
Union.” ** By order of Gov. Harrison, Clark was directed to garri- 
son the falls of the Ohio, the mouth of the Kentucky, the mouth of 
the Licking, and the mouth of Limestone Creek. Two gunboats were 
to be built fur each post, which should be used to patrol the Ohio 
and prevent any Indian bands from crossing.1® Such defense, it 
was argued, would enable the inhabitants to protect themselves 
against the incursions of the enemy and occasionally to attack them.”° 
These garrisons were to be manned by regulars and militia consisting 
of 100 men at the falls and 68 at each of the other posts. The carry- 
‘ing out of these measures was dependent upon the generosity of 
the people themselves supported by the promise that any debts 


% Clark to Gov. Nelson, Oct. 1, 1781. Clark Papers, 605-608. 

18Col. Arthur Campbell to Clark, Sept. 3, 1871. Clark Papers, 595. Col. Campbell 
was stationed at Washington, Pa. 

42 Benjamin Harrison. Letter Book, 1781, 13-15. Virginia State Archives, 

2% Journal of the Virginia House of Delegates, Dec. 15, 1781, 35, 


88582°—19——21 : 


322 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


contracted for the purpose should be met by the first means available 
and that there was every expectation of punctuality.2* The troops 
under Clark were poorly prepared for the service they were expected 
to render. For two years, many of them had served without re- 
ceiving any pay, and during that time had been given neither shoes, 
nor stockings, nor a hat, and at times they were forced to exist on 
half rations.??, But their condition was no worse than that of soldiers 
in the regular Virginia line. 

During the fall and winter, British authorities renewed their ef- 
forts to gain control of all the Northwestern tribes, for Clark’s 
preparations, his evasive answers to their inquiries, and messages to 
the enemy had caused more than one-half of the tribes to make over- 
tures for peace.** Typical of these reports, was one to the court at 
Kaskaskia, early in December, a call for the thorough enforcement 
of the laws, in which Clark asserted that peace was shortly to be 
expected since Cornwallis with his entire army had surrendered and 
that Clinton had lost 3,000 men. “Charleston,” he declared, “is be- 
sieged and I think by this time it has surrendered with all the Eng- 
lish troops; so that there will scarcely remain an Englishman on the 
continent except those who are prisoners.” Immense treasure was 
granted the savages and discipline was relaxed, for, as stated by one 
of the officials, Indians must be used to prevent the inroads of the 
Virginians and must be “ delicately managed to prevent their favor- 
ing those rebels.”?* Late in February, chiefs of the Shawnee, 
Wyandot, Delawares and 10 other tribes, assembled at Detroit.” 
They were instructed to make no attack, particularly on Kentucky, 
until toward spring. As a feint, small parties were sent forward to 
steal. horses and commit minor depredations, thus keeping settlers 
off their guard until the coming of the main expedition which was 
to capture Fort Nelson and the other posts and at a single blow lay 
waste the whole frontier. Promise for the success of the plan was 
greater because of the arrival at Detroit of Rocheblave, Lamothe 
and other captured leaders all anxious to retrieve their former dis- 
asters by recapturing the Illinois country and Vincennes.”* Early 
in February, the most exposed settlements of Kentucky and Vir- 
ginia were surprised and a number of prisoners were captured. 

Fully aware that the task was the most difficult he had ever under- 
taken, Clark pushed his preparations vigorously for foiling the 


21 Benjamin Harrison, Letter Book, 1781, pp. 82, 83. 

2 Capt. Robert Todd to the Virginia Council, Dec. 11, 1781. Executive Papers, Vir- 
ginia State Archives. 

23Col. John Floyd to Col. William Preston, January, 1782. Draper Manuscript Col- 
lections, Shane Manuscript, XVI, 37. 

* Michigan Pioneer and Historical Collections, X, 548. 

% Butterfield, Washington-Irvine Correspondence, 90, 91. 

2sPlan submitted by Lamothe. Michigan Pioneer and Historical Collections, X, 
569-572. 


Ce ee ee ae Se 


ene cer’ Se ee 


GEORGE ROGERS CLARK AND THE NORTHWEST. 323 


main attack of the enemy, which it was understood would be directed 
against Fort Nelson. “If we should be so fortunate as to repel 
this invasion without too great a loss to ourselves,” he wrote while 
strengthening the various means for defense, “the Indians will all 
scatter to their different countries and give a fair opportunity for 
a valuable stroke to be made among them.” ** 

Assuming a part of the expense himself, Clark gave special atten- 
tion to the construction of four armed galleys with the design of 
using them to control the navigation of the Ohio at the mouth of 
the Miami. Spies and scouting parties were constantly engaged on 
the various trails leading to the settlements in order to prevent 
possible surprise.22 By the end of May one of the boats with a 73- 
foot keel was completed, having bullet-proof gunwales 4 feet high and 
false gunwales which could be raised in case of attack.?? When com- 
pletely equipped it was to be manned with 110 men and was to carry 
a six-pounder, two fours, and a two-pounder. The obstacles in carry- 
ing out defensive measures were continuous. Militia ordered on 
duty at Fort Nelson refused to march.*° A company of 38 men serv- 
ing on the row-galley deserted even after unusual concessions had 
been accorded them.** The regiment of defense could not be sent, 
for it was found their services would be necessary in guarding the 
coast.*?. Added to the general confusion and lack of discipline in- 
cident to the fear of attack, there was a spirit of insurgency on the 
part of certain leaders born of the desire to form an independent 
state and calculated to produce disaffection and an evasion of duty. 

But conditions at Detroit were little more assuring. Clark’s prep- 
arations had in the usual fashion been magnified by the authorities. 
It was reported that he was about to march with a large army for 
the capture of that post. To add to their alarm and confusion, the 
first news reached them, in early April, of the surrender of Corn- 
wallis, and it was rumored that the Iroquois were intending to make 
peace with the Americans.** There was no hope for assistance from 
Montreal, for the British authorities were in expectation that such 
troops as could be spared would be needed to go to the defense of 
Gen. Clinton at New York. While directing that effort should be 
made to render Detroit safe, Gen. Haldimand, in anticipation of the 
importance of holding that post should peace ensue, ordered the 
collection of sufficient provisions to enable the garrison to withstand 
a formidable assault. 


27Clark Manuscript. Virginia State Library. 

28 Draper Manuscript, 52 J 2. 

2 Executive Papers, Oct., 1782. Virginia State Library. 

% Draper Manuscript, 52 J 10. 

3 T[bid., 52 J 25. 

* Benjamin Harrison, Letter Book, 178, pp. 82, 83. Virginia State Library. 
%8 Michigan Pioneer and Historical Collections, X, 565, 566. 


324 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


The advance of Col. William Crawford from Fort Pitt, at the head 
of 480 mounted men, against the Wyandot and Shawnee villages, 

’ on the Sandusky, was regarded as the advance guard of this Ameri- 
can army. Scouts reported his plans at Detroit before the march 
was actually begun, and Indian spies followed their every move- 
ment.** Three days longer than necessary were consumed by Craw- 
ford in the march. Meantime Col. De Peyster, at Detroit, while ~ 
keeping careful watch for Clark’s expected advance up the Wabash, 
dispatched Capt. Caldwell with a company of rangers, volunteers, 
and Lake Indians to the defense of the Indian towns.* Strength- 
ened by accessions of Wyandot and Delaware warriors they en- 
countered the Americans on the afternoon of June 4. In the battle 
which ensued there was little gain on either side. The following day 
a party of 140 Shawnee joined Caldwell, and Crawford began a 
hurried retreat which soon turned into a hopeless rout. 

In the midst of the general consternation caused by Crawford’s 
defeat, the savages appeared in numbers on the upper Ohio and ad- 
vanced some distance along the main traveled road beyond Fort 
Pitt.2° The settlers who did not escape to the forts were murdered 
or captured, crops were destroyed and stock driven away. Fron- 
tiersmen who had sustained the greatest losses through Crawford’s 
defeat urged retaliation and besought Gen. Irvine to lead them on 
such an expedition. They offered to raise 1,000 militia and equip 
them with horses and provisions.** In planning another campaign 
against the Sandusky villages, Irvine, who lacked confidence in 
volunteers, proposed to send 100 regulars as a nucleus for the force 
of nearly one thousand men. He was the more confident of success, 
for Clark had promised cooperation by advancing against the 
Shawnee. . 

Gen. De Peyster early received intelligence of this movement 
which he rightly interpreted as a concerted plan for the capture of 
Detroit. The defenses were strengthened and a gunboat was sta- 
tioned at the mouth of the Miami.** Messages were forwarded to 
Capts. Caldwell and McKee, who were at Sandusky, and to Capt. — 
Brandt, who intended to attack Wheeling, directing them to act ale 
solely on the defensive. Eleven hundred Indians, the greatest sin- 
gle body of savages mustered during the Revolution, had been 

brought together or the attack on Wheeling. While marching in — 
that direction, they were overtaken by Shawnee messengers implor- __ 


*% Tbid., X, 574, 575, 577. ae 

% Ibid., X, 575. Col. De Peyster wrote, May 14, 1782: “It will, however, not be 
prudent to weaken this garrison much more till I am satisfied that Mr. Clark is not 
meditating a stroke at this settlement.” > 

386 Washington-Irvine Correspondence, 171, 250, 383, 391, note, 

81 Draper Manuscript Collections, I AA 231-259. 

% Michigan Pioneer and Historical Collections, X, 625-627, 


GEORGE ROGERS CLARK AND THE NORTHWEST. 325 


ing them to return for the protection of their towns against an 
attack by Clark. The alarm had grown out of the appearance 
of the armed row-galley at the mouth of the Licking. Most of the 
Indians refused to go farther, but Caldwell and McKee, not satisfied 
with an expedition so barren of results, determined to invade Ken- 
tucky. With 300 Wyandot and Lake Indians and a small number 
of Detroit rangers, they crossed the Ohio and on the night of Au- 
gust 15, appeared before Bryans Station, the northernmost settle- 
ment of Fayette County. This post was successfully defended. 
Three days later, the retreating Indians, upon reaching the ford of 
the Licking at the Blue Licks, were attacked by a force of mounted 
Kentuckians led by John Todd, Daniel Boone, and other well-known 
leaders. The outcome of this hastily conceived affair proved dis- 
astrous to the whites who lost 90 men, fully one-half of their num- 
bers engaged. 

There was general despair in all of the frontier communities. A 
sunilar stroke, it was believed, would not only lead to the destruc- 
tion of the Kentucky settlements, but would bring the savage forces 
in large numbers against the more interior counties of Virginia and 
the Carolinas. Families threatened to leave the country unless pro- 
tection should be sent them. Numerous petitions to the governor 
and legislature called for interposition on their behalf. Other in- 
habitants petitioned Congress to be taken under its protection. 
Criticism of Clark was widespread for failing to establish other 
fortified posts in addition to Fort Nelson, which was held to be so 
far to the west that it offered no protection against the inroads of 
the enemy. Stirred by these messages, Gov. Harrison rebuked Clark 
for neglect in carrying out orders for the establishment of the posts, 
which would have prevented, he said, such a disaster. 

But Clark held himself blameless for the situation in the West. 
The falls of the Ohio, he insisted, was of first consideration, and 
the completion of Fort Nelson had, he believed, saved the western 
country. Despairing of capturing so formidable a post, the enemy 
had divided their forces and sent one expedition to fall on the Ken- 
tucky settlements. That these posts had been surprised, he main- 
tained, was due to a lack of foresight in not keeping scouting parties 
constantly employed, as had been ordered. He characterized the 
conduct of the leaders at the Blue Licks as “ extremely reprehensi- 
ble,” due to an attempt to offset their former neglect of duty. Mean- 
time, advances had been made by Clark to put into operation the 
complete plans for fortifications. After strengthening Fort Nelson 
he proposed to construct a fort at the mouth of the Licking. County 
officials refused to assist in furnishing men and supplies, and his 
own force, growing daily smaller because of desertions due to the 


826 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


failure to receive necessary food and clothing, was too small to 
garrison the additional posts. Another advance by the enemy,which 
was expected, would, he asserted, make their labor useless.*® 

Early in September Capt. Caldwell was again at the upper San- 
dusky, where he awaited the coming of the expedition from Fort 
Pitt. Runners were dispatched to Detroit and to the other posts, 
urging that reinforcements should be sent at once to his relief. At 
the time, owing to sickness among the rangers, his defense was de- 
pendent almost wholly upon the Indians. Detroit officials, antici- 
pating that Capt. Caldwell would be forced to retreat before so 
formidable an enemy and that the Shawnee would be unable to with- 
stand an attack by Clark, prepared a second defense which would 
cover the retreat to Detroit.*° As usual, Maj. De Peyster, overcome 
with fear at the approach of the enemy, was ready to sacrifice his 
allies, and wrote Capt. McKee as follows: “ By the accounts of their 
force, in the present sickly state of the Rangers, and the Indians 
being so much distressed, I fear you will be obliged to retreat at least 
until you are joined by the Miamies. I have sent all the Indians I 
could muster, particularly the Ottawas of the Miamie River... . 
You must be sensible that my soldiers are little acquainted with 
wood fighting and Ill equipped for it withall. I have therefore only 
ordered them to take post where they can secure the ammunition and 
provisions and support you in case you are obliged to retreat, which 
I hope will still not be the case.” * 

During September and October preparations were made for a 


cooperative campaign, in which Gen. Irvine was to advance with — 


1,200 men against Sandusky, and Clark was to attack the Shawnee 
strongholds. Nine hundred men were to-be sent, also, against the 
Genesee towns.‘ Kentuckians quickly responded to Clark’s call for 
a retaliatory expedition. Parched meal, buffalo meat, and veni- 
son were soon collected, but other supplies were gotten together with 
great difficulty. The credit of the State was worthless, and creditors, 
who had already advanced all of their property, were at the time 
beseeching Clark to aid them in the adjustment of their claims. 
“Tf I was worth the money,” he wrote, “I would most chearfully 
pay it myself and trust the State, But can assure you with truth 
that I am entirely Reduced myself by advancing Everything I could 
Raise, and except what the State owes me am not worth a Spanish 
dollar. I wish it was in my power to follow your proposition to step 
forth and save my country from the disgrace that is like to fall on 

40 Maj. De Peyster to Gen. Haldimand, Sept. 29, 1782. Michigan Pioneer and Historical 
Collections, X, 651. 


“Oct. 1, 1782. Michigan Pioneer and Historical Collections, X, 651, 
© Washington-Irvine Correspondence, 181, 182, 


—_—-- - | 


GEORGE ROGERS CLARK AND THE NORTHWEST. 3827 


her.”** He finally exchanged 3,500 acres of his own land for the 
flour necessary for the expedition. 

By November 1 the two divisions of troops reached the mouth of 
the Licking, the appointed place of rendezvous. Col. Floyd, in 
charge of one division, consisting of regulars from Fort Nelson and 
militia from the western Kentucky stations, ascended the Ohio with 
the artillery, while the other section, commanded by Col. Logan, 
marched from the eastern settlements. On the 4th of November 
1.050 mounted men, with Clark in command, set out for Chillicothe, 
the Shawnee stronghold. Rigid discipline was maintained during 
the march of six days. A plan of attack had been worked out by 
Clark in minute detail. Three miles from the town Col. Floyd was 
dispatched with 300 men to make the attack, but his approach was 
discovered, and warned by the alarm cry the inhabitants made good 
their escape. Chillicothe and five other Shawnee villages were 
burned and large quantities of corn and other provisions were 
destroyed.** Col. Logan with a detachment of 150 men captured the 
British trading post at the head of the Miami and burned such 
stores as they were unable to carry away with them. After vainly 
attempting for four days to bring on a general engagement, Clark 
returned with his troops to the mouth of the Licking, where the 
divisions again separated. 

This stroke constituted the final aggressive movement in Clark’s 
offensive-defensive policy. It demonstrated the wisdom displayed 
in selecting Fort Nelson as a base for such operations. From this 
post it was possible for Clark to reach Vincennes or Kaskaskia in a 
much shorter time than it could have been accomplished by the 
British and their allies, for the knowledge of such advances was 
uniformly imparted to him. Moreover, the warriors of the tribes 
on the Scioto and the Miami, chief dependence of the British, could 
not have been induced to engage in such an expedition and. leave 
their villages exposed to attack by an enemy so readily brought 
against them. 

By this blow Clark had not only saved the frontier settlements 
from danger of attack, but he had offset the designs of British au- 
thorities to bring about a union of the northwestern and southwest- 
ern tribes. This plan, closely akin to that of 1781, was well cafcu- 
lated to win the support of the Indians, for it promised the advance 
of a large force from Detroit against Fort Pitt, the capture in suc- 
cession of that post, Fort Nelson, and the other Kentucky posts 
and the retaking of the Llinois territory. In this manner Ken- 


43 Clark to Oliver Pollock, Oct. 25, 1782. (Clark MSS&., Va. State Lib.) 

4 According to one report, 10,000 bushels of corn was destroyed. Virginia State 
Papers, III, 383. “Ten Indians were killed and seven were made prisoners. Clark’s 
loss was one man killed and one wounded. 


3828 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


tuckians, it was said, would be driven across the mountains, and 
“the other inhabitants into the sea.”** The Indians were panic- 
stricken. Their winter supplies were destroyed and the policy of 
retrenchment on the part of British officials, due in part to the high 
prices fixed by monopolies, cut down the quantities of presents.** As 
interpreted by the Indians, this was a step toward their complete 
abandonment to the conquerors.*’ In fact, further demands by the 
Indians for protection from Detroit were refused. 

From this review of events up to the close of 1782, it is seen 
that Clark had extended the radius of menace toward Detroit and 
had thrown the enemy into utmost confusion. Sickness still per- 
vaded the ranks of the rangers. Regulars, it was claimed, were 
not suitable nor were they equipped for a winter campaign. Said 
Maj. De Peyster: “The few Rangers at the Post prevents my 
doing anything essential for the relief of the Indian villages, it is 
therefore to be hoped that when the enemy have done all the mis- 
chief possible they will retire.”*® He was aware that the road to 
Detroit was open and he fully expected an attack would be made by 
the Americans in the spring. Indian leaders were again ordered 
to act solely on the defensive. In demanding reinforcements, De 
Peyster declared: “Light troops are therefore what we want, and 
believe me there will be amusement for a good number of them the 
ensuing campaign without acting on the offensive.” So effectively 
had Clark carried out his policy of intimidating the Indians that, 
as stated by Boone: “The spirits of the Indians. were damped, their 
connexions dissolved, their armies scattered and a future invasion 
[was] entirely out of their power.’’*® 

Messengers sent by Irvine informed Clark that the expedition 
against Sandusky was certain, but as they were about to set out from 
Fort McIntosh, the place of rendezvous, letters were received from 
the Continental Secretary of War countermanding the order.* 
Washington had been assured, on British authority, that all hostili- 
ties were suspended and that the savages were directed to commit no 
further depredations. Reports were still sent out by Irvine, how- 
ever, that he was about to march with a large force toward San- 
dusky. These were well calculated to deceive the Wyandot and 
prevent their cooperation with the Shawnee against Clark. 


4 Clark Manuscript, Virginia State Library, Feb. 2 and 25, 1783. 

46 Michigan Pioneer and Historical Collections, XI, 320, 321. 

47 Bxecutive Papers, Virginia State Archives, Feb. 25, 1783. 

48 Maj. De Peyster to Gen. Haldimand, Noy. 21, 1782. Michigan Pioneer and Historical 
Collections, XI, 321, 322. 

49 Testimony cf Daniel Boone before a Committee of Investigation, Dec. 20, 1787. 
State Department Manuscripts, Bureau of Indexes and Archives. 

50 Washington-Irvine Correspondence, p. 398. Draper Manuscript Collections, 52 J 55. 


GEORGE ROGERS CLARK AND THE NORTHWEST. 329 


Combatant and noncombatant alike at Detroit and all of the other 
posts awaited the passing of winter with anxious foreboding. Brit- 
ish officials fully expected the coming of the Americans at the 
earliest possible date with the design of extending their frontier in 
the Northwest as far as possible, and thus, in the event of peace, of 
securing control of the fur-trade.** Clark’s threats to march against 
other unfriendly tribes as he had against the Shawnee increased the 
turmoil among the Indians. 

Clark likewise beheld the coming of spring with apprehension. 
He appealed to the commissioners to assist him in strengthening the 
defenses. Once more he urged the importance of Fort Nelson as 
the “key to the country.” As a protection to the eastern Kentucky 
settlements, he again advocated the construction of one or more 
forts farther up the river. To complete his plan for foiling the 
enemy would necessitate, he said, the embodiment of 1,500 troops 
which were to March against the Indian stronghold at the head of 
the Wabash. In this way, he proposed to convince the Indians that 
their very existence depended upon preserving peace with the 
Americans.*? A garrison of regular roops was to be stationed at 
Vincennes with supplies sufficient to equip a force which might be 
brought together at any time for the purpose of penetrating “into 
any Quarter of the Enemy’s Country at pleasure.” 

No further effort was made to carry out these plans, for by the 
middle of April official announcement of the peace preliminaries 
and the cessation of hostilities had been sent to the frontier settle- 
ments. The proclamation of a general peace soon followed. 


51 Michigan Pioneer and Historical Collections, XI, 351. 
_ © Michigan Pioneer and Historical Collections, XI, 336. 


XIJ. SEPARATISM IN UTAH, 1847-1870. 


By FRANKLIN D. DAINES, 
Professor of History in Utah Agricultural College. 


331 


SEPARATISM IN UTAH, 1847-1870. 


By FRANKLIN D. DAINES. 


The independent and sometimes even defiant attitude assumed by 
colonies of the United States toward the mother country and its 
Government is attributed to various causes—the American instinct 
for local self-government, remoteness, difficulty of communication, 
frontier life, slowness of the Central Government in extending con- 
trol and protection, and so on. All of the causes mentioned were in 
operation in the Utah colony, and will be taken for granted in this 
discussion. 

But among the Utah pioneers there were other and very powerful 
forces tending in the same direction. The importance of these forces 
in shaping events in the colony, in making Utah history different 
from that of any other modern community, has never been sufficiently 
set forth, and I think I am justified in saying that with the lively 
interest being taken in the story of the winning of the far West the 
time has come for historians to begin to understand one of the most 
interesting of its chapters. My contention is that the chaotic state 
of Utah history is due to a great extent to writers paying too much 
attention to polygamy and other matters and too little attention to 
the forces referred to. It was as a protest, then, against the prevail- 
ing tendency that I chose the subject of this paper. 

It is my purpose to indicate something of the nature of the light 
that might be thrown on the subject by an examination of this point 
of view of the people of Utah Territory in its early period, as found 
in Mormon publications.t In these publications we find numerous 
sermons, editorials, and communications of Brigham Young and 
other leaders of the Mormon people, preached and written at a time 
when these leaders were exceptionally free in expressing through 
the press their thoughts. This freedom of expression, it might be 
observed, itself is an indication of the independent attitude assumed 
toward the world by these same leaders. 

To begin with, it is important to remember that the Mormon 
people settled in Utah because their institutions and beliefs and ex- 
periences had already made them an exclusive people. We should 
then understand something of these. 


__ a 8 ee 
1 Principally, Deseret News, weekly, 1850-1867 ; after that a daily; Millennial Star, 
monthly, 1840— ; Journal of Discourses, published every year, 1853 to 1886. 


: 333 


334 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


In the first place, the highly efficient governmental organization 
of the Mormon church had already been constructed.2 The claim 
is often made that this organization is the most perfect in the 
world except that of the German army. 

In the second place, the claim of the head of the church that he 
possessed the divine right to direct in all things spiritual and tem- 
poral had been made under the régime of Joseph Smith and exer- 
cised without reserve. 

Again, the Mormons had already had considerable experience in 
managing the affairs of a state within a state. The charter of the 
city of Nauvoo was, perhaps, the most liberal city charter given by ~- — 
a State government, that is, liberal in the powers conferred. The 
Mormons in Nauvoo had almost full control over all governmental 
affairs, including the use of a military arm. In elections they had 
always voted practically as a unit. 

Another thing that contributed to exclusiveness was the belief in 
continuous revelation. This belief met with severe criticism on the 
part of other sects and hence caused antagonism to arise. But per- 
haps of greater consequence was the effect on the Mormons them- 
selves. They believed not only in continuous Divine revelation, but 
also in continuous satanic revelation. To them, the devil, realizing 
that the time was not far off when he was to be bound, was making 
a last desperate stand. The intense realism of-this belief produced 
a very strong tendency to regard all opposition as being Satan’s 
work, all opponents, accordingly, as Satan’s coworkers directly in- 
spired by him. Other people, of course, have had such beliefs, but 
it is seldom, if ever, in modern times, that we find the belief so 
realistic and intense.* The difficulty of attributing sincerity to an 
opponent was thus augmented and the resulting concrete reactions 
to this, sanctified by religion. 

in oehae contributing cause, perhaps more important than any 
before considered, was the manner of the exodus to Utah. No 
people, it is safe to say, had ever a stronger feeling of outraged 
innocence than the followers of Brigham Young when he led them 
from civilization to the wilds of western America. It matters not 
whether they were to blame, or how much they were to blame, for 
the fate that overtook them in the States of the Middle West. The 
saints in general had not the slightest doubt that as a class no guilt 
attached to them. For those who take the view that these were 
the sinners and not the sinned against, or for those who hold that 
both the Mormons and their opponents were in the wrong, it need 


a J 


2That is, in its main outlines. Brigham Young made some changes. ¥ 
3 For the Nauvoo charter see “ Times and Seasons,” for Jan. 14, 1841. 
«For one out of hundreds of statements to this effect see “Journal of Discoursés,” 

V, 72. 


¢ 


SEPARATISM IN UTAH, 1847-1870. 335 


not be difficult to attribute to the Mormons perfeet sincerity in believ- 
ing in their own innocence. The phenomenon is familiar enough. In 
group conflicts while they last, it is impossible to place the respon- 
sibility for initiative aggression, and the instinct of self-preservation 
causes a distortion of motives and actions; witnesses the present con- 
flict. And in the last stages of the conflict between the Mormons 
and their enemies at Nauvoo, they were, without question, treated 
in an inhuman and barbarous manner. A reading of Mormon litera- 
ture in the period under consideration will reveal the fact that the 
dread of similar doings was the chief moving force in all their actions 
toward opponents.® 

In the attitude of mind indicated by the foregoing considerations, 
the Mormons, unable to live with their neighbors and keep the dis- 
tinguishing features of their religion, sought an asylum where there 
were none to trouble but the savage Indian and wild beasts. As 
Brigham Young explained shortly after his arrival in Salt Lake City, 
wherever they had gone they had not been the first settlers, and hence 
had been looked upon as intruders. Now the time had come for 
them to be the first settlers and they could say to troublesome neigh- 
bors, if any they should have, “we were here first, if you do not 
like us you have the privilege of leaving.” “If they will let us alone 
10 years,” he said, “ Ill ask no odds of them.” 

Utah was chosen, then, as a refuge, in preference to Oregon or 
California, because the saints wanted to be left to themselves until 
they would be so strong they need fear no mobs. It was chosen 
because it was unoccupied and because it was too uninviting to 
be soon desired by others. It can not then be wondered at, that 
after this desolate-looking country had been redeemed to some ex- 
tent from its wild state, it would be looked upon by its redeemers as 
in a peculiar manner belonging to them, as having been set aside by 
their God as a resting place for his afllicted people to gather where 
the wicked would cease from troubling and where the weary would 
be at rest. 

In referring to a few of the incidents of Utah history from 1847 
to 1870, it will be well to repeat the significant words of Brigham 
Young, quoted before: “ If they will let us alone for 10 years I shall 
ask no odds of them.” The Mormon leader thus in July, 1847, had 
set himself the task of making his people so strong, numerically and 
otherwise, that physical force could never more be used against them; 
and he believed that a certain period of isolation was necessary while 
their strength was being recruited. That this was no passing thought 

5 See “Memorial from the members and officers of the Legislative Assembly of the 
Territory of Utah to the President and Congress of the United States,’’ in Deseret News, 


VII, 356, for a good statement of this point of view. 
6 See “ Whitney, History of Utah,’ I, 334. 


336 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


of his to be forgotten as soon as expressed, is shown by the fact that 


exactly 10 years from the day Salt Lake City was founded he recalled 
his words to mind and declared the desired result had been attained.’ 

For two years after the advent of the pioneers in the Great Basin, 
they had no need to consider any problems connected with the es- 
tablishment of civil government, nor any problem concerning their 
immediate intercourse with other people except with a few travelers 
going through the settlements. The organization and institutions 
of the church met all requirements. For a lawmaking power there 
was the edict of Brigham Young. For courts they had a complete 


system—hbishops’ courts corresponding to justice courts, a high - 


council corresponding to a county court, and the first presidency 
corresponding to a county court. For a law-executing arm there 
was the same military organization they had in Nauvoo, and still 
called the Nauvoo Legion.® For revenue they had church tithes 
and offerings. 

In these two years the foundations were laid for the future eco- 
nomic prosperity of the saints, and the policy of territorial expansion 
peculiar to the Mormons was inaugurated. With respect to this 
policy we need to make some explanation. The Mormons might have 
expanded gradually as pressure of population would demand. But 
that would not serve their purpose as well as a rapid settlement of 
strategic points within the limits marked out by Brigham Young 
for hisempire. This empire took in what is now Utah, Nevada, most 
of New Mexico and Arizona, and parts of Colorado, Wyoming, and 
California; included a seacoast, the harbor of San Diego, and the 
freedom of the seas for a Mormon fleet.1° Too many immigrants were 
coming west to leave the most desirable places within this area un- 
occupied if the saints wanted to be the first settlers. 

By 1849 it was apparent that some government recognized at 
Washington would soon be necessary. A Territorial government 
was first asked for, but soon the request was withdrawn and a peti- 
tion for the admission into the Union of a State of Deseret was sent 
in its place. Between the request for a Territorial government and 


the withdrawal of the request the Mormon leaders received a letter 


from CoL Thomas L. Kane, a friend of the Mormon people at the 
time acting in their behalf inthe East. Kane advised strongly against 
a Territorial government because of the likelihood of officers being 
appointed from outside the Territory. He had sounded President 


7 Roberts, ‘“* History of Mormon Church,’”’ Americana, VIII, 765. ; ! 

8For Church Judiciary System see Roberts, Outline of Ecclesiastical History, pp. 
378-381. 

®The Nauvoo Legion, as well as the system of courts, did not cease to be useful to 
Brigham Young in maintaining his authority after these first two years had gone by. 

30In the proposed constitution for the State of Deseret, Article III, sec. 3, is as fol- 
lows: “The governor shall be commander in chief of the militia, navy, and all the 
armies of the State.” 


SEPARATISM IN UTAH, 1847-1870. 337 


Polk as to the possibility of this and found him disposed to make 
such appointments."? . 

Congress rejected the plea for Statehood and created a Territorial 
government in 1850. It, of course, took some time for this govern- 
ment to be inaugurated, and in the meantime the State of Deseret 
was flourishing. Its constitution was in the orthodox American style, ° 
and in actual operation did not differ materially from the theocracy 
of the first two years of the colony.” 

In the appointments made by President Fillmore for the Terri- 
torial government, Brigham Young was governor, but three of the 
officials were non-Mormons from outside the Territory. From this 
time began friction between the people of the Territory and the 
United States Government. To understand the Mormon point of 
view in the conflicts that ensued we need to go back a little. Charges 
of disloyalty made then and since have been frequent and vociferous 
and as frequently and vigorously denied. The assertion that the 
Mormon leaders were disappointed in finding themselves still within 
the jurisdiction of the United States has been made and denied. 
Neither the assertion nor the denial is of any particular importance. 
When Brigham Young finally decided on settling in Utah he knew 
it was to be United States territory. It is also true that he had sent 
emissaries to England to negotiate for Vancouver Island.1* But in 
any case, whether into American, Mexican, or English territory the 
Mormons desired to go, they expected their stay there to be but a 
short sojourn in the wilderness. They were looking beyond this to 
a return to the promised land in Jackson County, Mo. The truth 
is that they expected local self-government in this brief exile 
wherever they were. 

Moreover, the saints during their exodus and settlement in their 
new home were being constantly reminded that they would some 
day save the Constitution of the United States from destruction. 
Joseph Smith had taught that the Constitution was a document in- 
spired by God and prophesied that one day it would hang by a 
thread and would be saved by the saints. 

But they had drawn a sharp distinction between the Union and 
the Constitution, and those who had been at certain periods misman- 
aging, as it seemed to them, its affairs. In November, 1839, Joseph 
Smith made a journey to Washington to seek redress from the gen- 
eral Government for the treatment of the saints in Missouri. He had, 
an interview with President Van Buren and six days later he wrote 
a letter to Hyrum Smith in which he quoted Van Buren as having 


1B. H. Roberts, for the letter, in Americana, Dec., 1912, VII, 1148. 
“For this Constitution, see Millennial Star, XII, 19 ff 
13 Journal of Discourses, VY, 230-231. 


88582°—19——22 


338 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


answered his appeal for help by saying, “ What can Ido? I can do — 
nothing for you. If I do anything I shall come in contact with the 
whole State of Missouri.” ** In some way this statement of the limi- 
tation of the power of the general Government became changed into 
something far different. Many thousands of times Van Buren has 
been quoted as saying, “ Your cause is just, but I can do nothing for 
you. If I take up for you I shall lose the vote of the State of 
Missouri.” *® 

The Mormons, then, held the general Government responsible, as 
a partner, to all their wrongs and imagined wrongs in Missouri,"* 
and later, because the Government did not interfere or bring to jus- 
tice the slayers of their leaders in Illinois, they blamed it for all that 
happened to them in that State.17 For several years after the settle- 
ment of Utah this adverse opinion toward the Government was 
sedulously encouraged by the Mormon leaders. Brigham Young 
said in a discourse of September, 1857: 


Oe eS iS eee eee ee ee 


There can not be a more damnable dastardly order issued than was issued 
by the administration to this people while they were in Indian country in 
1846. Before we left Nauvoo, not less than two United States Senators came 
to receive a pledge from us that we would leave the United States, and then, 
while we were doing our best to leave their borders, the poor, low, degraded 
cusses sent a requisition for 500 of our men to go and fight their battles! 
That was President Polk; and he is now weltering in hell with Zachary Taylor, 
where the present administration will soon be if they do not repent.® 


—- 


Brigham Young knew better than that, as has been shown by a 
prominent Mormon writer, Brigham H. Roberts, in his History of 
the Mormon Church.?® This remarkable statement was made at a 
time when Brigham Young had special reason for creating a senti- 
ment hostile to the administration. He had learned a short time 
before of the approach of a United States army to Utah. But many 
statements of the same import, though usually less strong, were 
made before this, as well as after, by Brigham Young and other 
leaders who also knew better. ; 

This brings up the question of the sincerity of the Mormon leaders. 
There have been attempts to drive a wedge between the Mormon ~ 
people and their leaders in which the latter were accused of manip- __ 
ulating a credulous following to their own advantage. Those 
who have made these attempts did not understand either the people 
or their leaders. Although such deliberately misleading statements 
as the above have been made, I think it safe to say that Brigham 


14 Millennial Star, XVII, 452. : r 

15 [bid., 584-585. This shows that this was due to Joseph Smith himself, who a few 
months after wrote down from memory what he thought Van Buren had said, =e 

16 See discourse by B. Young in Journal of Discourses, IX, 4 ff. 

17 Millennial Star, XVII, 452. : 

18 Journal of Discourses, V, 231. 

22In Americana for March, 1912. 


SEPARATISM IN UTAH, 1847-1870. 339 


Young was as sincere as any of his followers in the belief and atti- 
tude of mind indicated in the forepart of this paper, and even in 
a belief in the proposition that the United States Government was 
satanically opposed to them. 

If this stand is correct, then, this deliberate attempt to deceive 
the people becomes very important in understanding Brigham 
Young’s purpose. He knew the value of opposition, and was trying 
to make the people strong and united by making them feel that 
“earth and hell” were trying to accomplish their ruin. 

So much, then, for the United States Government as seen through 
the eyes of an inhabitant of Utah. The attitude toward the question 
of the right of that Government to send officials to rule there must 
next be considered. ‘The Utah colonists were fully convinced that 
there was no warrant in right or in the Constitution for this. To 
them the right of a people to govern themselves did not cease when 
they crossed the boundary line of a State into a Territory.”° The 
arguments used to support this contention were those used by other 
people in similar cases, of course, reinforced by the circumstances 
of the settlement of Utah. 

Let us see some of the means used to substantiate this claim for 
the right of local self-government in the Territories. 

In the organic act for the Territory, Congress left the Territorial 
legislature free to define the jurisdiction of the courts. The probate 
courts, the judges of which were appointed by the legislature, gave 
it a great opportunity. These courts were given, in the words of the 
act of 1852, “ power to exercise original jurisdiction, both civil and 
criminal, and as well in chancery as at common law, when not pro- 
hibited by legislative enactment.” Besides this, the offices of Terri- 
torial marshal, attorney general, and district attorneys were created 
to attend to all business before the courts when the Territory was 
concerned. By this maneuver, local self-government was complete 
except for annoyances caused by ambitious officials who tried to 
take part in what they considered their business and what the Mor- 
mons denied was their business.” 

These annoyances were met by counter-annoyances, and friction 
went on until, in 1857, the administration sent an army. Among 
these counter-annoyances were utterances of Mormon leaders dis- 
respectful to high Government officials and other utterances regarded 
as treasonable in their nature. The quotation already given illus- 
trates the disrespectful utterances, although spoken after the army 
was ordered to the Territory. A quotation from another discourse 


20 Desert News, Sept. 9, 1857, Discourse by H. C. Kimball; id., Sept. 2, Discourse by 
J. Taylor; id., Dec. 23, 1857, B. Young’s Message. 

21 See Bancroft, p. 487. 

2 Por boasts that Federal officials had no real power in Utah, see Deseret News, 
editorial, VII, pp. 244-245, and below. 


340 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


of Brigham Young is an example of the so-called treasonable talk. 
In a sermon of August, 1856, he says: “After 26 years of faithful 
operation and exertion by our enemies, what have they accomplished ? 
They have succeeded in making us an organized Territory, and they 
are determined to make us an independent State or government, as 
the Lord lives.” (The congregation shouted, “Amen.”) “I say as 
the Lord lives, we are bound to become a sovereign State in the 
“Union, or an independent nation by ourselves.” 2% 

The intense desire to be free even from annoyances is expressed 
by another Mormon leader in a discourse of March, 1854, as follows: 

I wish we were in a situation favorable to our doing that which is justifiable 
before God, without any contaminating influence of Gentile amalgamation, 
laws, and traditions, that the people of God might lay the ax to the root of 
the tree.” 

What this leader wanted to be able to do is still more significant. 
He wanted to have the chance to put traitors to death. Traitors 
were, of course, apostates. The tendency of theocracies to regard 
heretics as traitors to the State was thus taking root. 

In the beginning of the year 1857 the Utah legislature sent a “ Me- 
morial and resolutions to the President of the United States,” in 
which Buchanan is told that if he did not make better appointments 
his officers would be sent back, and that, “‘ we will resist any attempt 
of governmental officials to set at naught our Territorial laws, or to 
impose upon us those which are inapplicable and of right ndt in force 
in our Territory.” 

The Mormons thus were determined to be the judge of the qualifi- 
cations for officers, and of their powers after appomtment. Among 
the inapplicable laws they would not have, the common law of Great 
Britain was one.”® 

Of course when President Buchanan listened too readily to preju- 
dicial testimony of what was going on in the Territory, and sent an 
army to straighten things out instead of trying’ a compromise, he 
was too precipitate. I am inclined to favor the theory that Brigham 
Young would have agreed to the same compromise that was in the 
end agreed to, if Buchanan had not been too hasty. The essential 
thing about the compromise referred to was that another man was 
installed as nominal governor, and things went on in all essential 
respect the same as before. One result, however, of the fiasco was 
a more bitter feeling in the Territory, with no corresponding increase 
in respect felt for the Government. The people of the Territory 


23 Deseret News, VI, 219. 

% Discourse by J. M. Grant, Mar. 12, 1854, quoted by Cradlebaugh in Utah and the 
Mormons. The discourse is doubtless in the Deseret News of about the date given. 

2% Deseret News, VII, 244-245. 

26 Ipid., 370, ‘Mass Meetings” ; also Journal of Discourses, V. 72. 


SEPARATISM IN UTAH, 1847-1870. 341 


firmly believed that the sending of the army was a plot to murder 
their leaders and to destroy or scatter the rest of them. That the 
plot did not succeed was not attributed to the fact that it had not 
been in existence, but that in some miraculous manner they had been 
saved.?" 

Such was the situation at the beginning of the Civil War. While 
the Southern States were trying to get out of the Union, the Mormon 
leaders were laying plans to make another of their numerous at- 
tempts to gain a place for Utah in the Union. This has often been 
cited as proof of the loyalty of the saints. It does not seem to have 
convinced Abraham Lincoln, for he kept Connor and his California 
volunteers in Utah to make sure of having there a loyal force. 

The Mormons were certainly loyal to the Union in their way, but 
their way needs interpreting. As to the great sectional conflict it- 
self, they aimed to maintain a neutrality in thought and deed, with 
a slight leaning in thought, perhaps, toward the South,?* and in 
deed toward the North. They looked upon the struggle as an at- 
tempt to interfere, on the part of the people of the North, in some- 
thing in which they had no right to interfere.*® There was then, it 
was thought, a bond of sympathy between the Confederates and the 
people of Utah. The Unionists were trying to destroy the Constitu- 
tion as much as were the Secessionists. The despised Mormons were 
hence the only loyalists.*° Such were the statements made. 

Another belief was that the war was a punishment on the Nation 
for the crime of rejecting the Gospel, slaying the prophets of God, 
and driving His people into the wilderness.** 

One thing that greatly influenced the Mormons in their attitude 
was the prophecy of Joseph Smith, in which was a prediction of a 
civil war between the North and the South, to break out in South 
Carolina, resulting in war being “ poured out upon all nations; ” *? 
the conflict to continue until God “hath made a full end of all 
nations.” 

In 1862, a constitution for the State of Deseret was adopted, and 
upon the application for admission being rejected, the machinery 
for a State government was created and continued in operation for 
at least 6 years. Once a year “Governor” Young of the “ State ” 
of Deseret would read his message to the “ State” legislature, which 
would solemnly re-enact the laws that had been passed by the Terri- 
torial legislature, and adjourn.** It is difficult to understand why. 


27 A statement to this effect is found in Journal of Discourses, IX, 12. 

28 Journal of Discourses, IX, 143; ibid., 233 ff. 

21d. IV, 39. 

80 Millenial Star, XXVII, 635; Journal of Discourses, IX, 7 ff.; ibid., 155 ff, 

81 Millennial Star, XXII, 50; XXX, 68; Journal of Discourses, IX, 55 ff. 

82 Millennial Sta®, XXX, 41-43. ‘ 
%3 See, for example, Millennial Star, XXVIII, 161. 


342 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


In April, 1861, Heber C. Kimball, the second in authority = 
Utah, in a discon said: . 4 


We shall never secede from the Constitution of the United States. We shall 
not stop on the way of progress, but we shall make preparations for future 5 
events. The South will secede from the North, and the North will secede ‘ 
from us, and God will make this people free as fast as we are able to bear 2 
it. They send their poor miserable creatures to rule us. Why, it would be 
upon the same principle that this church and authority should send some poor 7 
cuss to rule me and my family in my own house. * * * But let me tell ; 
you the yoke is now off our neck, and it is on theirs, and the bow key is in. 1 
The day is not far distant when you will see us as free as the air we 4 
breathe. * * * President Young is our leader and has been ever since the ; 
death of Joseph the Prophet. He can govern this people with his hands in . 
his pockets, and they are not governed one whit by the men that are Sent ' 
here. * * * We are going to be ruled by our Father in heaven, and the 
agents He sends out and appoints for us, from this day henceforth and for- 4 
ever.* 


In November, 1867, the editor of the Millennial Star could write: F 


Politically the saints are a unit. * * * At mass meetings * * # 
delegates are chosen by unanimous vote to meet in a convention and select the 
names of individuals to fill the various offices. In case of any dispute or 
dubiety on the part of the convention the Prophet of God, who stands at the 
head of the church, decides. He nominates, the convention indorses, and the 
people accept the nominations. * * # : 

So in the Legislature itself. The utmost freedom of speech, free from 
abuse, is indulged in; but any measure that can not be unanimously decided 
on is submitted to the president of the church, who, by the wisdom of God, , 
decides the matter. * * * Thus political union is secured, and the shame- ; 
ful displays of party spirit, recrimination, and pet schemes for individual or 
sectional aggrandizement * * * are, in Utah, things only to be despised.” : 

id i. 

It can be seen from these quotations, and many others that might __ 
be given, that the loyalty of the Utah colonists in the Civil War 7 
period was loyalty to an ideal Government, not then in existence, 3 
to be based on the Constitution of 1787. ‘ 

In the later sixties the Federal officials in Utah were beginning 
to take a little more aggressive attitude, due to some extent to the 
presence in Salt Lake City of a group of non-Mormon merchants. 
Social ostracism of these officials seemed to be doomed shortly tc 4 
disappear. The railroad was approaching the borders of Utah, 
and, although Brigham Young and the Mormons had been anxious 
for ae coming, they undoubtedly began to be a little anxious about — 4 
possible undesirable results that would follow in its path, such as ; 
the development of the mining resources of the Territory. A partial 
answer to the menace was a boycott of the merchants and the estab- 
lishment of the Zion’s Cooperative Mercantile Institution. The 


* Journal of Discourses, IX, 9 ff. 
®For other statements of Mormon theocratic ideas, see Jotrnal of Discourses, fiat 
228 ff.; ibid., IX, 17; ibid., 8 ff.; Millennial Star, XXIX, 744; ibid., 730 ff. 


SEPARATISM IN UTAH, 1847-1870. 843 


objects of this movement were to get rid of the “ outsiders,” to de- 
velop a more perfect unity, which, of course, was to lead to the 
same result—more isolation, and to bring about a better distribution 
of wealth. I think the weight of the evidence in the matter sup- 
ports the theory that isolation was the primary motive. 

The excuse offered for this extraordinary procedure was that the 
merchants in question had not participated in the development of the 
Territory ; were mere parasites in the community; were overcharg- 
ing for their goods; and were in sympathy with, or were abettors of, 
those seeking to bring mobs against the saints. In a letter written 
March, 1867, Brigham Young, in referring to those merchants and 
the other “ outsiders” in the community, said: “If they were as hon- 
est.as they profess to be they would recognize the truth, and would 
give heed to the influence of the spirit of God. They who are not 
for us are against us.” *° 

Enough has been said, I trust, to give some indication of the in- 
teresting sociological study that awaits some free, unprejudiced, and 
otherwise qualified investigator. The surface has scarcely been 
scratched. When the full history of separatism in Utah is written, 
besides those indicated here, chapters will appear in it on the suc- 
cessful land monopoly obtained, the invention of a new way of 
writing the English language (called the Deseret alphabet), the ques- 
tion of the supposed “ Danites” and blood atonement, the Mountain 
Meadow massacre, and many others.** 

% Millennial Star, XXIX, 267-268. 

% For instance, Brigham Young’s relation with the Indians; treatment of schismatic 
sects, such as the Morrisites; Brigham Young and the mining industry; telegraph and 
railroad building within the Territory ; manufacturing industries developed for the pur- 


pose of securing local self-support; polygamy and the need for a greater, population; 
polygamy as a means of securing exclusiveness; educational ideas and systems, etc. 


i 4 a 
* > ¥ 
teat ) 
aN at 
‘ 
- bal ;. 
, = 
j 
i ‘ 
. 
' 
’ 
: . 
‘ 
{ 
FS i 
y 4 
‘ 
ian 1 
3 


XII. A GENERATION OF AMERICAN HISTORIOGRAPHY. 


By WILLIAM A. DUNNING, 


Professor of History in Columbia University. 


345 


A GENERATION OF AMERICAN HISTORIOGRAPHY. 


By Witi1aAm A. DUNNING. 


The American Historical Association was born in 1884. This 
was a generation ago, as men roughly reckon the stages in the life 
of the race. It has been suggested that this meeting might feel some 
interest in the consideration of avhat has been achieved in this gen- 
eration in American historiography. The suggestion is attractive 
and plausible. When, however, one starts to act in accordance with 
it, there arise the usual troubles about the definition and limits of 
the field. 

Historiography is a dignified and mouth-filing word. But what 
precisely does it mean? And in particular what does it mean for 
him who has to deal with thirty odd years of it in one-third of an 
hour? From its etymology the term is almost ridiculously simple. 
“ History ” means history, and “ graphe” means writing; ergo, his- 
toriography means either the writing of history or the writing about 
history or the writing about the writing of history—which does not 
solve our problem at all. If the first sense be taken—though it is by 
no means the most logical or the universally accepted sense—we are 
confronted with the question, what is the difference, if any, between 
a historian and a historiographer? And is there any distinction, in 
form or in substance, between historiography and plain history? 
Must we dismiss as unworthy our instinctive conviction that the 
longer word connotes the greater dignity—that a man may become a 
historian by a single duodecimo volume, but may never get a footing 
in the sacred precincts of historiography on less than five volumes 
octavo, with a special library edition in calf with gilt top and uncut 
. edges? 

Then we have with us the perennial questions: Is a textbook his- 
toriography? Even a textbook so successful as to develop into a 
shelf-full of volumes through successive reincarnations adapted re- 
spectively to universities, colleges, high schools, eighth grades, sev-. 
enth grades and so on down to the subkindergartens? And is a 
great collection of sources historiography? Even if the collector 
be 4 man of the utmost industry and detective genius, and the results 
of his labor of the utmost significance to our understanding of a 
people or an age? And is a doctoral dissertation historiography ? 
Even if it is 800 large pages in bulk and covers as many as ten years 
in time? By 


348 ™ AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


The answers to these questions, and others that spring at once to 
the lips of every reflecting person, I shall not undertake to suggest. 
If a presumption as to the answers is derivable from what follows, 
the paper will not have been written in vain. 

In a way the present appears a peculiarly favorable moment for 
reviewing the progress of historiography; for all our preoccupation 
just now is with what may be called in contrast “historiofficy.” 
From every recruiting center in the land has issued the injunction, 
endlessly reiterated on the billboards, “ Don’t read history; make it.” 
We who have written books may feel certain momentary reserves 
about the first branch of this injunction; but we yield to none in 
earnestness of god-speeds to the myriads of our young men who have 
responded to the second. When they shall have “ made” the history 
that the desperate condition of the civilized world requires, they 
will be the first to urge, approve and promote the activity of those 
whose function it is to record and interpret their deeds. 

Looking back to the year in which this association was organized, 
what do we see going on in the writing of history? 

In 1884 the small group of American writers who had given dis- 
tinction to historiography, by works not concerned immediately 
with the United States, had passed out of life or of influence. Irv- 
ing and Prescott were long dead. Motley’s Barneveld, his last 
work, had appeared in 1878, and the author died four years later. 
Parkman, a younger man, came back from general literature to his- 
tory in this very year 1884, with the volume on Montcalm and Wolfe 
that confirmed his position in the first rank of the historiographical 
phalanx. But the man that towered up in general recognition as 
peculiarly the American historiographer was George Bancroft. He 
was 84 years old, but it was only two years since the appearance 
of the two stout volumes that brought his History of the United 
States down through the formation of the Constitution; and the 
final revision of his complete work was in progress when the as- 
sociation saw the light of day. There was in the historical guild 
of that time a very perceptible lack of enthusiasm for Bancroft’s 
history in regard to both its substance and its form; but respect for 
his age and for the number of volumes that he had written made 
him an acceptable symbol of the association’s ideals. He was made 
president for a year, and he retained the general function of patron 
saint till his death in 1891. 

When Bancroft took up the writing of history, in the 1830’s, the 
culmination of God’s wonder-working in the life of mankind was 
believed by all good Americans to have been the achievement of in- 
dependence and the creation of a constitution by the United States. 
When, fifty years later, Bancroft’s work was ended, a still greater 
miracle had supplanted independence in American interest, and those 
to whom time and faculty were given for the study of history were 


A GENERATION OF AMERICAN HISTORIOGRAPHY. 3849 


irresistibly forced to deal with the conflict of the sections, and the 
Providential preservation of the Union. The Civil War became the 
terminus ad quem of all historiographic aspiration. 

In 1884 two comprehensive enterprises were well under way for the 
culitivation of the field between the Revolution and the Civil War. 
Von Holst, seeking to force the barrier that so often excludes the 
German docent from the professorial chair, resorted to the study of 
American democracy and constitutional life. He secured his pro- 
fessorship by a series of brilliant and forceful essays on our early 
political history, and then continued his study in consecutive his- 
torical form till he brought it to the elections of 1860. His conclu- 
sions, especially his vivid portrayal of the raw head and bloody bones 
of a slavocracy that served as his diabolus ex machina, made a strong 
appeal to influential northern sentiment, and his work, in transla- 
tion, had a vogue that entitles it to a place in American histori- 
ography. In 1884 three volumes of the English version had ap- 
peared, and the author was at the height of his influence in this 
country. The remaining volumes of the translation were published 
at intervals down to their completion in 1892. By this date, however, 
his peculiar interpretation of our history was declining rapidly in 
importance. 

Following closely on the German’s history comes that of Schouler, 
covering the same period. The first volumes appeared in 1880 and 
the last not until 1899. Schouler was forty-one years of age when 
his first volumes were put forth to the public. He very naturally 
represented the general views of a New Englander whose early man- 
hood had been spent in the midst of the conflict over slavery and 
secession. Yet his work showed on the whole rather less violent 
prejudices than appeared in Von Holst. 

Quite different from the political. and constitutional interest that 
monopolized Schouler and Von Holst was the historiographic spirit 
most characteristic of the 1880’s. This spirit was manifest in some 
degree in the work of H. H. Bancroft, whose massive contributions 
to the facts of far-western life had begun to appear as far back as 
1874. His chosen sphere far transcended the customary bounds of 
formal political institutions; but whether his method of working the 
field entitles him to a place in historiography is still a mooted 
question. 

The clear and undisputed announcement of the new spirit was 
embodied in the works of McMaster and John Fiske. McMaster’s 
first volume appeared in 1883, and his second in 1885, the two thus 
happily bracketing the birth of our association. It violates no confi- 
dence to state that when McMaster burst into the historiographical 
firmament as a star of the first magnitude he had successfully at- 
tained the age of 31—about the point at which in these degenerate 
days a man is supposed to be completing his work for the doctorate. 


350 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


John Fiske came into the writing of history from another field, 
where he had already become famous. His first formal appearance 
as a writer of systematic history was through his Critical Period, 
published in 1888. Fiske at this time was 46 years old. 

The historiographic affinity if not paternity of McMaster and 
Fiske was clearly enough traceable to the Englishmen Freeman and 
J. R. Green. Freeman was in the 1880’s the truculent despot of the 
guild of historians. The fidelity of his subjects was measured by 
their acceptance of the stern dogmas: All history is polities; all 
history is a unity. On his coat of arms were emblazoned the Anglo- 
Saxon militant, the Teuton rampant, and the Aryan eternally trium- 
phant. John Richard Green, with his History of the English 
People, had shown a rebellious spirit; he had incorporated in his 
narrative facts that could not, by the acutest genius, be brought 
within the category of politics. Freeman had to rebuke the erring 
young man. “Johnnie,” he said, “if you had left out all that social 
and economic stuff, you would have made a good history.” But 
Johnnie’s sense of the synthesis of history was broader and surer 
than his master’s. He respected and retained Freeman’s view that 
modern England could not be understood save through the develop- 


ment of Anglo-Saxon political institutions; but he persisted in 


giving weight to institutions that were not political at all. 

McMaster’s spirit was that of Green. He went far afield from the 
well-worn paths of constitution-making and party contention and 
pictured the operation of many more subtle influences that had con- 
tributed mightily to make the people of the United States what it 
was. To the technique of historiography also he added a significant 
element. Von Holst was imposing upon the writer of American his- 
tory for all future time the necessity of searching that useful but 
unalluring repository of information, the Congressional Record; 
McMaster added the even more burdensome duty of going through 
all the newspapers of the day. 

John Fiske’s attachment to the Freemanesque school was. chiefiy 
by way of the unity of history. He believed with Freeman that all 
history was one and that, when we got right back to the truth, that 
one was the Aryan, historically incarnate in the Anglo-Saxon. 
Fiske’s passion for unity was acquired in his intellectual activity 
prior to his formal entrance into historiography. His early predi- 
lection was cosmic philosophy, and he became the American high 
priest of evolution at a time when aggressive adhesion to that theory 
in the United States smacked somewhat of scandal. When in his 
maturity he took up the writing of history, the mind that was wont 
to trace the diversity of created life back to a single protoplasmic 
cell naturally found unity in the life of historic peoples. It is quite 
typical of his mental attitude that his Beginnings of New England 
starts with the year 476 A. D. His beginning of American history is 


A GENERATION OF AMERICAN HISTORIOGRAPHY. 3851 


thus fixed at a date which to us of the present day is merely the as- 
sumed year of the mythical fall of a hypothetical empire. 

Whether as cause or effect or merely accompaniment of the organi- 
zation and growth of this association, a notable activity in the writ- 
ing of history was characteristic of the remainder of the nineteenth 
century. Various aspects of European history were presented in 
what we somewhat superciliously call the old-fashioned manner. 
The implied disparagement is not easy to justify in Herbert Tuttle’s 
History of Prussia, that began to appear in 1884; or Henry C. Lea’s 
epoch-making study of ecclesiastical institutions, culminating in the 
history of the Inquisition that appeared in 1887. Nor should we 
damn with a sneer the productions of Henry Martyn Baird and 
James Breck Perkins, whose works on the Huguenots and on the 
Bourbon monarchy in France were completed in 1895 and 1897, 
respectively. 

In American history, the older type of historiography was sig- 
nalized by the advent of Henry Adams and James Ford Rhodes. 
Each of these assumed high historiographic importance. To each 
an impulse was given by ancestral problems. Adams had to explain 
why his grandfather got out of the Federalist Party at the time of 
the War of 1812; Rhodes had to explain why his father remained in 
the Democratic Party during the Civil War. The result was the 
History of the United States during the Administrations of Jefferson 
and Madison, which began its appearance in 1889, and the History of 
the United States since 1850, the first volume of which dated from 
1893. In both works, however marked the differences between them, 
there is exhibited the classic conception that was controlling in 
Thucydides and Tacitus, in Grote and Macaulay, that the course of 
political and military events with full attention to the great per- 
sonalities involved in them, and an occasional digression on the re- 
ligious, literary, artistic, and social conditions, gousiituted the nor- 
mal field of the econ 

Support to the different idea that McMaster was laboriously illus- 
trating was vehemently given in 1889 by the irruption into historio- 
eraphy of Theodore Roosevelt, aged 31, with his Winning of the 
West. The formal opening of this field was a capital fact of Amer- 
ican historiography. It signified the beginning of a serious evalu- 
ation of a great drama in human progress—a drama that had un- 
folded almost without intelligent notice through a century. The 
history of pioneering from the Appalachians to the Pacific, and its 
part in the building up of the nation, could never have been thought 
of or wrought out by any one who saw history as primarily the 
achievements of great men, engaged in the grand manner, in sub- 
lime episodes, of political and military strife. The westward ex- 
pansion of the American people consisted in the achievements of 
average men, dominated for the most part by commonplace motives, 


352 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


doing ordinary every-day duties, with merely primitive instruments. 
The lives of such men did not furnish the subject matter of the old- 
fashioned shistoriography. Their great significance in American 
history had been suggested by Parkman; H. H. Bancroft was doing 
something to emphasize it; it was conspicuous in the work of 
McMaster ; in Roosevelt it was made almost the exclusive theme. For 
the perpetuation of the spirit and method of these writers in the 
twentieth century, it is unnecessary to mention to this audience how 
potent has been the influence, and how disproportionately scanty, 
alas! the historiographic output, of our own Turner. 

Through the last decade of the last century the process went 
placidly on of lengthening on the shelves the stately rows of vol- 
umes that embodied the historiographical conceptions of Fiske, 
McMaster, Rhodes, Roosevelt, and the rest. In the meantime a new 
factor entered the situation, with far-reaching results. The mono- 
graph, as a type of historical productivity, attained monstrous pro- 
portions in its ravages. The most prolific breeding places of the 
germ were publishers’ offices and the Germanified universities that 
took form out of the academic void about 1880. In the publishers’ 
offices the common culture in which the germ appeared was the 
“ series ”—statesmen, commanders, commonwealths, epochs, crises, 
cities, highways, and the rest. In the universities the deadliest 
species of the germ thrived in the doctoral dissertation. 

The milieu was highly favorable for the spread of monographic 
historiography in the eighties and nineties. The American people 
was increasing in numbers and in intelligence, but not in widely dis- 
tributed wealth to an extent to insure a great demand for a seven to 
ten volume history. Nor was it merely a matter of finance. The big, 
old-fashioned history was of course required for every gentleman’s 
library; but it was required as interior decoration, not as food for 
the mind. The gentlemen who set or followed the fashion in libra- 
ries, as well the masses who actually read books, preferred to take 
their culture on the tabloid principle. Thus from the side of demand 
the historical monograph was appropriate. From the side of supply 
a force was operative that derived some of its cogency from the 
examples of the recent historians. Von Holst had made it impera- 
tive to search with care the records of Congress and the administra- 
tion; McMaster had added the whole newspaper and periodical liter- 
ature of America. The professors who were directing the prepara- 
tion of doctoral dissertations insisted, more Germanico, on notes and 
bibliography that should prove familiarity with all the works in 
every language and throughout all time that touched on the subject 
in hand. A tiny fragment of an unexplored field was thus naturally 
sought out by the doctoral candidate who contemplated any work in 
life after attaining his degree. Thus original research assumed the 
form that is familiar to us, and the monograph thrived mightily. 


A GENERATION OF AMERICAN HISTORIOGRAPHY. - 353 


An additional influence working to drive the historical student 
to monographic expression was the ever-widening scope of legiti- 
mate history. The idea of Green and McMaster that all aspects of 
a people’s life must be treated by the historian was full of discourage- 
ment to the ambitious novice. Three score and ten was a pitiful 
number of years in which to master the records of a single nation, 
if to the political and military must be added its literary, religious, 
aesthetic, economic, and social aspirations and achievements. But 
Freeman’s and Fiske’s unity of history required further that a nation 
be treated only in its relations to all other nations. It is not strange 
that serious writers took refuge in monographs. 

The influences that have been mentioned were all operative in pro- 
ducing that peculiar example of monographic method, Justin Win- 
sor’s Narrative and Critical History. Its portentous tomes followed 
one another from the press in mastodonic and microtypographic 
majesty from 1889 till the editor’s death in 1897. Winsor’s vast 
and minute information and his unquestioned gifts as an editor did 
not save his masterpiece from a general verdict of failure except as 
a mass of material. 

The fate of Winsor’s work has a certain interesting connection with 
an episode in the life of this association. That there had never been 
produced a comprehensive history of the United States, from Chris- 
_ topher Columbus to Grover Cleveland, was a matter of widespread 
comment in historical circles in the eighteen eighties. Winsor had de- 
signed his enterprise to fill this gap. When the fatal defects of the 
Narrative and Critical History were revealed, discussion became earn- 
est as to whether it was possible to succeed where he had failed. In 
the middle and later nineties every meeting of this association was the 
occasion of warm debate on the subject. There was pretty general 
agreement that the field was too wide in scope and too varied in con- 
tent to be satisfactorily handled by any individual, doomed to live 
only three score years and ten. Whether the task could be achieved 
by any application of the cooperative or monographic method, was a 
question on which opinion was rather evenly divided. 

In these years the association was growing and prospering, and 
was becoming strongly self-conscious. An aggressive group of the 
younger members took the position that it was the urgent duty of 
the association to take in hand the production of an authoritative 
history of the United States. The membership of the organization, it 
was asserted, could furnish the talent, literary, scientific and editorial, 
to insure a scientifically satisfactory work. A practical project of 
such an enterprise was worked out in detail, and publishers were 
found who were not only yeady, but eager, to take it up. But the 
executive council of the association proved even more ready and 


88582°—19——23 


SIS AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


eager to take it down. The older men on the council stood stiffly on 
a practical dilemma that the yeung monographic enthusiasts found 
it distinctly awkward to meet. If, said the elder statesmen, this 
project is to be commercially profitable, it should be left to the 
regular publishers; if it is not to pay, the association cannot afford 
to carry it on. | 

Though this enterprise was abortive, its immediate consequences 
were highly significant in American historiography. Taken up with 
some modifications as a private affair, it ended in the appearance of 
the twenty-seven volumes of The American Nation—that will stand 
for generations as a faithful index of the notions of history and of 
historiography that characterized the first decade of the twentieth 
century. 

To go forward to a commentary and judgment on the second 
decade of that century would require certainly more time and prob- 
ably more courage than has been allotted to me. It would require 
an estimate of the value and permanence of contemporary theories 
‘and practices in historiography that are highly charged with contro- 
versy. We should have to judge the influence and importance of 
the “real” and “true” school of biography that has ravaged historic 
reputations from Benjamin Franklin to Woodrow Wilson; of the 
economic interpretation that has put the hiss in history; of the clash 
between equally eminent authorities claiming respectively that there 
is a new history and that there is no new thing under the sun. The 
mere mention of such problems shows the hopelessness of discuss- 
ing them here. 

To the philosophical observer things historiographic seem, in spite 
of the interesting formulas that suggest novelty, to be going ahead _ 
in pretty much the old familiar way. Adams, McMaster, Rhodes 
have completed their typical works, Osgood, Channing, and, since 
only yesterday, Oberholtzer are cheerfully grinding out the sturdy 
octavos that continue the tradition. Of the monographic and co- 
operative enterprises that have followed The American Nation, space 
is wanting to tell. There is undoubtedly manifest in these later 
histories a general tendency to give political, military, and biograph- 
ical facts a less prominent part than those of an economic and 
impersonal character. I may not in this presence predict—for 
prophecy is taboo in proper historiography—but as an American 
citizen I am entitled to guess that the tendency just mentioned will 
be reversed in the immediate future. If civilization is destined to 
survive the convulsion that has brought it near extinction today; 
if the American people shall not be brought by the end of the war 
to the level of savagery and brutality on which their enemies began 
it, then historiography in the next generation will find its chief theme 
in recording the policies of State, the deeds of arms, and the genius 
of men through which that dreadful doom was averted. 


XIV. THIRTEENTH REPORT OF THE HISTORICAL 
MANUSCRIPTS COMMISSION. 


JUNE 29, 1918. 


JUSTIN H. SMITH, Chairman. 


DICE R. ANDERSON. ' GAILLARD HUNT. 
Mrs. AMOS G. DRAPER. CHARLES H. LINCOLN. 
LOGAN ESAREY. — MILO M. QUAIFE. 


LETTERS OF GENERAL ANTONIO LOPEZ DE SANTA ANNA 
RELATING TO THE WAR BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES 
AND MEXICO, 1846-1848. 


Edited by JUSTIN H. SMITH. 


300 


INTRODUCTION. 


Antonio Lépez de Santa Anna, who was born at Jalapa in the 
State of Vera Cruz, Mexico, in 1795, ranks with Iturbide, Juarez and 
Diaz as one of the four remarkable men produced by his country, 
and in brilliancy he outshone all his compeers. Of what is usually 
signified by the word education he possessed only the barest rudi- 
ments. Intellectually he did not stand high. Though rated as both ° 
a statesman and a general, he was neither. But a wonderful com- 
bination of imperious will, mental quickness and penetration, un- 
matched ambition, audacity and unscrupulousness, a thorough 
knowledge of his fellow-citizens and histrionic ability of no mean 
order made him an irrepressible leader, while condemning him to 
the sudden reverses that follow upon a passionate temper and a 
character that inspires no confidence. Another factor in both mak- 
ing and marring his fortunes was the readiness of men really 
shrewder and perhaps worse than himself, but wanting in the 
qualities that make for leadership, to counsel and support him in 
order to use his talents and power. His enemies almost always 
committed some blunder that he could turn to account; and finally 
fortune herself, though fickle and sometimes cruel, frequently threw 
the most golden of chances in his way. 

To give an account of Santa Anna’s career prior to the war be- 
tween Mexico and the United States would be to write the history 
of his country for more than half a generation, but a few outlines 
may be sketched. After serving Spain during the Mexican revolu- 
tion he joined the “ Liberator,” Iturbide; and when this bold leader, 
now an unpopular and imprudent emperor, undertook to discipline 
him, he obtained a quick revenge by pronouncing for a republic and 
so bringing ruin upon his former chief. After many intrigues and 
much revolutionary fighting he seemed in 1834 to have the country 
in his grasp; but his defeat and capture in Texas two years later and 
his secret bargain with the Texans apparently ended his public life. 
In 1838, however, by stepping bravely into the war with France and 
turning to capital account the loss of a leg, he recovered his prestige; 
and in a few years he worked his bloody and conscienceless way 
again to the leading position. Mexico was now his; but greed and 
arbitrary rule turned all against him, and the general uprising of 
December, 1844, sent him to Cuba as an exile. 

He was succeeded by the well-meaning General José Joaquin de . 
Herrera. But the inefficiency and tactical blunders of the new ad- 

357 


358 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


ministration and its willingness to adjust amicably the pending 
difficulties with the United States—which grew principally out of 
the outrages inflicted upon American citizens and our annexation of 
Texas—completely undermined it; and in December, 1845, General 
Mariano Paredes, who commanded the largest Mexican army, precip- 
itated another revolution. Herrera fell without a struggle; and 
for a time the new master appeared to do well, for he was laborious 
and comparatively honest. It soon was commonly understood, 
however, that he designed to set up a European prince at Mexico, 
and the nation in general became indignant. Santa Anna, who 
‘always posed as the father of republicanism in Mexico, saw his op- 
portunity. Most of the military officers were naturally in favor of 
this prince of robbers; and, in view of the monarchical danger, the 
democratic masses, led by Valentin Gomez Farias, came into line. 

On the 25th of April, 1846, a Mexican attack upon Captain Thorn- 
ton’s reconnoitering party on. the north bank of the Rio Grande 
brought on the long threatened war against the United States. 
President Polk, knowing that nobody could be more hostile to us 
than Paredes, believing that Santa Anna was too intelligent to favor 
the war, and probably satisfied that his return to Mexico would divide 
the enemy, even if helpful in no other way, sent Commander Alex- 
ander Slidell Mackenzie of the American navy. to talk with the ex- 
Dictator at Havana, and a sort of understanding was reached that, 
should he regain power, Santa Anna would make peace. Paredes, 
meanwhile, grew weaker and weaker; and at length General Arista’s 
unsuccessful battles near the Rio Grande, May 8 and 9, 1846, damaged 
the administration fatally. At the end of July the reins of govern- 
ment were handed over to Vice President Nicolas. Bravo and a 
change of policy was announced. But on the 4th of August Gen- 
eral José Mariano Salas, who commanded the garrison at Mexico, 
ushered in the waiting revolution in favor of Santa Anna and 
popular government. Twelve days later the exile arrived at Vera 
Cruz. To his surprise he found the country so determined upon 
war that his plan to make peace could not be carried into execution, 
and after hesitating for a time he decided to lead the nation in the 
direction it wished to take. 

The present series of his letters begins almost at the hour he re- 
turned to Mexico from Cuba, and it continues until just before he 
arrived at the capital in May, 1847, to make his final stand against 
the American troops. As he was now in personal touch with the 
Minister of War,! to whom his letters had been written, there was no 
further occasion for correspondence. The intention has been in gen- 
eral to present only unpublished documents; but on account of their 


1General J. N. Almonte until just before Christmas, 1846; then General Valentin 
Canalizo until March 23, 1847; and then General J. I, Gutiérrez. 


HISTORICAL MANUSCRIPTS COMMISSION. 359 


interest two exceptions have been made, and possibly a few others 
were printed so obscurely as to escape the editor’s notice. All may 
be found in the archives of the War Department, National Palace, 
City of Mexico, or, to be more exaet, in the Archivo General de 
Guerra y Marina, since, on account of the small size of the Mexican 
navy, the two branches were and are under a single head. To specify 
definitely the place where each paper is kept does not happen to be 
feasible. A part of them were found by the editor, in large, un- 
classified bundles called degajos, and the rest in a great miscellaneous 
pile; and since the time of his visit probably all have been re-ar- 
ranged. 

As copyists he had the assistance of two clerks belonging to the staff 
of the Archivo, who were permitted by the superintendent to perform 
their own light duties after the offices were closed to the public for the 
day. These gentlemen proved to be surprisingly accurate. By mark- 
ing lightly in the margin witha pencil (as he was authorized to do) the 
editor indicated what part or parts of a letter he desired to have, and 
all copies were “ read back ” to him while he followed with the origi- 
nal. The omitted portions, indicated by dots, were not of value for 
the history of the war between Mexico and the United States. Hav- 
ing time to do so, the editor also made notes of certain papers which 
it seemed unnecessary to transcribe in full, and these notes (in Eng- 
lish) are here presented in their chronological places, printed in 
smaller type. Had the intention been to issue an edition of the let- 
ters, a copy would have been taken in every instance, but the editor 
was merely gathering material to be used by himself in writing a his- 
tory of the war, and the total quantity—of which Santa Anna’s let- 
ters constituted but a small part—was so enormous, that no time or 
effort could be wasted. The accentuation, except in cases where it af- 
fected the meaning of a word, was entrusted to the copyists. Santa 
Anna’s amanuenses had neither been correct according to the now 
accepted system nor even been consistent, and it seemed useless to 
take a great amount of trouble in order to be sure of reproducing ex- 
actly their capricious marks. 

Santa Anna’s printed letters relating to the war are to be found 
in a great many different publications. Books and pamphlets of his 
own (for which one may consult the list of printed sources in the 
editor’s History of the War with Mexico) contain many; and the 
newspapers and controversial literature of the period include more. 
The largest single collection is that made by Emilio del Castillo 
Negrete in his /nvasién de los Norte Americanos en México (6 vols., 
México, 1890-1) ; but the documents presented in that work were not 
printed very accurately. 

The question of adding a translation of the letters was duly con- 
sidered; but it was believed that only persons seriously interested 


360 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


in Mexican history would care to read them, and that such persons 
not only would understand Spanish, but would prefer to use the 
original version. 

‘In conclusion the author begs leave to offer a word of personal ex- 
planation. On being elected chairman of the Historical Manuscripts 
Commission he was unable to lay hands upon anything for early 
publication. To find documents worth printing and obtain a schol- 
arly edition of them is naturally a very slow process. In this emer- 
gency he bethought himself of Santa Anna’s letters; and on consult- 
ing gentlemen eminently qualified to represent the American His- 
torical Association he was advised, not only that they seemed likely 
to be suitable, but that his editing them—a task which, as it hap- 
pened, no one else was then prepared to undertake—would be entirely 
proper. Indeed, it appeared that he was rather expected to do some 
such piece of work while chairman of the Commission. . 

Justin H. Smrrz. 


LETTERS OF GENERAL SANTA ANNA, 1846-1848. 
August 16, 1846. - 


To Generat JosE Mariano Saas, THE ACTING EXECUTIVE OF THE 
NatTIon. 


E. S.2 Ahora que es la una del dia acabo de llegar 4 este Puerto, 
4 bordo del vapor Arabe, en compafia de los Srés.* Rejon,® Haro y 
Tamaris,° y Almonte.’ Lo que me apresuro 4 comunicar 4 V. E.® 
para su conocimiento, reservandome escribirle mas detenidamente 
asi que haya descansado de la penosa navegacion que he traido. 


2 Excelentisimo Sefor. 

8’Santa Anna was returning from Cuba, where he bad lived near Havana since being 
banished from Mexico in consequenee of the revolution of Dec., 1844. At this time 
(Aug., 1846) naval forces of the United States, commanded by Commodore David Conner, 
were blockading Vera Cruz; but, under an order from the American government, Santa 
Anna was permitted to pass. He knew that the order had been issued. 

*Sepores. The line signifying abbreviation should extend across more than one letter. 
In all similar cases a similar remark may be understood. 

5 Manuel Crescencis Rején had been prominent in Mexican politics, especially as Min- 
ister of Relations (Secretario de Relaciones), that is to say, Secretary of State. 

6 Antonio Haro y Tamiris, or better Tamériz, was a financier, and rose to be Minister 
of the Treasury (Hacienda). 

7 General Juan N. Almonte, supposed to be an illegitimate son of Morelos, the ablest 
patriot leader in the revoluion against Spain, had been the Mexican minister to the 
United States at the time when our deciding to annex Texas caused Mexico to break off 
diplomatic relations with us. 

8 Vuestra Excelencia or Vuecencia, 


HISTORICAL MANUSCRIPTS COMMISSION. 861 


Con esta ocasion renuevo a V. E. las seguridades de mi aprecio y 
consideracion, 
Dios y Libertad. 
Veracruz, Agosto 16 de 1846. 
Antonio Lépez de Santa Anna. [Ribrica°] 


[Tre Fottowine Lerrers, Untess OrHerwise INDICATED, ARE TO 
tre Mrnister or War. | 


September 4, 1846. 


Ejército Libertador Republicano.? Gral* en Jefe. 


E.S. Con fecha 2 del Corriente me dice el Sr. Commandante de la 
fortaleza de Perote?? lo que sigue: 

“E.S. El Sr. Gral D. Juan Landero** en oficio de 29 del pasado, 
me dice que de la conducta de caudales * que en estos dias debe llegar 
de la Capital de la Reptblica con direccion 4 la plaza de Vera Cruz, 
tome Ja cantidad de dos mil pesos y los distribuya en los militares, 
limpia de Armas y presidio, mas como quiera que en todo el mes 
ppdo * no se recibieron mas de mil pesos, importando el presupuesto 7° 
econdmico tres mil quinientos cincuenta y tres, con esta cantidad, no 
se cubre el importe de la segunda quincena de dicho mes, por con- 
siguiente, se tiene que pagar 4 los qué han recompuesto las armas todo 
lo que se les esta debiendo; afiadiendo 4 V. E. que para el presente, no 
cuento con recursos para las atenciones de Plana Mayor,’ Artilleria, 
hospital, obreros de maestranza y presidio. Tambien hago presente 
a V. E. que el importe del presupuesto que vencen las dos compafiias 
de defensores ** que se hallan dando la guarnicién en esta fortaleza, 
asciende 4 dos mil ciento ochenta y siete pesos; en el pueblo no hay 
quien facilite dinero porque no lo tienen y solo ministra mas como 


®This word signifies the flourish, sometimes extremely elaborate, which the Mexican 
considered an essential part of his signature. Santa Anna’s rfibrica was a simple one. 
As it may be taken for granted, the word will not be printed again. For a similar reason 
the explanation of “ E. S.”, “ V. E.”, ete., are given only once, unless there be a particu- 
lar reason for repetition. 

10 The Mexicans were greatly influenced by labels. Hence this name was given by Santa 
Anna to his army. ‘The word “ Libertador ” intimated that the American invaders aimed 
to enslave the Mexicans and were to be expelled from Mexican territory; and the word 
“ Republicano’”’ suggested that Santa Anna was the champion of republican institutions as 
against the advocates of monarchy, who were represented by Paredes. 

11 General. See note 3 on the first letter. 

22 A city between Jalapa and Puebla. The fortress stood near it. 

18 Comandante General of Vera Cruz. 

14 Conducta de caudales, a train of mules transporting coin or bullion. 

16 Préximo pasado. . 

16Jn military as well as in civil administration it was customary to make up an esti- 
mate of expenses on the principle of a budget. 

117 At this time practically equivalent to a board of military engineers. 

3% This word was used technically in Mexico at this time to signify volunteers. 


3862 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


4 estos individuos, se socorren con metdlico, por haber les dado dos 
dias y medio de socorros, se han tenido muchos apuros; asi es que si 
V. E. lo tiene 4 bien de la mencionada conducta, puede quedar alguna 
cantidad con este fin.” 

Y lo traslado 4 V. E. para que sirva ponerlo en conocimiento del 
KE. 8. Gral encargado del Supremo Poder Ejecutivo,” manifestandole, 
que son ciertas las penurias que sufren los oficiales, y guarnicién de 
la Fortaleza de Perote, y en circunstancias de estar alli preso el E. S. 
Gral Mariano Paredes y Arrillaga,?? y tener por custodia 4 los 
milicianos de Jalapa y Coatepec, que deben ser socorridos diaria- 
mente con su sueldo, pues de lo contrario se irian 4 sus casas, y la 
fortaleza quedaria abandonada con grave riesgo de ser alterada la 
tranquilidad publica, he de merecer 4 V. E. recabe del citado E. S. 
Gral en Jefe 74 un libramiento de seis mil pesos para que 4 vuelta del 
extraordinario se envie 4 Perote para las atenciones que quedan 
indicadas. 


Encero,” Septiembre 4, de 1846. 


September 8, 1846. 


August 18 the Governor and Comandante General*™ of Tabasco™ wrote to 
me as follows: “ Led by V. E. the army which has to complete the great work 
of our revolution will be invincible, and the enemies of our liberty and in- 
dependence will bite the dust.” - 

INCERO, 


September 21, 1846. 


Ejército Libertador Republicano. Gral en Jefe. 
E. S. Exigiendo el mejor servicio de la Nacién que la Brigada 
de Caballeria al mando del Sr. Gral Dn. José Vicente Minon”* y la 


19 General José Mariano Salas, head of the successful revolution of Aug. 4, 1846. 

20 According to ‘a common practice Paredes added to his own name (i. e., that of his 
father) his mother’s name. Haro y Tam{friz is another case of the same kind. The sec- 
ond name was more often dropped than used in referring to its proprietor. Paredes was 
the usurper of Dec., 1845, ousted by the revolution of Aug. 4, 1846. 

21 At this date the peso was regarded as equivalent to the American dollar. In our own 
time it sank to one-half of that value. 

22Qne of Santa Anna’s estates. It was near the National Highway running from 
Mexico to Vera Cruz and about eight miles below Jalapa. 

23'The governor of a State was a civil official elected at this time by the people. The 
Comandante General was appointed by the central government to represent its military 
power. Sometimes the same man held both offices. Usually the two offices were held by 
two men, who clashed more or less. 

24 A State of Mexico bordering on Guatemala. 

2 The reason why some of the letters are given in English may be found in the Intro- 
duction. 

26 José Vicente-Miilén was born at Cadiz, Spain, and began his military career in 1816 
as a cadet (i. e., a volunteer looking for a commission) in the Dragones del Principe. In 
1840 he was thirty-eight years old. He figured in connection with the battle of Buena 
Vista. 


HISTORICAL MANUSCRIPTS COMMISSION. 863 


de Infanteria al del Sr. Gral Dn. Francisco Perez?’ se pongan en 
marcha premisamente para el dia 24 del presente mes."*> .... 
Tacupara,” Sepbre 21, 1846. 


September 22, 1846. 


I have ordered Ciriaco Vasquez to go to San Luis Potosi and take command 
of the Fourth Brigade. 


September 24, 1846. 


Ejército Libertador Republicano. Gral en Jefe. 

E. S. He de merecer 4 V. E. acuerde con el E. S. Gral en Jefe 
encargado del Poder Ejecutivo, se prevenga al Sr. contratista del 
Tren de artilleria, se situen los tiros de mulos respectivos para mi 
coche, en Huehuetoca, Tula, Arroyosarco y San Juan del Rio? 2... 

Tacupaya, Sepbre 24 de 1846. 


September 25, 1846. ; 


Ejército Libertador Republicano. General en Jefe. 

EK. 8. Como por el contenido de la carta del cura de Cerralvo *? que 
en copia remiti6 4 ese Ministerio el mismo Sr. Ampudia,°* se viene en 
conocimiento que el pensamiento del Gral Taylor ** es amenazar 4 
Monterrey tinicamente y dirigirse sobre el Saltillo, apoderandose 
antes de las principales gargantas de la Sierra, con el fin de cortar 
enteramente la comunicacién de las fuerzas situadas en aquella 


Crudad 2. ... . 


27 Francisco Pérez, although comparatively a new man, commanded the finest brigade of 
the army in 1847. He was prominent at the battles of Buena Vista, Churubusco and 
Molino del Rey. 

23They were to go to San Luis Potosi, a city 215 miles by rail northwest of Mex- 
ico, in accordance with Santa Anna’s plan to concentrate a powerful army there. 

22 A suburb southwest of Mexico, where Santa Anna was now living. 

80 Vasquez, or better Vazquez, though born at Vera Cruz, 1794, served under the flag of 
Spain during the Mexican revolution. He commanded a division in the Buena Vista cam- 
paign, and was killed at the_battle of Cerro Gordo while bravely defending the vital 
Mexican position on the summit of El Telégrafo hill. 

81 Points, lying on the road from Mexico to San Luis Potosi, at which Santa Anna 
wished to find relays of mules ready for him. 

#2 A small town between Camargo and Monterey. Camargo lay on the San Juan River 
about three miles from the Rio Grande, and was Taylor’s base for the advance upon 
Monterey. 

3 Pedro de Ampudia, born at Havana, Cuba, in 1803, began his military life in the 
Spanish army in 1818. He ranked second on the Mexican side in the battles of Palo 
Alto and the Resaca, May 8 and 9, 1846, commanded in the defence of Monterey, Sept., 
1846, played a réle of some importance at the battle of Cerro Gordo, Apr., 1847, and then, 
falling into disfavor with Santa Anna, ceased to figure in the war. 

% Zachary Taylor, commander of the American forces invading northern Mexico. 

% I. e., Saltillo, which lies sixty-five or seventy miles southeast of Monterey. Instead 
of pursuing this plan, which would have made the fighting at Monterey unnecessary, 
Taylor, who did not believe the Mexicans would make a stand either there or in the moun- 
tains (Sierra Madre) lying between that point and Saltillo, marched directly upon 
Monterey. 


364 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


Precisamente esta fué mi prediccion, y por eso en repetidisimas 
comunicaciones que he dirigido al Gobierno desde que desembarqué 
en Veracruz, le he instado para que librase ordenes enérgicas al Gral 
Ampudia, con el objeto de que abandonada la Ciudad de Monterrey 
por la imposibilidad de defenderse, segun demostré, se retirase con 
tiempo al Saltillo, y alli, y en la Sierra, se levantasen las fortifica- 
clones correspondientes para resistir con buen éxito los impulsos del 
enemigo, y hacer inutiles sus tenativas entre tanto eramos fuertes, y 
podiamos tomar la ofensiva.*® .... 

Bien pudo el Sr. Gral Ampudia retirarse ordenadamente como se 
le previno con oportunidad, sin verse precisado 4 abandonar le Arti- 
llerfa, trenes, equipajes, etc., pues para todo ha tenido el tiempo 
suficiente en un mes que hace recibié las primeras prevenciones para 
aquel movimiento. .... 

Es bien sabido que un‘ Ejército *7 sin conocimientos del Pais y tan 
embromado con su gruesa Artilleria, carros, etc. ete., en tiempo de 
Aguas y en un camino fragoso como es el que tenia que atravezar, no 
podia acercarse 4 Monterrey con esa velocidad que el Sr. Ampudia 
supone..... 

Asi vemos, que ahora es cuando previene al Comandante Gral de 
Coahuila, ** que se abran cortaduras y se levanten reductos como si 
fuera posible improvisar una fortificacién en veinticuatro horas para 
resistir los ataques de 7 i 8,000 hombres, provistos de Artilleria com- 
petente. Esto es imperdonable, y si aconteciese una desgracia como 
he previsto, la Nacion hard fuertes cargas al culpable. 

No solamente hay que lamentar tanta inprevisién, sino que es 
preciso tambien condenar la criminal apatia del Gral Dn. Francisco 
Ponce de Leon,*® en el cumplimiento de las érdenes que se le han 
librado para que con la 4* Brigada que esta 4 su cargo se dirigiese 
4 marchas forzadas en auxilio del Saltillo y Monterrey, amagadas 
hace tantos dias... .. : 

Al Sr. Ponce de Leon, se le prevendra que sin excusa ni pretesto 
alguno, se mueva de San Luis* si no lo ha hecho 4 la fecha, y 


forzando marchas se dirija al Saltillo, llevando consigo los Regi- — 


mientos de Caballeria 9° de Linea ** y Coraceros siendo su principal 


3% Santa Anna’s plan was to assemble a grand army at San Luis Potosi, and, when en- 
tirely ready, assume the offensive. 

377. e., Taylor’s army, numbering about 6,220. 

38 The capital and chief city of the State of Coahuila was Saltillo, called by the 
Mexicans El Saltillo. 

39 Ponce de Leén was a new and inefficient officer, who failed to reach Monterey in time 
to take part in the defence of that city against Taylor. It should be said, however, that 
his so-called brigade consisted of extremely poor material, poorly equipped and poorly sup- 
plied. 

40 Here, as often, for San Luis Potosi. 

41De Linea: regulars in contrast to the active corps, which were supposed to be called 
out on special occasions only (though at this time. the distinction no longer existed), to 
the National Guards, which corresponded to American “ militia”, and to certain other 
branches of the military service. 


_———:. ~ 


HISTORICAL MANUSGRIPTS COMMISSION. 3865 


deber la defenza de aquella Ciudad, segun las prevenciones del Sr. 
Gral Ampudia 4 quien auxiliard en caso preciso. 

Estando el Gral D. Angel Guzman“ en Cuernavaca ** con cerca 
de 500 hombres de muy buena tropa, se le prevendré tambien por 
extraordinario que desde aquel punto emprenda su marcha para 
Querétaro ** por la via mas recta, envidndosele recursos por medio 
de una letra para que no alegue ningun pretesto y deje de efectuarse 
este movimiento. Igual prevencion se haré al Comandante del 
Batallon fijo de México ** que viene del Sur; y por Ultimo, se pre- 
vendra que generalmente todos tropas que se hallan operando en 
aquel rumbo, se muevan con direccién 4 San Luis Potosi. 

V. E. sabe muy bien que esa 4" Brigada tan decantada se compone 
de una fuerza ridieula. Por esto es urgentisimo que el Gobierno libre 
ordenes 4 los Comandantes Grales de los Estados de Querétaro, 
Guanajuato, Jalisco, Morelia y San Luis Potosi, para que todas Ias 
fuerzas permanentes y activas sin excepcién alguna, existentes en ellos, 
se dirijan 4 San Luis Potosi, asi como los depésitos de desertores y 
reemplazos; 4 fin de que, ya que no podamos presentar en Ejército 
bien organizado, al menos opongamos al invasor mazas de hombres 
armados que lo pongan sin movimiento mientras los Estades se toman 
el tiempo preciso para armarse, se disiplinan nuestras fuerzas y se 
hace una defenza como es conveniente y decoroso 4 la nacién. Yo 
conozco muy bien cuan escasos son los elementos con que cuenta el 
Gobierno Supremo, y cuan nula es por su ntmero la fuerza que ahora 
se va 4 poner en camino pero no obstante este conocimiento, yo quiero 
marchar 4 su cabeza, porque tengo deseos de pelear, y porque un 
sagrado deber, me impulsa 4 defender con ardor y entusiasmo, la 
independencia de la Reptiblica. Voy 4 sacrificarme evidentemente, 
pero una muerte honrosa en el campo de la batalla completard mis 
sacrificios y mis deseos si no es posible una _victoria.*® 

No puelo excusarme de manifestar 4 V. E. en este lugar, que hace © 
tres dias, debid ministrarse 4 las Brigadas que van 4 salir, el im- 
porte de su presupuesto de un mes, y que esta es la hora que no lo 
han recibido, porque no ha habido una persona que se encargue de 
distribuir el dinero competente, que se ha procurado bajo mi ga- 
rantia personal. Hsto es muy sensible, porque demuestra que no todos 
los funcionarios, se esfuerzan como es debido en el cumplimiento 
de sus mas sagrados deberes.. Yo suplico 4 V. E. que en la parte 
que le toca procure allanar los inconvenientes que se han presentado 


42Guzm4n was a new officer of whom little is known except that he played a rather 
prominent part in the Buena Vista campaign. 

43 A town about 43 miles south of Mexico. 

“By the road about 150 miles northwest from Mexico on the way to San Luis Potosf. 

4° Batallén Fijo de México, the name of a particular corps. The Mexican army included 
at this time a number of corps bearing special names that had no practical significance. 

4° One here sees Santa Anna on his “high horse,” so to speak. Of course he did not 
Seriously mean what he said. Other such passages will be found. 


366 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


4 la marcha de las dos referidas Brigadas, pasando personalmente 4 

la Tesoreria y adonde sea necesario, paraque hoy mismo quede todo 

espedito y no se retarde un movimiento que hacen urgente los riesgos 

que proximamente amenazan 4 nuestros soldados del norte.* 
Tacupara, Septiembre 25 de 1846. 


September 26, 1846. 
“ As it is indispensable to concentrate in San Lusi Potosi all the permanent? 
and activo forces possible”, order all such cavalry from Oaxaca to the capital. 
TACUBAYA, 


September 26, 1846. 
Let the force under Guzman which arrived at the capital yesterday from 
the South go on to San Luis Potosi as it is [tal como se halla]. 
TACUBAYA, 


September 29, 1846. 


Kjército Libertador Republicano. Gral en Jefe. Sria.? de Cam- 
pana. 

Exmo. Sr.* Por el contenido de los oficios del Gral Vazquez, vera 
V. E., que se ha confirmado al pie de la letra, lo que anuncie desde 
Veracruz, y despues desde el Encero, al E. S. Gral encargado del 
Supremo Poder Ejecutivo y 4 V. E. mismo, sintiendo ahora viva- 
mente funestos resultados de la tenacidad con que se sostuvo la per- 
manencia en Monterrey del Cuerpo de tropas alli reunido al mando 
del Gral Dn, Pedro de Ampudia, no obstante mis fundadas observa- 
ciones, y la protesta que hize por conducto del S. D.° Manuel Ba- 
randa.® Mi plan de campaiia se ha frustrado por este fatal incidente; 
pues perdido el tinico Cuerpo de tropas permanentes con que con- 
tabamos, y todo el material de guerra que con el estaba,’ hoy me 
encuentro envuelto en dificilisimas circunstancias que no se si ati- 
naré 4 vencer. La Nacién por el mismo incidente desgraciado, se 
encuentra casi 4 merced de los invasores; y si no se hace por ella 
un esfuerzo tan grande como se necesita, quiz&a aquellos infames 
profanaran con su inmunda planta nuestra hermosa Capital, 4 donde 
debian llegar. Esto quize evitar, y no lo consegui, porque no se 
apreciaron los consejos de un viejo y esperimentado Gral. 

Pero 4 mi aun no me abandona la‘esperanza, y protesto a V. E. 
que desplegaré toda la enerjia de mi caracter para arrostrar las difi- 


1 There as a further delay, however. 

2‘ Permanent” forces were the same as forces “de linea”, i. e., regulars. Hor “ac- 
tivo” forces see note 6 on the preceding letter. 

8 Secretaria. 

4Hxcelentisimo Senor. 

5S. D., i. e., Sefor Don. 

6 A prominent politician, chief member of the cabinet for a time in 1847. 

7This was what Santa Anna supposed would be the result of the fighting at Monterey, 
but in fact Ampudia was permitted to retire with his army and a field battery. 


HISTORICAL MANUSCRIPTS COMMISSION. 3867 


cultades de todo genero que se me presentan; porque sin ejército 
organizado, sin el material de guerra necesario y sin dinero j cuanto 
no hay que hacer para preparar una fructuosa defenza, é impedir 
al ejército invasor su paso para la Capital, viniendo él provisto de 
todos los elementos para hacernos la guerra con ventaja! Mas para 
que mis sacrificios no sean esteriles, preciso es que el Gobierno de la 
Reptiblica dicte luego cuantas medidas extraordinarias sean con- 
venientes, para proveerme siquiera de una bateria de veinte piezas, 
de los calibres de 12, 16, 18 y 24, con sus correspondientes dota- 
ciones; y 4 la vez del dinero necesario para proporcionarme con él 
cuanto es indispensable; en inteligencia que si estas dos cosas no se 
me facilitan, me vere obligado 4 adoptar un sistema de operaciones 
contrario 4 mi genio,? pero inevitable en el caso, para que no sufran 
nuestras armas otra derrota que acabe de humillar 4 la patria. .... 

Ya he dispuesto haga alto en Matehuala® la 4* Brigada que mar- 
chaba de San Luis Potosi al Saltillo, para que no vaya esa corta fuerza 
4 caer en manos del enemigo; y prevendo al Gral Dn. Rafael Vaz- 
quez,* que permanesca en el Saltillo con la pequefia Seccién de su 
mando, para recojer cuantos dispersos lleguen alli, y que este listo 
para replegarse 4 Matehuala, luego que advierta que alguna fuerza 
respetable del enemigo se dirige 4 aquella Cuidad, llevando con sigo 
las piezas de artilleria y municiones que se hayan podido salvar..... 

He dictado otra medida, y es la de prevenir 4 los Comandantes 
Grales de Querétaro, Guanajuato, Michoacan y Jalisco, que reunan 
cuantas fuerzas permanentes activas y auXiliares del Ejército hubiera 
en los respectivos Estados, y las dirijan 4 marchas forzadas 4 San 
Luis, donde pienso establecer mi Cuartel Gral..... 

Indispensable es que el Gobierno Supremo haga salir de esa Capital 
a la mayor brevedad, el resto de tropas permanentes y activos que ha 
quedado en ella, y las municiones de fusil que aun no han salido por 
falta de bagajes, lo que hace que estas Brigadas marchen sin ellas, 
segun me han participado los respectivos Grales. 

En conclusion, aseguro 4 V. E. para conocimiento del Supremo 
Gobierno que demandando la situacién del pais los sacrificios mas 
costosos, los emprendere gustoso y peleare con el ultimo soldado que 
me quede; en la inteligencia que estoy resuelto 4 no sobrevivir 4 la 
deshonra de nuestra desventurada patria. 

Dios y Libertad. 


Hacrenpa DE San Sepastian,® Septiembre 29 de 1846. 


1The cannon specified corresponded substantially to American 12-, 16-, 18- and 24- 
pounders, 

2 Presumably this is a threat that he would take by force whatever he deemed requisite. 

3A point about 143 miles north of San Luis Potosi. 

Rafael VAizquez was born in 1802, and began his military life as captain of a band of 
volunteers in 1827. 

5A large estate on the road to San Luis Potosi. 


3868 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


October 3, 1846. 


I expected 2,000 (auxiliary militia) from Guanajuato.t My hopes have been 
disappointed through the resistance of the Governor, and he spreads reports 
unfavorable to the army. He is not evil-inclined, however; is too young—only 
twenty-three years old. Remove him. 

QUERETARO, 


October 3, 1846. 


This morning at daybreak, Moreno, aide de camp of Ampudia came to me, 
and said that Ampudia was going to fortify points in the Sierra Madre be- 
tween Saltillo and Monterey and await the enemy there. So I ordered him 

“not to come to San Luis Potosi but to halt at Saltillo. When the bearer of 
my orders had been on the way nearly two hours, two officers came, who had 
left Saltillo one and one-half days later than Moreno. They brought despatches 
from Ampudia, stating that he could not hold the Sierra, because to do that 
it would be necessary to fortify five points, and to cover a line of about sixty- 
five miles, and he had not enough artillery, nor men, nor tools. Moreover, he 
had intercepted a letter of the enemy containing instructions to Taylor to 
operate against San Luis Potosi,” and therefore thought it very dangerous for 
his army to remain in the Sierra. * Therefore I determined to earry out my 
order of Sept. 30, that every one should retire to San Luis Potosi, “in order to 
organize the army anew in the manner I had contemplated [concebido].” 
To-day I have sent the proper orders to Ampudia. ‘“ Long before hand [may de 
antemano] I divined that the enemy would undertake precisely that movement 
upon San Luis Potosi, because he thinks it would be easy to compel us to ask 
for peace by shutting us up with his forces in the interior of the Republic.” 
Therefore my first thought on hearing of the capitulation of Monterey was to 
order retirement to San Luis Potosi, which would form a barrier against the 
enemy, especially because our troops would be demoralized by recent events, 
and almost all the material of war lost, so that a good defence of the passes 
[of the Sierra Madre] was impossible. Notify the Comandante General of 


Tampico regarding the designs of the enemy against Tampico, “in order that 


if his numbers do not enable him to withstand the attacking forces, he may 
evacuate the place and retire to Tuxpam.” * 


QUERETARO, 


October }, 1846. ES 


Ejército Libertador Republicano. Gral en Jefe. 

Exmo. Sr. He de merecer 4 V. E. se sirva acordar con el E. §. Gral 
encargado del Supremo Poder Ejecutivo, que el contingente de 
dinero con que deben contribuir mensualmente para los gastos gene- 


1Santa Anna refers here to the State, not the city, of this name. 

2This probably refers to Marcy’s despatch of Sept. 2, 1846, to Taylor, which suggested 
advancing as far as San Luis Potosi (30 Cong., 1 sess., Ex. Doc. 60, p. 339). 

3 This has reference to the apprehension that Taylor would go round Monterey and this 
part of the Sierra Madre, and attack Saltillo, in Ampudia’s rear. 

4Tuxpam (or Tuxpan) stands on the river of that name six miles from the Gulf of 
Mexico. Later Santa Anna decided to have the Comandante General retire in another 
direction, 


HISTORICAL MANUSCRIPTS COMMISSION. 369 


rales los Estados de Jalisco, Guanajuato, Michoacan, Queretaro, San 

Luis Potosi y Zacatecas se situe puntualmente en la comisaria del 

Ejército de operaciones* para los gastos de la campafia..... 
Queretaro, Obre 4 de 1846. 


October 4, 1846. 


Ejército Libertador Republicano. Gral en Jefe. 

Exmo. Sr. Existen en San Luis Potosi cerca de dos millones de 
pesos destinados 4 salir en conducta para el Puerto de Tampico,” 
cuyos derechos * se aproximaran 4 200,000 pesos, y siendo este recurso 
muy necesario al Ejército de operaciones del Norte, he de merecer 4 
VY. E. acuerde con el E. S. Gral encargado del Poder Ejecutivo se 
situé en la Comisaria del mismo Hjército, sin que se disponga ni de 
un solo peso para otras atenciones que no sean las de la campafia..... 

QuERETARO, Octubre 4 de 1846 


October 10, 1846. 


Ejército Libertador Republicano. Gralen Jefe. Sria. de Campaifia. 

E.S. Ayer llego 4 este Cuartel Gral la 4* Brigada del Ejército 
mandada por el Sr. Gral Dn. Francisco Ponce de Leon, y en la misma 
fecha repeti mis ordenes para que 4 la mayor brevedad se concentre 
- aqui toda la fuerza que ha estado en el Norte al mando del Sr. Gral 
Dn. Pedro de Ampudia..... 

En este cuartel Gral debera organizarse el Ejército, aumentarse y 
disciplinarse como corresponde para que pueda atender al grande 
objeto que tiene 4 su cargo y dar resultados desicivos y gloriosos 4 
las armas de la Republica. .... 

CuartTet GrAL EN SAN Luts Poros, Octubre 10 de 1846. 


October 10, 1846. 


I arrived at San Luis Potosi on October 8 “ amidst the jubilations of a mag- 
nanimous and generous people who have not ceased to lavish upon me the 
most distinguished attentions.” ‘ 


San Luis Porosi. 


1Santa Anna sometimes applied this name to his army with particular reference to the 
portion of it that should be employed in offensive operations. 

2The principal export of Mexico, even in peace, was silver, and it was now of much 
importance because, though Vera Cruz and Tampico were blockaded, the United States 
permitted the British to transport the precious metals from those ports. 

8 Export duties. 

4Santa Anna had long been extremely unpopular in northern Mexico, because he had 
done much harm and no good to that section. He had therefore felt doubtful how he 
would be received at San Luis Potosi, and shrewdly sent ahead a proclamation asking to 
be welcomed, not as Santa Anna, but as a soldier fighting for the common country. This 
was taken by the people at its face value. 


88582°—19——24 


370 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


October 10, 1846. 


Very private. I protest against the appointment of Francisco de ‘Garay? to 
succeed Anastasio Parrodi as Comandante General at Tampico. 


San Luis Porosi. 


October 10, 1846. 


Order the squadron of the Sixth Regiment now at Puebla to come here. 
San Luis Potosi. 


; October 12, 1846. 


Domingo Echagaray ? was not favorably regarded in the State of Vera Cruz 
after the recent change of the government, and since then has spoken against 
the existing order of things.* I directed that he should be sent to this army. 
The government has disposed otherwise. ‘“ The repetition of these acts which 
place me in a ridiculous position and are so prejudicial to the public service 
and good military discipline impels me to protest against them in a solemn 
manner and to ask the satisfaction which I consider due me. . . . I do not con- 
sider myself nor should I be considered by the gentlemen who eompose the 
provisional government of the Nation, as a mere General, commanding a corps 
of the army, but as the sole leader [tnico caudillo] of the Nation, to whom 
the direction of its destinies has been entrusted.” * 

San Luis Potosi. 


October 12, 1846. 


I have ordered Isidro Reyes * not to march to Chihuahua.°® 
San Luis Potosi. 


October 12, 1846. 
To A. Parropt, ComANDANTE GENERAL AT TAMPICO. 
Ejército Libertador Republicano. Gral en Jefe. Sria. de Cam- 
pana. 
E. S. Que immediatamente que V. S.” reciba esta orden que va por 
extraordinario disponga que todas las piezas de artilleria reunidas 


1A rather active officer who commanded small forces, mainly or entirely irregular, oper- 
ating in the vicinity of Tampico. 

2 Nothing of importance is known regarding this officer. 

8 The régime growing out of the revolution of Aug. 4, 1846. 

4In public, however, Santa Anna did not scruple to shield himself from ee 
aud blame by saying that he was merely the commander of an army. In consequence of 
this letter Echagaray was promptly sent by the government to San Luis Potosi. 

5 Reyes, born at Querétaro, Mexico, began his military service in 1813 under the Span- 
ish flag at the age of thirteen. At the time this letter was written he was Comandante 
General of Zacatecas. 

6 Gen. S. W. Kearny occupied Santa Fe, New Mexico, on Aug. 18, 1846. As an unneces- 
sary number of American troops had been ordered to that point, it was decided to send a 
part of them under Col. Alexander W. Doniphan to the city of Chihuahua, where Gen. 
John E. Wool was expected to go. Wool did not reach that point, but Doniphan did. 

’ Angel Trias, Governor of Chihuahua, was very anxious to make a good defence against in- 
vasion, and desired the assistance of Reyes; but Santa Anna wished to disregard terri- 
tory that was not of vital importance, and concentrate the military strength of the nation ~ 
tn his grand army at San Luis Potosi. 

7 Vueseforia [Vuestra Seioria], a title of less dignity than VY. H. 


HISTORICAL MANUSCRIPTS COMMISSION. STL 


en esa plaza, el material pesado que no sea posible hacer caminar por 
tierra, y los archivos de las oficinas publicas, se pongan 4 salvo en 
Panuco ti otro punto mas arriba del rio,? si es posible, y lo mismo las 
tres lanchas cafioneras, nombrando un Jefe v algunos oficiales con 
alguna tropa costefia para que escolten en Panuco todo ese material 
que alli debe situarse; con advertencia al Jefe encargado, que en caso 
de que el enemigo intentare Llegar hasta aquel punto para hacerse 
de la artilleria y lanchas, cuando ya no quede otro recurso, se inutilise 
todo, para que el enemigo no logre tomarlo. Luego que su S.* haya 
puesto en salvo los citadas piezas y lanchas, rio arriba, V. S. con 
toda la tropa que tiene 4 su mando y con las pieznas de batalla que 
sea posible conducir y las municiones que tambien pueda llevar consigo, 
emprendera su retirada hasta la Villa de San Antonio de Tula‘ 
por Ciudad Victoria,° Tansuabe*® y Palmillas, que es camino por 
donde puede pasar V. S. la artilleria que conduzca hasta Tula, en cuya 
poblacion hara alto y esperara mis ordenes.... . 

En el caso que Iegue el Gral Dn. Francisco Garay 4 la Plaza para 
encargarse del mando de las tropas, suspendera V. S. la entrega y le 
prevendra de mi orden marche 4 Tuxpam 4 esperar ordenes del 
Gobierno. . 

Dios y Libertad. . 

CuArTEL GRAL DE SAn Luts Potosi, Obre 12 de 1846. 


October 14, 1846. 


Ejército Libertador Republicano. General en Jefe. Secretaria de 
Campaiia. 

E.S. ... He notado por las comunicaciones de aquel Comandante 
General’ y 4 V. E. que aun no se ha remitido la polvora que tanto se 
necesitaba en aquellas Fortalezas,® que mas de un mes hace pedi 4 ese 
Gobierno con repeticién se remitiera, inculcando que de un momento 4 
otro deberian ser atacadas por el enemigo, y me he admirado que hasta 
ahora no se dicten providencias sobre el particular, siendo probable 
que cuando la polvora legue, las Fortalezas se hallan rendido por 
falta de ella, por ser el material principal para la defensa de las 
Plazas. Tambien he notado que no se ha mandado ni un solo peso 
para blindajes, guarda bombas etc. como yo tambien lo he pedido 

1 Tampico. 

2The P4nuco River, which flows past Tampico and empties into the Gulf of Mexico. 
On it lay the village named PAnuco. 

% Senorfa. 

4A town southwest of the Sierra Madre. 

Capital of the State of Tamaulipas. 

® An unimportant point on the route indicated by Santa Anna. 

7The Comandante General of Vera Cruz. 

8 Vera Cruz and the fortress of San Juan de Ulta. The latter stood in the harbor of 


Vera Cruz. The city itself was, strictly speaking, not a fortaleza but a plaza; but they 
are here bracketed loosely together for convenience. 


“ 


372 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


expresamente, de manera, que esto va 4 hacer suma falta, asi como 
porcion de obras de maestranza y fortificacion que se han paralizado 
por el mismo motivo. Esta conducta no se como podra cubrirla el 


Gobierno en un caso desgraciado, cuando se le ha estado diciendo por 


mi mismo, que todo era urgente é indispensable; y no solo ha faltado 
el dinero para tan importante objeto, sino para la mantencidén de los 
soldados que de hambre se atumultaron dias pasados en la Fortaleza 
de Ulua. 4 Y en que momento? Cuando el enemigo se halla al frente 
meditando el ataque de la Fortaleza. A la verdad—que se hace 
increible un abandono semijante. Y en mi concepto la responsa- 
bilidad del Gobierno es inmenza,} si las Fortelezas se pierden por falta 
de los materiales indicados. 
San Luts Potosi, Octubre 14 de 1846. 


October 14, 1846. 


Hjército Libertador Republicano. General en Jefe. Sria. de 
Campaifia. 

EK. S. No obstante las disposiciones del supremo Gobierno para 
que los Gobernadores de los Estados entreguen el contingente de 
hombres que se les ha sefialado para reemplazo del Ejército, solo los 
Estados de San Luis Potosi y Queretaro han entregado una parte, 
y no tengo noticia que los demas de la federacién? hayan puesto en 
camino para este Cuartel General el Cuerpo que les corresponde. Y 
como cada dia es mas urgente le nesecidad * de completar los Cuerpos 
del Ejército para hacer frente al enemigo, he de merecer 4 V. E. se sirva 
acordar con el E. S. Gral encargado del S. P. Ejecutivo, que se 
ordene 4 los E. S. Gobernadores cumplan con aquel deber con la 
presteza que demanda la segur#dad del territorio nacional. 

Dios y Libertad. 

San Luis Porost, Octubre 14 de 1846. 


October 14, 1846. 


General Juan Morales is not a safe commander for Vera Cruz. He was dis- 
pleased with the restoration of the federal system and has talked seditiously.* 
The removal of Landero* “is another attack against my person.” 

San Luts Porosf. 


-1Immensa. 

2T. e., the nation, which had returned to the federal system in consequence of the revo- 
lution of Aug. 4, 1846. 

8 Necesidad. 

*Probably Santa Anna had other reasons also for objecting to Morales. 

5Gen. José Juan Landero was personally popular at Vera Cruz, but the people felt 
little confidence in his military and executive talents; and although the government, in 
deference to Santa Anna’s wishes, removed Morales from the position of Comandante 
General, they insisted upon a reversal of this order shortly before Gen. Scott attacked 
the city in Mar., 1847. Landero was commonly regarded there as a mere “ tool’ of 
Santa Anna. 


HISTORICAL MANUSCRIPTS COMMISSION. 373 
October 17, 1846. 


Ejército Libertador Republicano. Gral en Jefe. Sria. de Cam- 
pana. 

E. S. Con fecha 14 del corriente dije al Comisario de este Ejército 
lo que copio. 

“He dispuesto que luego que ingresen 4 este Cuartel Gral las tropas 
del Cuerpo de Ejército del Norte que ha estado al mando del Sr. 
Gral D. Pedro de Ampudia, pase V. S. 4 hacer una vista escrupulosa 
a la Tesoreria de aquellas tropas, para averiguar el estado de su caja, 
y muy principalmente la inversion que se halla dado 4 los immensos 
caudales que se le han remitido por el Supremo Gobierno, pues he 
notado que sin embargo de habersele mandado el dinero suficiente 
para cubrir el presupuesto del mes pasado, haber contraido un 
prestamo de setenta mil pesos que facilité D. José Ignacio Flores? y 
otros que hicieron varios particulares, haber ingresado tltimamente 
veinte mil pesos de la comizaria? de Zacatecas, y contar con las 
raciones que daba al Ejército D. Jacobo Sanchez Navarro,’ el Gra] 
Ampudia se ha quejado repetidamente de escaceses* de numerario 
para cubrir las atenciones de las tropas de su mando. . . . 

CuarTex Grau EN SAn Luis Porosi, Octubre 17 de 1846. 


October 19, 1846. 


Ejército Libertador Republicano. Gral en Jefe. Sria de Cam- 
pana. 

EK. S. Para que los Comandantes Generales puedan cumplir con 
sus deberes y con las restricciones 4 que los sugeta la nota circular que 
V. E. me translada en su comunicacién fecha 13 del corriente, es 
indispensable que se les provea de recursos para todos los gastos 
militares que ocurran en sus respectivos Estados, pues no contando 
como antes con las alcabalas,° ni con los productos sobrantes del 
Tabaco © van 4 encontrars econ mil compromisos. ... . 

CuarTe, GRA pe San Luts Porost, Octubre 19 de 1846. 


21An unknown person. 

3 Comisaria. 

2 An unknown person. 

4 Escaseces. 

SThe alcabalas were taxes collected at city gates on articles that were to enter for 
sale. On the recent return to the federal system, the revenue derived from.them was as- 
signed to the States, and therefore the Comandantes General, who were suppurted by the 
central government, no longer derived any benefit from them. 

®The tobacco business was a government monopoly, but certain surplus products had 
now been assigned to the States, 


374 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


October 20, 1846. 


Ejéercito Libertador Republicano. Gral en Jefe. Sria de Cam- 


pana. 

E. S. La nota de V. E. fecha 12 del corriente me impone de las 
providencias que se han dictado para la pronta elaboracién de pélvora 
con el fin de avastecer+ de la que se necesita en la Plaza de Veracruz 
y en este Ejército. : 

FE] Supremo Gobierno ha debido hacer los mayores esfuerzos, como 
tengo manifestado 4 V. E. para proveer de polvora 4 las Plazas de 
Veracruz y Ulua, pues tal vez de ese combustible depende la defenza ? 
de aquellas Plazas.? .... 

Cuarren Grin pe San Luis Porost, Obre 20 de 1846. 


October 20, 1846. 


Ejército Libertador Republicano. General en Jefe. Secretaria 
de Campafia. 

K. S. Con esta fecha digo al Sr. Comandante Gral de Va. Cruz* 
lo que sigue: 

“Siendo ya fuera de duda que las fuerzas navales de los E. U., 
intentan atacaresa Plaza y la Fortaleza de Ulua, he creido conveni- 
ente dictar 4 V. S. las prevenciones oportunas, para que la defenza de 
ambas plazas, dé buenos resultados, y honre las armas Nacionales. 
En el Castillo de Ulua, se estableceran los blindajes y guarda bombas 
necesarios y se hara el revestimiento de los pisos para neutralizar el 
efecto de los fuegos de elevacién. Prevendra V. 8. al Comandante 
de aquel punto, que cuando se rompan los fuegos, toda la tropa se 
cubra bajo las bévedas del castillo, quedando tinicamente en las bate- 
rias, los artilleros destinados al servicio de las piezas que se pongan 
en juego; y solo saldran los precisos para relevar 4 los muertos y 
heridos. La tropa de infanteria saldra de su acuartelamiento en 
caso de un asalto para hacer la defenza que en ese caso le compete. 
Al Comandante de artilleria se le prevendra la mayor economia en 
las municiones, de manera que pueda sostener por dilatado tiempo el 
fuego de Cafion, el que se procurara sea acertado para hacer el mayor 
dafio posible al enemigo.. Esta conducta se observara aunque aquel 
se empefhe en menudear sus fuegos, pues la afectada indiferencia 
por nuestra parte, y el aprovechamiento de nuestros tiros, le impon- 


1 Abastecer. The letters 6 and v in Spanish are pronounced almost alike, and one is 
often used for the other. Cf. C6érdoba and Cérdova. 

2 Pronounced in Mexico and properly spelled ‘ defensa ”’. 

8 Here, it will be noted, Vera Cruz and Ulfia are both called plazas as above both were 
called fortalezas. 

4Vera Cruz. Usually the Mexicans wrote ‘‘ Veracruz.” 


HISTORICAL MANUSCRIPTS COMMISSION. 875 


dra mas que un fuego repetido, que no de otro resultado que el gasto 
intitil de nuestras municiones. En dicha Fortaleza se establecer4, 
un hospital de sangre,' y por ultimo, se almacenaran immediatamente 
proviciones? de boca para dos meses. Observadas estas prevenciones 
es casi evidente que el Castillo de Ulua no puede ser tomado por las 
fuerzas de los E.* Unidos, que lo ataquen. V.S. prevendra al Coman- 
dante de aquel punto, que la Fortaleza que se ha puesto 4 su cargo, 
se ha de defender 4 toda costa y no ha de rendirse bajo ninguno pre- 
testo. En cuanto 4 la plaza de Va. Cruz. V. S. debe estar persuadido 
que con cuatro mil hombres se defiende ventajosamente; y esa fuerza 
_ bien puede reunirse en ella, ya de tropa del Ejército como de milicias 
nacionales que de Puebla y ese Estado se han movido, segun las comu- 
nicaciones que tengo 4 la vista. Em consecuencia V. S. procurara 
que todos los baluartes se cubran con la artilleria y fuerza competente, 
asi como los edificios interiores principales, particularmente los 
cuarteles que deben servir al Comandante Gral de la plaza de base 
de operaciones. Esta por demas advertir 4 V. S. todas las medidas 
que puede tomar para la defenza de una ciudad como esa 4 mas de 
sus baluartes y murallas que la circundan, tiene en su centro, edificios 
fuertes para formar una segunda y tercera linea de fortificacién 
impenetrables al enemigo, si se defienden con valor y destreza. Ad- 
virtiré 4 V. S. que debe hacerse desaparecer la idea de capitulacién, 
y que prefiero saber que han desaparecidos las Fortalezas de Va. 
Cruz y Ulua y que sus defensores han quedado sepultados bajo sus 
escombros, que la noticia de haber sido humillado el pabellon nacional 
con un tratado 6 capitulacién indignos del nombre Mexicano. 

Como General en Jefe del Ejército de la Reptiblica prevengo 4 V. 
S. se arregle 4 estas prevenciones; y no dude que la divisa de esos 
valientes sera siempre vencer 6 morir en defenza de los sagrados 
derechos de la Patria.” 

Traslidolo 4 V. E. para conocimiento del E. 8S. Gral encargado del 
Supremo Poder Ejecutivo, y para que por su parte se cuide del mas 
exacto cumplimiento de las prevenciones que hago al citado Coman- 
dante Gral, por tender todas ellas al mejor servicio de la Nacidn. 

Tengo el honor de renovar 4 V. E., las protestas de mis conside- 
raciones y particular aprecio. 

Dios y Libertad. 
~ CuarteL GENERAL DE San Luts Potosi, Octobre 20 de 1846. 


1 Military hospital, 
2 Provisiones, 

8 Wstados. 

4 Pretexto, 


376 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


October 22, 1846. 


The corps of Sappers [Zapadores] has been almost destroyed.’ 
San Luis Porosi. 


October 23, 1846. 


On the 14th Ampudia wrote _to me as follows: On the 3d the Americans bom- 
barded the Hacienda del Molino,’ having heard you were marching in that di- 
rection. General Taylor has sent to Camargo the Volunteers whose time is 
out.* 

San Luis Potosi. 


October 25, 1846. 


Reservada. Taylor has received orders to advance on San Luis Potosi. He 
will have 24,000 men and will advance November 21. Send me troops. 
San Luis Potosi. 


October 25, 1846. 


Reservada. Ampudia’s troops’ have arrived here “in a state so afflicting 
that it has touched the most unfeeling heart. Nakedness, hunger, and mis- 
ery are the colors of the picture.” I have exhausted my funds in aiding them. 
Yesterday the Fourth brigade advanced about thirty miles toward Saltillo to 
observe the enemy. 

San Luis Potosi. 


October 26, 1846. 


Ejército Libertador Republicano. Gral en Jefe. Sria. de Cam- 
pana. 

K.S. El E.S. Gobernador del Estado de Coahuila con fecha 19 del 
presente me dice lo que cépio: 

“HK. 8. El Sr. Jefe Politico del Departamento de Monclova con 
fecha 14 del actual por conducto de la Sria. de Gobierno me dice lo 
-siguiente. KE] Fiel’ de Tabacos de Rio Grande, en carta de 8 del 
corriente me dice entre otras cosas lo que sigue. “ Antes de ayer se 
retiré con su fuerza para el interior el Sr. Castafleda*® dejandonos en 


1This corps had taken part in the battles of May 8 and 9 and in the defense of Mon- 
terey. “ 

2 We have no details regarding this trifling affair. 

3 Ampudia probably referred to the discharge of a body of Texan horse. 

«All the information contained in this letter was incorrect. 

5 The troops that had endeavored to defend Monterey against Gen. Taylor. 

6 The troops left Monterey on Sept. 26-28 in a fairly good state, and fell back to the 
well-stocked city of Saltillo. Mexican soldiers were usually in want; but one suspects 
that Santa Anna here darkened the picture intentionally in order to obtain funds. 

7 Inspector. 

® Nothing is known of thig officer. 


Tl ae 
ee 


HISTORICAL MANUSCRIPTS COMMISSION. on 


manos del enemigo,! que indefectiblemente debe llegar hoy al rio pues 
los espias los dejaron aller en el paraje de la Cueva distante como 
tres leguas del paso y diciendo 4 mas que su campo ocupaba cerca de 
una legua, con todo el tren de carros, persuadiendose en que deben 
ser de cuatro 4 cinco mil hombres. En tan criticas circunstancias no 
encontramos mas arbitrio que avanzar una comision con el objeto de 
saber que garantias nos guardan, para en caso contrario ver el camino 
que tomamos 6 4 que nos resolvemos: puede suceder que no concluya 
esta sin saber el resultado, que comunicaré en parrafo separado si 
lo hubiere. El Administrador de Correos me dice que en el supuesto 
que los militares corrian la valija no puede haber quien la lleve 
mafiana; y nos resolvimos 4 mandar nuestras comunicaciones con 
propio hasta San Fernando.? A las doce de este dia que ya tenia 
cerrada la comunicacién adjunta llego uno de los de la comision que 
se hallaban en el rio y dice que lla? habia en su Margen cosa de tres 
mil Americanos, diciendole que se volviese 4 decir 4 las autoridades 
del pueblo que todas pasasen para arreglar aquel asunto, y que asegu- 
race* 4 las familias que en manera alguna serian atropelladas, que 
no se moviesen.... .” 
Dios y Libertad. 
CuarTEe, Grau DE San Luis Potosi, Octubre 26 de 1846. 


October 28, 1846. 


Ejército Libertador Republicano. Gral en Jefe. Sria. de Cam- 
pana. 

EK. S. La Brigada de Infanteria de Jalisco ha llegado 4 este 
Cuartel Gral el dia 25 del corriente con la fuerza de mil trescientos 
cuarenta y cinco hombres, pero la mayor parte estan desnudos y 
trescientos diez y siete desarmados. Han llegado tambien con la 
misma, seis piezas de los calibres de 4 8, 6, 4 y 2 y las tres de 4 24 
vienen en camino..... 

Dios y Libertad. 

CuarTEL GRAL EN San Luts Poros, Octubre 28 de 1846. 


October 30, 1846. ; 


Santa Anna speaks of the occupation of California by the United States® as 
ese acontecimiento fatal que siento sobremanera. 
San Luts Porosf. 


1A part of Gen. John E. Wood’s command, which had concentrated at San Antonio, 
Tex,, and began to march thence on Sept. 25 en route, according to the orders of our goy- 
ernment, for the city of Chihuahua. 

2Qne cannot be sure which place of that name is referred to. 

8'This should be written, as it was pronounced, “ ya.” 

4 Asegurase. 

5 Monterey, Calif., was occupied on July 7 by forces under the orders of Commodore 
John D. Sloat, commanding the United States Pacific squadron, and all the chief points 
of the province were soon under American control. 


378 | AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. * 


October 30, 1846. 


The Governor of Guanajuato is now cooperating with me vigorously. 
San Luts Porost. 


October 30, 1846. 


I understand the main road [Camino Principal] from Vera Cruz is to be 
fortified as far as the heights [ewmbres] of Acultzingo.’ 
San Luis Porosf. 


October 30, 1846. 


The resignation of the Comandante General? of Jalisco should not be 
accepted. 
San Luis Porosf. . 


October 31, 1846. 


Ejército Libertador Republicano. Gral en Jefe. Sria. dé Cam- 
pana. 
Exmo. Sr. Como que cada dia se aumenta la fuerza de este Ejér- 
cito de mi mando, que hoy tiene ya reunidos catorce mil hombres en 


veintisiete Batallones diez y seis Cuerpos de Caballeria a los que deben 


incorporarse muy pronto los que conduce del Estado de Guanajuato 
el E. S. Gral Dn. Gabriel Valencia, lo cual produce un gasto enorme; 
ocasionando tambien un egreso de mucha consideracién 30 tiros de 
mulas del Tren de Artilleria con sus cocheros, capataces y mayor- 


Cuartet Grit pg San Luis Potosi, Octubre 31 de 1846. 


November 2, 1846. 


I have ordered three cannon “de 4 24”* from Jalisco, and they will be here 
soon; but there are absolutely no balls for them. Send 2,000 “as soon as pos- 
sible’ from the capital, Perote or Vera Cruz. : 


San Luis Porosi. A 
November 4, 1846. 
Ejército Libertador Republicano. Gral en Jefe. Sria. de Cam- 
pana. 


E.S. El 27 del proximo pasado evacué la Ciudad de Santa Anna 
de Tamaulipas‘ la guarnicion que alli existia, compuesta de mil 


1A point at the edge of the plateau where the road from Vera Cruz via Arizaba to the 
interior debouched from the mountains. : 

2jJ. M. Yafiez. 

8 Practically equivalent to 24-pounders. 

4Tampico, sometimes referred to under this name in compliment to Santa Anna, who 
wrested the city from the Spanish forces under Barradas in 1829. The city was taken by 
American forces under Commodore David Conner on Nov. 14, 1846, 


, 


x 


Y 
. 
; 
F 
. 
: 
5 
; 
} 
be 
3 
a 
} 
4 . 
P 


HISTORICAL MANUSCRIPTS COMMISSION. 379 


ciento setenta y nueve hombres de tropa, inclusos como doscientos 
enfermos, con dos piezas de artilleria, una de 4 ocho y otra de 4 seis; 
habiendose mandado subir por el rio? hasta el estero del Choy, las 
dos lanchas, y la artilleria restante, que he dispuesto se conduzca 
por Villa de Valles de la manera posible hasta Tula... .. 

La Ciudad de Santa Anna de Tamaulipas 4 donde recidia? dicha 
guarnicion ni ha sido ni es una plaza fuerte,’ carece de fortificationes 
suficientes para poderse hacer una defensa con buen exito, cuando 
el enemigo podia, como iva‘ 4 hacerlo, atacar 4 su salvo por mar y 
tierra, sin que despues quedase otro arbitrio 4 la pequena Guarnicién 
que la cubria que rendirce® 4 discreciOn.... . 

Ademas.esta fuerza se necesita toda para resistir el grueso del 
Ejército enemigo, que se prepara para llegar hasta aqui de un modo 
imponente. Auxiliar 4 Tampico por mar era tambien imposible 
porque es sabido, que todos los puertos estan bloqueados y ni .Vera- 
eruz que era de donde podia recibjr algun auxilio, esta en disposi- 
cion de poder prestarlo. 

Situada en la Ciudad de San Antorio de Tula la fuerza que se 
puede decir se ha salvado de caer, en manos del enemigo, podra alli 
reponerse en salud y en vestuario, del que procuraré enviarle cuanto 
me sea posible desde aqui. como tambien haberes mensuales para 
sacar esa tropa de la miseria que la agobiaba, en virtud de que 
serrado® el puerto de Tampico ya no habia en la aduana arbitrio 
alguno para socorrerla. Ultimamente, para mis convinaciones? mili- 
tares es conveniente la conservacion de una fuerza respetable en Tula, 
como la voy 4 situar para que pueda obrar a su tiempo sobre Nuevo 
Leon 6 Tamaulipas cuyos Estados deberan observar entre tanto, 
desde aquella posicién bentajosa.® 

Sirvace® V. E. ponerlo todo en conocimiento del E. S. Gral en- 
cargado del Supremo Poder Ejecutivo y admitir las protestas de mi 
ocnsideracién y aprecio.?° 

Dios y Libertad. 

CuarTEeL Grau DE San Louis Potosi, Novembre 4, 1846. 

1The Panuco. 

? Residia. ; 

3 This was not true, but Santa Anna so states because he was blamed for ordering the 
place evacuated. 

4Iba. We have no evidence that Conner intended to do this. He had not an adequate 
landing force. 

5 Rendirse. 

® Cerrado. 

7 Combinaciones. 

§ Ventajosa. 

® Sirvase. 

Santa Anna was bitterly blamed and even called a traitor for ordering the evacua- 


tion of Tampico; but from the military point of view he was right, even though he exag- 
gerated the difficulty of holding the place. x 


380 © AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 
November 4, 1846. 


Ejército Libertador Republicano. Gral en Jefe. Sria. de Cam- 
‘pana. 

EK. 8. El E. S. Gobernador del Estado de Coahuila con fecha 26 
del pasado me dice lo que cépio. 

“KK. S. El St Jefe Politico del Departamento de Monclova? en 
nota de 21 del actual, por conducto de la Sria. de Gobierno, me 
comunica lo que sigue. El Jefe Politico del partido de Rio Grande 
con fecha 10 del corriente me dice lo que sigue. Despues de haber 
participado 4 V. S. en nota fecha 2 del corriente que las fuerzas* de 
los Estados Unidos estaban en la Leona, fueron otros espias 4 
observar sus movimientos y regresaron estos el 5 con la noticia de 
hallarse 4 tres jornadas del Rio Bravo,®> de cuyas resultas se retir6 
el 6 por la Villa de Gigido® el S. Comandante de la Linea con la 
pequefia fuerza que tenia 4 sus ordenes; el 7 que consideré estarian 
aquellas mas immediatas al Rio, acordé con el Ayuntamiento y otros 
hombres notables recabar en carta particular, del Gral que los co- 
manda algunas garantias en favor de las poblaciones de mi cargo, de lo 
contrario nos concederia el tiempo necesario para abandonar nuestros 
hogares, cuya carta la condujo un propio y regreso éste la manana 
del 8 con la noticia de haber llegado las fuerzas indicadas al vado del 
Pacuache‘ y ademas me trajo el mensaje berval § de parte de su Jefe que 
fuera mi individuo acompanado del Alcalde ® 4 tener con el una entre- 
vista, en efecto fuimos 4 su campo y nos recibio con mucha cordialidad, 
diciendonos que sus tropas no venian 4 hacer la guerra a los pueblos 
de México, sino 4 obligar al Gobierno 4 rendirle Justicia 4 los Estados 
Unidos, aconsejandonos estar quietos sin tomar las armas contra sus 
tropas en cuyo caso seriamos protejidos nuestras personas y propie- 
dades, y por ultimo esperaba que estos habitantes franquearan 4 sus 
tropas los viveres que estuvieren en sus posibilidades cuyas valores 
serian pagados 4 precios liberales; aqui se termino nuestra entrevista 
y nos retiramos 4 esta Villa: el 9 recibi de aquel Jefe la contestacién 
que en cépia incluyo 4 V.S.: en ella estan expresadas las mismas con- 
diciones y seguridades que acabo de referir. Hoy tambien entro 4 
esta Villa una fuerza de Caballeria y esta situada en los suburvios ” 
de la misma, el resto de las fuerzas quedan aun en el rio con todos sus 

1 Senor. 

2 An important city in the State of Nuevo Leén. 

® Under Gen. Wool. 

*Between San Antoine, Tex., and the Rio Grande. 

> Another name for the Rio Grande. In full it was Rio Brayo dél Norte. 
6A small place not far from the Rio Grande. 

7Near the present town of Eagle Pass, Tex. 


8 Verbal. 


® An official combining the powers of mayor, magistrate and paterfamilias, 
20 Suburbios. 


‘ 


HISTORICAL MANUSCRIPTS COMMISSION. 3881 


trenes de viveres, de boca y guerra, su ntimero sera como de dos mil 
hombres de tropa de linea, y se dice que atras vienen iguales 
fuerzas..... 

Dios y Libertad. 

Cuartext Grau ve San Luts Poros, Vbré' 4 de 1846. 


November 5, 1846. 


Ejército Libertador Republicano. Gral en Jefe. Secretaria de 
Campaiia. 

E. Sr. Por la comunicacién de V. E. fecha 28 del mes anterior, me 
he impuesto de que ya se ha mandado venir 4 este Cuartel Gral la 
bateria de piezas de Artilleria de grueso calibre, con sus municiones 
correspondientes, que yo habia pedido hace algun tiempo; y que se 
me envian ademas doscientos cajones de cartuchos de fucil,? una 
dotacién completa de municiones para seis piezas de 4 doce, y ocho de 
4 ocho,’ veinticinco quintales de polvora de fucil y cafion, y todo el 
armamento qaie se halle en esa Capital en Estado de servicio..... 

CuartEL GRAL DE SAN Luis Potosi 4 5 de Noviembre de 1846. 


November 7, 1846. 


Unless the Department of Hacienda * “ with efforts that may be called incon- 
ceivable, considering the situation of the National treasury,® provides the neces- 
sary funds” (especially for Vera Cruz) all our struggles will be in vain. Let 
the acting President ° “increase his efforts and omit no step that can help te 
prevent the name of Mexico from soon being the object of ridicule and contempt 
for the whole world.” * 

San Luis Porosf. 


November 9, 1846. 


Ejército Libertador Republicano. Gral en Jefe. 

E.S.....que no hay [dinero] ni para cubrir la 2* quincena del pre- 
sente mes que ascendera 4 150,000 pesos, y tanto mas es urgente este 
dinero, cuanto que tengo escalonadas hasta Matehuala camino del 
Saltillo 55 leguas*® de aqui, varias Brigadas de Caballeria, 4 las que 


1 Noviembre. 

2 Fusil. 

3 Substantially equivalent to 12-pounders and 9-pounders. 

4 Treasury. 

5 The government had neither funds nor credit. It could only ‘borrow with the utmost 
difficulty and on ruinous terms. 

® Still Gen. Salas. 

7Since the writer understood the financial situation perfectly, these words must be 
taken to signify that he demanded recourse to the property of the Roman Catholic 
ehurch, the only available wealth of the country, 

8 About 143 miles. 


382 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. = ~— By 


debe socorrerse con anticipacién, lo mismo que 4 la Divisién de ob- — 
servacién que he situado en San Antonio de Tula camino de Tampico — 
50 leguas! de este Cuartel Gral. ; 
Es por tanto necesario, absolutamente indispensable que por extra- 
ordinario 6 por mulas 4 la ligera se me mande la suma citada de 
150,090 pesos, para cubrir el presupuesto del presente mes. ... . 
que lo menos se nececiten mensualmente para solo el haber de los 
cuerpes que componen este Ejército 300,000 pesos y poco mas de 50,000 
pesos para proveer 4 los talleres que trabajan en vestuarios elavora- 
cién de municiones, maestranza, construccién de monturas, recomposi- 
cién de armas, compra de Caballos, hospital y fortificaciones; y este 
calculo es del minimun 4 que puede reducirse el presupuesto men- 


Sawn Luts Porost, Voviembre 9 de 1846. 


November 11, 1846. 


“With enough regret’ I have read yours of the 6th with news from General ~ 
M. Martinez? of the revolt of Presidial Companies * at Aldama, Chihuahua—the ~ 
Companies of Chihuahua-and San Buena Ventura. 

Sawn Luts Potosi. 


November 11, 1846. 


I can send no troops to Chihuahua. I have no men and no money to spare.’ 
San Luts Porosi, 


November 11, 1846. 


General Isidro Reyes is on the frontier between Zacatecas and Durango. 
San Luis Porosi, 


November 12, 1846. 


Ejército Libertador Republicano. Grail en Jefe. Sria. de Cam- 
pana. : 
Exmo. Sr. Me he enterado con satisfaccion de la nota de V.E.de6_ 
del actual en la que me transcribe la que le pasé el E. S. Ministro de 
Justicia con igual fecha, y circulé 4 los Exmos. Sres. Gobernadores 


1 About 125 miles. ; 
2Presumably Santa ,Anna refers to Mariano Martinez de Lejarza, regarding whom 
nothing of importance is known. “ 
8In the colonial period of Mexico Spain guarded the northern frontier against the In- 
dians by establishing a chain of forts (‘‘ presidios’’), held by what were called Presidial — 
Companies. Under Mexican rule the system was virtually given up, and the Companies — 
had at this time become few, small, and almost worthless, 
See note 2 on the second letter of Oct. 12, supra, — 


HISTORICAL MANUSCRIPTS COMMISSION. 383 


de los Estados exitandolos para que los reos que deban ser sentenciados 

4 la pena de presidio sean destinados al trabajo de las fortificaciones 

‘de la frontera para la defenza de nuestra Reptiblica.... . 
CuarteL Gra dE San Luts Potosi, Noviembre 12 de 1846. 


November 12, 1846. 


Ejército Libertador Republicano. Gral en Jefe. Sria. de Cam- 
pana. — 

E. 5S. Con fecha 10 del corriente dije al E. S. Gobernador de este 
Estado’ lo siguiente. “E.S. A los Sres Gral Jefes de las Brigadas 
de Caballeria, que se hallan fuera de este Cuartel Gral les he dirigido 
la comunicacion siguiente. Entretanto esten ocupados los Estados 
de la frontera por las fuerzas invasoras de los E. U. del Norte, no 
permitira V. S. que por ningun motivo ni pretesto que individuo al-. 
guno pase al Saltillo 6 Monterrey sin pasaporte firmado por mi, 
cuidando V. S. de esta manera y de cuantas mas le dicte su celo, que 
el enemigo no sepa nada de nuestras operaciones.” ? 

Dios y Libertad. 

Cuartet Grau pe San Luts Porost, Vbre 12 de 1846. 


November 16, 1846. 


Eyjército Libertador Republicano. Gral en Jefe. Sria. de Cam- 
pana. Urgente. 
ee. . ss Yo estoy sorprendido de que el Supremo Gobierno se 
desentienda del primer asunto que debia ocupar su atencion, y es el de 
proveer de recursos 4 estas tropas para su subsistencia, y para los 
preparativos que la Guerra exige, siendo constante que casi todo es 
necesario crearlo de nuevo. Es de notarse igualmente, que ni los 
materiales, ni los objetos mas presisos* que he pedido 4 esa Capital 
se me hayan remitido. Asi mismo debe advertirse, que la contribu- 
cidn establecida por decreto de 2 de Octubre sobre arrendamientos 
de fincas 6 inquilinatos, dedicada exclusivamente para los gastos de 
la guerra, y que debio producir en el momento gruesas sumas en 
esa Capital y en los Estados, no se haya enviado aqui-como era con- 
siguiente, y solo algunas sumas pequefias que ya se han gastado no 
solo en el haber de las tropas, si no en los gastos extraordinarios y 
urgentes que se estan haciendo en mil objetos diferentes, segiin 
comuniqué 4 V. E. en mi nota citada de 10 del corriente. 


1San Luis Potostf. 

2JIn this way Santa Anna kept Taylor in the dark, and almost surprised him on Feb. 22, 
1847, the first day of the battle of Buena Vista, 

% Precisos, ‘ 


384 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


En tal virtud, mi deber me impone hacer una solemne protesta de 
no ser responsable de los males que el servicio ptblico pueda resentir 
por quedar este Ejército abandonado 4 su triste suerte; y mani- 
festar 4 V. E. la necesidad en que me veré para cubrir mi respon- 
sabilidad y mi reputacién, de publicar por la prensa las comuni- 
caciones relativas, las cantidades que tinicamente se me han re- 
mitido en mes y medio, su distribucién y el deficiente que resulta en 
el presupuesto del presente mes..... 


CuartTeL Grau bE San Luts Porost, Voviembre 16 de 1846. 


November 17, 1846. 


José Antonio Heredia * accepts the command in chief of the forces of Durango 
and Chihuahua. 
San Luis Potosi. 


November 17, 1846. 


The Comandante General of Chiapas writes that the American war has 
“revived ” in combination with Central America.” : 
San Luis Potosi. ; 4 


November 18, 1846. bh : oe 


Ejército Libertador Republicano. Gral en Jefe. 

EK. S. En atencioén 4 la suma escaces* de recursos que hay en la 
Comisaria gral. de este Ejército, segun lo he manifestado 4 V. E. repe- 
tidas veces, y 4 que no se me han remitido los caudales suficientes para _ 
los crecidos gastos que tienen que hacerse, segun habra V. E. vistoen 
mis comunicaciones relativas, y 4 fin de que no falten auxilios 4 este 
benemérito Ejército entretanto los remited el Supremo Gobierno, me 
he visto precisado 4 dirigir 4 los Sres. Administradores de Tabacos 
de Aguas Calientes, Guanajuato, Zacatecas, Michoacan, Querétaro y 
Jalisco y el de esta ciudad la comunicaci6n. siguiente. 

“Dispondra V.* que toda el dinero existente en esa Admon.* de su 
cargo y de los productos de todas las oficinas foraneas Subalternas, 
quedan exclusivamente detenidos para las atenciones que debe cubrir 
la comisaria de este Ejército, remitiéndolo en el momento 4 este 


§ 
: 
7 
1 Heredia was a Mexican by birth and now about forty-seven years old. He was not f 
highly esteemed, and the part that he played in the inglorious campaign against Doniphan 
amply justified his reputation. 
2The writer probably has reference to American naval operations and to threats of 
Guatemalan hostilities, but the United States had no such relations with any part of 
Central America as he suspected. 
3EHscasez. These two forms of the word were pronounced alike in Mexico, 
4 Usted. . 
5 Administraci6n, 
| 


eee 
“ee 
E 


HISTORICAL MANUSCRIPTS COMMISSION. 385 


cuartel gral. 4 la orden del comisario, bien sea en letras 6 en metalico, 
sin excusa ni pretesto alguno observando el mismo sistema todos los 
meses. Por consecuencia de esta determinacién suspendra V. bajo 
su responsabilidad el pago de toda clase de ordenes que haga contra 
esta AdmOn.* y solo tomara lo muy preciso para cubrir el sueldo de los 
empleados en ella y el de Ja fabrica . . .” 

San Luts Porosi, Noviembre 18, 1846. 


November 19, 1846. 


Ejército Libertador Republicano. Gralen Jefe. Sria. de Campafia. 
E. S. Increible parece que cuando el enemigo avanza sobre este 

Cuartel Gral y cuando del exito de la proxima lucha, depende quiza 
Ja suerte de esta Nacion se vean con tanta indiferencia los pedidos de 
_ dinero y municiones..... 
: No se me responda que el Gobierno no tiene de donde sacar recursos, 
porque eso equivaldria 4 decir que la Nacién de hecho habra dejado de 
_ existir; ni yo con tal contestacién podria en ningtin caso quedar con- 
_ forme, porque con ella no alimento 4 estos soldados ni proporciono los 
materiales de guerra que me faltan y aun el vestuario para estos 
buenos servidores de la Naci6n que la mayor parte se hallan desnudos 
porque se ha descuidado tambien mandarles las prendas que con 
repeticion tengo pedidas. Una Nacion tan rica como lo es la Re- 
ptiblica Mexicana, no puede carecer de los recursos precisos para 
sostener nada menos que su independencia ;? ni tampoco el Gobierno 
actual no puede decir que le faltan facultades para buscarlos,? porque 
las tiene dictatoriales.* Por esto es que se inculpe agriamente al 
_ Gobierno por los que saben que estos militares, estan condenados 4 una 
muerte cierta, privados de los recursos de defenza* indispensables y 
del dinero para satisfacer las necesidades de la vida y del vestuario 
para cubrir su desnudes,’ todo lo cual poderia estar ya en este Cuartel 
 Gral, atendido el tiempo que ha transcurrido desde que me dirigi al 
Ministerio sobre el asunto. 

, Quien ha dicho que en casos tales, los Gobiernos no pueden dictar 
medidas extraordinarias? .... 

Nicrea el E.S. Gral encargado del S. P.* Ejecutivo que puede haber 
nunca disculpa para su conducta, respecto 4 tener este Ejército, sin 


Ade Die aes 


a lle i Pie te Mi a kD | ee 


_ 17his letter illustrates the arbitrary methods by which Santa Anna was accustomed 
to obtain funds. In other cases as much disregard was shown for justice as was here 
shown for law. 

_ 2#Here again Santa Anna pointed at the property of the Church. 

8 Santa Anna’s purpose was to force the government to lay hands upon Church property. 
4 At this time Mexico was under a revolutionary, military despotism, : 

_ & Pronounced in Mexico and properly spelled “‘ defensa.” 

 6Desnudez. 

7Supremo Poder. 


88582°-—19——25 


386 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. * 


dinero, sin armas ni municiones; y yo desde ahora protesto acusarlo, 
asi como 4 sus Ministros, ante la Nacién si por su culpa los invasores 
lograsen alguna ventaja..... . 

CuarTEL GRAL DE San Luis Potosi, Vbre 19 de 1846. 


November 21, 1846. 


Ejércite Libertador Republicano, General en Jefe. Secretaria 
de Campaia. 

E.S. He recibido la comunicacion de V. E. fecha 14 del corriente 
en que me acompaiia copia de traducciones de algunos periodicos de 
los E. Unidos,! relativos 4 la guerra actual. He visto en ellas con- 
firmados mis calculos respecto 4 la intencién de aquel Gobierno y 
plan de operaciones trazado al Gral Taylor, y por eso precisamente 
me apresuré 4 ordenar se evacuase la Ciudad de Tampico por las 
tropas nacionales, y 4 situar una Divisién de observacion en la vila — 
de Tula? de Tamaulipas. 

San Luts Porosi, Novembre 21 de 1846. 


November 21, 1846. 


The story that a conducta ° of silver was robbed at Tampico is false. General — 


Urrea‘* asked the conductor for a loan of 10,000 pesos. The latter refused to 

make the loan, having no orders to do so from the owners; but Urrea, “em-— 

ploying the means of persuasion”, succeeded in getting it.° 
Sawn Luts Porosf. 


November 21, 1846. 


The legislature of Coahuila made a protest against invasion and dissolved 
when the enemy approached.® On the 16th Taylor with 1,404 men and four 
cannon occupied Saltillo. 2 

San Luis Potosi. 


November 30, 1846. 


EKjército Libertador Republicano. Gral en Jefe. Urgente. 
E. S..... No ha valido que yo haya recordado, ni el grande 
peligro de la Patria, ni el sagrado deber que tiene el Supremo Gobi- 


1Estados Unidos. 

2San Antonio de Tula. 

3 By “‘conducta’’ was usually meant a convoy of pack-mules carrying bars of silver. 

«José Urrea was a man of polished manners, but with the character of a brigand. 

5 The “‘ means of persuasion ’’ were doubtless threats that, unless the money was paid 
over, something worse would happen. 

6 Generals Taylor and Worth set out from Monterey for Saltillo on Noy. 13 with abe 
1,000 men. The protest was delivered to Taylor on the 16th as he was approaching hig 
destination. Of course it had no effect. 


HISTORICAL MANUSCRIPTS COMMISSION. 387 


erno de auxiliar 4 esas tropas, que estan en visperas de verter su 
sangre por la independencia nacional, ni mi grande compromiso, ni 
la desesperada condicién en que me encuentro; el Gobierno parece 
que ha creido, que son infundadas mis quejas, y esta idea aumenta 


la amargura de mi corazon.... .! 
San Luts Potosi, Noviembre 30 de 1846. 


December 3, 1846. 1 

Ejército Libertador Republicano. Gra] en Jefe. Sria. de Cam- 
pana. 

E. S. Con esta fecha digo al E. S. Gobernador del Estado de Jalisco 
lo que sigue. 

“. S. Con esta fecha digo al Sr. Administrador de Rentas de San 
Juan de los Lagos? lo que sigue. “El Sr. Coronel D. José Lopez de 
Uraga ®* va 4 esa poblacién con el objeto de recoger el producto de los 
derechos que por todos ramos produzca la feria* que actualmente 
tiene lugar en esa misma poblacidn, cuyo producido voy 4 destinarlo 
4 los gastos de este Ejército. ... .” 

CuarreL GrAL pe San Luis Potosi, Diciembre 3 de 1846. 


December 4, 1846. 


Ejército Libertador Republicano. Gral en Jefe. 

E. S. Por momentos crecen mis conflictos, pues al paso que veo 
moverse al enemigo por diferentes direcciones, yo no puedo mover una 
sola Brigada para ningun punto, porque no hay ni un solo peso en 
la comisaria hace tres dias. Acabo de recibir parte del Gobernador 
de Nuevo Leon del Gral Canales,’ que han llegado 4 ciudad Morelos ¢ 
dos mil hombres’? procedentes de Camargo ® con su tren de artilleria, 


1The government was in fact anxious to do all that was in its power to obtain funds 
for the army. 
2 A town in the State of Jalisco where an annual fair was held. 
3 José Lépez Uraga was colonel of the Fourth Infantry (Permanent), and figured promi- 
nently at the battles of May 8 and 9, 1846, the defence of Monterey, and the battle of 
Cerro Gordo. : 
4The fair of Lagos was an important commercial event. Wagons engaged in the cara- 
yan trade starting from Independence, Missouri, went there via Santa Fe, New Mexico. 
5 Antonio Canales was a frontier ruffian commanding irregular troops, who operated 
near the Rio Grande. ; 
6 A small place, called also Montemorelos, in the State of Tamaulipas. 
_ ‘This probably has reference to the Second Tennessee Volunteers and a portion of the 
_ Second Infantry (regulars) which moved from Camargo to Montemorelos at about this 
time. 
8 The town already mentioned as lying on the San Juan River, 


ite 


388 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


y que el Gral Taylor se movia de Monterrey * con tres mil hombres y _ 
un gran tren para aquel punto, 4 fin de continuar 4 Ciudad Victoria, 
pues parece que la idea es atravesar la Sierra? y colocarse en la Villa 
de Tula de Tamaulipas,’ para establecer desde este lugar su linea de 
comunicacion hasta Tampico. 
Como en Tula tengo situada una Division de dos mil hombres a i 
ordenes del Gral Don José Urrea, y esta posicion es necesario con-— 
servarla 4 toda costa, es indispensable reforzar aquella y aun fortificar — 
el punto; pero no me es posible mover un soldado de este cuartel gral © 
porque con trabajo solo se ha podido conseguir el rancho de estos 
dos dias..... ; 
Las curefias para las piezas que estan sin ellas, las. balas de cafion 
y los demas materiales que he solicitado, hacen notable falta..... 
San Luis Porosi, Diciembre 4 del 1846. 


e 


December 4, 1846. 


Ejército Libertador Republicano. Gral en Jefe. Sria. de Cam- 
pana. - 

Exmo Sr. A los Exmos Sres Gobernadores de los Estados de 
Jalisco, Puebla, Zacatecas, Oaxaca, Guanajuato, México, Queretaro, 
Michoacan, Aguascalientes y este de San Luis digo con fecha de hoy 
lo que sigue. 

“Exmo Sr. El Gobierno de los Estados Unidos que en su delirio 
ha pensado llevar 4 efecto la conquista de la Reptiblica 6 la mayor 
parte de ella, pone todos los medios para realizar tan atrevido pensa-_ 
miento y al dete hace avanzar sus fuerzas, en varias direcciones, 
animado de la confianza que le inspiraron los pequenos triunfos qu 
adquirio por sucesos tasuales, y por el abandono con que la pasada 
Administracién * vio los sagrados intereses de la Nacion..... : 

No me queda mas arbitrio, que ocurrir al patriotismo de V. E. para. 
que penetrado del conflicto Nacional y del mio particular por la falt 


esten en el circulo de sus facultades, para que inmediatamente s 
remita 4 este Cuartel General en dinero 6 en libranzas, cuantos recur 
sos pecuniarios tenga el Estado de su digno mando, sin atender : 


contingente que tiene sefialado por la Ley.” .... 
CuarTeL Grau DE San Luis Potosi, Dbre® 4 de 1846. 


1This news was premature, but apparently Mexican spies found out that Gen. Taylor 
intended to make such a movement, as he did about the middle of Dec., 1846. 4 
2 The Sierra Madre. j 
3Taylor had no such intention. The plan was not feasible. Santa Anna probably 
knew this; and perhaps his purpose in writing as he did was to stimulate the government. 
4That of Paredes. i 
§ Diciembre. 


HISTORICAL MANUSCRIPTS COMMISSION. 389 


December 5, 1846. 


Ejército Libertador Republicano. Gral en Jefe. Sria. de Cam- 
_ paiia. 
a E. S. El Sr. Comisario Gral de-este Ejército con fecha de hoy me 
_ dice lo que sigue. 
: “KE. S. Con esta fecha digo 4 los Sres Ministros de la Tesoreria 
Gral de la Nacién lo que copio. A las des de la tarde del dia de hoy, 
no tenia la generalidad de los Cpos? que componen este Ejército el 
indispensable rancho para la mantencién del soldado, apesar de los 
multiplicados esfuerzos que han sido puestos en practica con el 
laudable objeto de evitar llegase este conflicto, verdaderamente lamen- 
table, en circunstancias todas de vida 6 de muerte para la Nacion. 
_ Degradando aun la dignidad de mi empleo, he podido conseguir 4 
estas horas, que son las cuatro de la tarde, se me franquee por un 
- comerciante de esta Ciudad, la cantidad de tres mil pesos, que como 
_Y.S. S.? deben conocer, no es bastante para cubrir ni las atenciones 
Beem dia.” .. . . 
CuarTet GRAL pe San Luts Poros, Dore 5 de 1846. 


December 7, 1846. 


Ejército Libertador Republicano. Gral en Jefe. 

E. S. Cuando esperaba auxilios de alguna consideracién para 
cubrir las inmensas erogaciones de este Ejército supuestos los ofre- 
cimientos que oficialmente me ha hecho el Supremo Gobierno y el 
Exmo. S. Ministro de Hacienda en lo particular; he recibido el dia de 
ayer solamente la miserable suma de veinte mil pesos, que no basta 4 
_satisfacer ni el haber de dos dias, segun el presupuesto general que 
_he dirigido a ese Ministerio. Desde el dia 30 del ppdo dirigi 4 V. E. 
una nota en que le hice presente que para el siguiente dia en que 
comenzaba el mes actual, no tenia la Comisaria un solo peso en sus 
‘cajas, antes bien se encontraba con un deficiente de consideracidén, 
que tenia su origen de los préstamos que algunos particulares habian 
hecho bajo mi garantia personal; de entonces acé con mil trabajos 
se ha conseguido el rancho del soldado y se encuentran paralizadas 
todas las oficinas y talleres de fundicién, devestuario, de maestranza 
y recomposicién de armas, y hasta las obras de fortificacién, porque 
no hay con qué pagar los jornales que veneen los trabajadores. .... 
_ San Lois Potosi, Diciembre 7 de 1846. 


" 1 Cuerpos. 
_2Vueseforias (Vuestras Sefiorias). 


3890 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 
December 7, 1846. 


Ejército Libertador Republicano. Gral en Jefe. Sria. de Cam. 
pana. 

EK. S. El E. S. Gobernador del Estado de Coahuila desde la Villa 
de Parras' con fecha 30 del pasado me dice lo que cdpio. 

“iH. S. El 24 del corriente han salido las fuerzas que ocupaban la 
Ciudad de Monclova? al mando del Gral Dn. Juan Wool para 
situarse en este punto del que hoy distan menos de veinte leguas. En 
Monclova se han quedado dos Compafias de Infanteria y una de 
Caballeria formando todas ellas el nimero de trescientos hombres. 
Las fuerzas que en dos dias deben ocupar esta Villa, se componen de 
dos mil setecientos incluyendo las que dirigen los carros que llegan a 
docientos ochenta de los que la mayor parte caminan vacios y el resto 
con equipajes tiendas de campafia, municiones y pocos viveres. Solo 
cuatrocientos de esta fuerza son veteranos y el resto de voluntarios de 
Texas* indisiplinados:* de Caballeria son seiscientos, y la artilleria 
la forman ocho piezas 4 de 4 8 y cuatro de 4 menos calibre. Con este 
movimiento del enemigo que tengo el honor de comunicar 4 V. E. no 
queda un pueblo del Estado libre de sus armas.” 

Dios y Libertad. 

CuartTeL Grau DE San Luts Potosi, Dbre 7 de 1846. 


December 7, 1846. 


The Governor of Coahuila wrote at Parras, November 30, that Wool on leav- 
ing Monclova took provisions by force without paying.” No such case occurred 
at Saltillo. 

San Luis Porost. 


December 8, 1846. 


Ejército Libertador Republicano. Gralen Jefe. Sria. de Campafia. 

EK. S. El Sr. Coronel Dn. José Lépez Uraga en carta particular 
fecha de ayer en San Juan de los Lagos, entre otras cosas me dice lo 
que cépio. 


1A sizable city in the State of Coahuila. 

2 Wool occupied Monclova on Oct. 29 and left it on Nov. 24, 1846. ; 

2 Wool’s force consisted of a battery of eight pieces, a squadron of the First Dragoons, 
a squadron of the Second Dragoons, a regiment of Arkansas horse, three companies of the ~ 
Sixth Infantry (regulars), one company of Kentucky foot, and the First and Second IIli- 
nois regiments: in all about 3,400 at the beginning of his march. 

4 Indisciplinados. 

5 The correctness of this statement is very doubtful, for Wool was extremely anxious - 
to give the people no cause of complaint. But he left troops at Monclova and some ac- 
counts may have remained open. It is also possible, though not probable, that he pun- ; 
ished some Mexican, who refused to sell his wheat, by taking the grain. 


aia. <a ol 


ts Lieviw, 


rated, baie ia 
¢ 7] 


——— eee ee 
+ 


HISTORICAL MANUSCRIPTS COMMISSION. 391 


“E) Sr. Gral Armijo! se presenté6 en San Juan, custodiando casi, 4 
porcion de Americanos con veintisiete carros cargados de efectos del 
Norte con guias de Chihuahua. Esto el comercio lo ha visto con dis- 
gusto. ....  Parece que entre estos Yankes y el Sr. Armijo hay 
asosiasiones” 6 intereses. ... .° 

CuarTeL GRA pe San Luis Poros, Dbre 8 de 1846. 


December 8, 1846. 


The Comandante General of Chiapas * wrote on November 8 that the American 


troops which occupied Santa Fe in August are still there, about 650 miles from 
Chihuahua City: 2,000 men, 22 cannon. 
San Luts Porosi. 


December 9, 1846. 


~Ejército Libertador Republicano. Gral en Jefe. 

EK. S.... El Sr. Corl retirado Dn. Francisco Lojero® con ee 
23 de Octubre tiltimo me dice lo que sigue... .. 

“En los 41 dias que han trascurrido ha sido de absoluta necesidad 
proveer 4 los enfermos de frasadas* y hacer otros gastos cuyos cargos 
remito con esta fecha 4 la citada comisaria, y con ellos asciende la 
deuda 4 ocho cientos pesos; mientras que los facultativos, contra- 
tores, practicantes y demas serviciales de estos hospitales no han 
recibido mas que cosa de paga y media desde el 18 de Mayo en que 

salié el Ejército de esta ciudad hasta la fecha; y por consiguiente han 
_ yendido unos y empefiado otros, sus caballos, sillas, armas y ropa para 
subsistir, y habiendo concluido con sus prendas me he visto en el caso 
en el presente mes de anticiparles las raciones de Noviembre y Diciem- 
bre venideros; y hoy que ya debiera el Cuerpo Médico marchar para 
ese cuartel Gral no lo puede verificar, porque concluyeron con sus 
propios recursos, con los mios, y no hay quien preste dinero ni con 
premio exorbitante. .. .” 

San Luis Potosi, Diciembre 9 de 1846. 


1 Manuel Armijo, lately Governor and Comandante General of New Mexico, ousted by 
the American forces under Gen. S. W. Kearny. He was deeply interested in the caravan 
trade. 

2 Asociaciones. - 

%The suspicion was doubtless well founded, though to what extent it was correct one 
cannot say. 

4A Mexican State bordering on Guatemala. 

5 Nothing is known of this officer. 

6Enfermos de frasadas [frazidas]. This unusual expression (blanket-sick) appears to 
Mean invalids or convalescents, 


392 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION, SS 


December 11, 1846. rey 


Ejército Libertador Republicano. Gral en Jefe. Sria. de 
Campafia. : 

E.S..... Los dos mil fusiles que he solicitado, cada dia son mas — 
presisos* porque 4 los reclutas no se les puede dar la imstruccién — 
necesaria por falta de ellos, y porque existen en este Ejército mas de ~ 
dos mil quinientos hombres desarmados completamente. .... 

CuarTEL GrAL EN San Luis Poros, Dbre 11 de 1846. 


December 12, 1846. 


Ejército Libertador Republicano. - Gral en Jefe. Sria. de — 
Campafia. 

Exmo. Sr. Quedo impuesto por la nota de V. E. fecha 25 del 
pasado de la que dirigié el E. S. Gobernador del Estado de Chi- — 
huahua al Ministro de Relaciones manifestando el riesgo de que se 
apoderace? el enemigo de la Capital de dicho Estado: en consecuen- 
cia he dispuesto que el Sr. Gral D. Mariano Martinez que vino 4 este 
Cuartel- Gral en comisién segun tengo dicho 4 V. E., regrese con- — 
duciendo el 6° Regimiento de Caballeria y trescientos Infantes de 
Zacatecas y el 7° de Infanteria que est’ en Durango con cien Dra- — 
gones,® supuesto tambien que hay noticias de que el Gral Wool que se ~ 
halla en Parras se dirige 4 dicho Estado.*.... 3 

CuarTEL Gra DE San Luts Porost, Dore 12 de 1846. y 


December 12, 1846. 


I desire to report the “inhuman and irregular conduct” of General Taylor, . : 
who compelled the Mexican wounded to leave Monterey at a fixed time.® 
Sawn Luis Potosi. 


December 14, 1846. 


Ejército Libertador Republicano. Gral en Jefe. 2 
E. S. Hoy estamos 4 14 6 4 mediados del mes que es lo mismo, y : 
solo se han mandado por el E. S. Ministro de Hacienda cien mil 


1 Precisos. 

2 Apoderase. ; 

8 About 255 men actually reached Chihuahua City. 

4 Wool was expected by Santa Anna to carry into effect the original order to occupy > 
Chihuahua, but for good reasons he received later instructions to join Gen. Taylor. x 

5 After the capture of Monterey Gen. Taylor permitted the Mexican wounded to remain 
there, and also permitted Mexican officers, medical men and others to remain and look 
after them. Through the latter classes of-persons, especially the priests, attempts were z 
made to seduce Roman Catholics belonging to the American army. Hence about the — 
middle of November all officers not indispensably needed by the sick and wounded were ~ 
ordered away. Santa Anna’s charge seems therefore to be unfounded, 


a ee ee ee we eR Se ee 


HISTORICAL MANUSCRIPTS COMMISSION. 393 


pesos, cuando sabe muy bien que el presupuesto del mes importa cerca 
de cuatrocientos mil que es el minimum 4 que he podido reducirlo 
estableciendo mil economias. ... . 

San Luis Porosi, Diciembre 14 de 1846. 


December 17, 1846. 


Ejército Libertador Republicano. General en Jefe. Secretaria 
de Campana. 

E. S. Ha sido en mi poder la comunicacién de V. E. fecha 10 del 
actual en que se sirve contestar, 4 la vez, las mias de 4 y 6 del mismo, 
contraido la primera, a exitar 4 V. E. 4 que franqueara algunos re- 
cursos de ese Estado para cubrir en alguna parte los gastos crecidos de 
este Ejército de operaciones; y la segunda 4 comunicarle las ordenes 
libradas 4 ese Sr. Comandante Gral, para que pusiera en defensa al 
Estado, y publicara la ley marcial cuando las fuerzas de los Estados 
Unidos la invadiesen. Ninguna incompatibilidad existe entre una y 
otra comunicacion como V. E. asienta equivocadamente, si se quiere 
advertir, que la del dia 4 fué circular 4 varios Gobernadores producida 
de las necesidades que me‘cercan sin poderlas cubrir por los motivos 
alli expuestos, y la del dia 6 dictada 4 consecuencia de las noticias, 
que er el mismo dia recibi, sobre los movimientos de la Divisién 
enemiga, que actualmente se halla en la Villa de Parras. Reclamé 
los auxilios del Estado, porque tiene indudablemente la obligacién mas 
estrecha de ayudar al Gobierno de la Unidn cuando el peligro es 
comun, y nacional la defensa, sin que pueda decirse que por la indole de 
las instituciones que rigen hoy 4 la Reputblica,” esta excusado de tomar 
participio en los esfuerzos que se hacen para evitar la dominacién 
extranjera. Es verdad, que 4 consecuencia del restablecimiento del 
sistema federal se hizo la clasificacién de rentas, que ha dado por 
resultado, que los Estados cuenten como propiedad suya, las que antes 
entraban en las cajas del Gobierno general, pero al disponerlo asi el 
Legislador, conté sin duda, con que llegado el caso de unua necesidad 
urgente, los Estados acudirian con alguna 6 la mayor parte de sus 
rentas para el sostenimiento de la Independencia, y de la misma con- 
federacién. Asi como los Ciudadanos por la constitucién estén 
obligados 4 servir 4 la Patria en todos los casos que esta lo exija, asi 
las Provincias 6 Estados de una nacién cuando se trata de los prin- 


1This is a copy of a letter addressed to the Governor of Zacatecas. When Santa Anna 
showed his intention in 1834 to destroy the federal constitution of Mexico and contralize 
the government with a view to making himself the supreme and autocratic ruler of the 
nation, that State, as well as Texas, exhibited a decided opposition to his wishes. It 
was therefore crushed by Santa Anna in a bloody and brutal manner, and never recovered 
its former status. Naturally he was intensely hated there, and in standing out against 
him now the governor merely represented the great majority of his constituents. 

£Santa Anna refers to the federal system, revived since Aug. 4, 1846, 


394 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


cipales intereses de ésta deben franquear cuantos elementos 6 recursos 
tengan para la conservacion de la comunidad. VY. E. se manifiesta 
muy disgustado por haber prevenido al Sr. Comandante Gral de ese 
Estado, que cuando el enemigo legue 4 la frontera, para la mejor de- 
fensa publique la ley marcial, y reasuma los mandos. No estoy con- 
forme con los objeciones que V. E. hace 4 esta disposicion, porque ella 
de ninguna manera ataca el sistema federal ni las libertades piblicas. 
E] caso es muy excepcional, y no establece un principio; debe pues con- 
siderarse solamente como una de tantas medidas de defensa 4 que la 
naci6n tiene derecho de ocurrir, cuando como hoy se ve agredida, por 
un enemigo que atropellando la justicia y el derecho de gentes intenta 
humillarla. En el tiempo que regié la constitucion de 1824 varias 
veces se dieron facultades extraordinarias al Presidente de la Re- 
publica que naturalmente implicaba todas las que estan concedidas por 
la misma constituci6n al Cuerpo legislativo, y puntualmente en el aio 
de 1829 con motivo de la invasién Espafila, el Congreso de aquella 
época acord6é dichas facultades al benemérito Gral Guerrero,’ que 
funcionaba de Presidente, y eran tan amplias, que fueron entonces 
calificadas de una dictadura, sin que se hubiera dicho por esto, que se 
atacaba la indole del sistema. Cuando la ley marcial no lleva por 
objeto un fin tan importante como el que se supone en el caso de una 
invasion extranjera; pues nada menos se trata de la salvacion de la 
Independencia, claro es, que habria entonces razon no solamente para 
censurarla, sino para calificarla, como atentoria contra las institu- 
ciones y la libertad civil; pero precisamente las naciones mas ade- 
lantadas en civilizacién, y de instituciones mas liberales, cuando se 
han encontrado en grandes conflictos, han apelado 4 aquel saludable é 
indispensable recurso, que facilita la accion del poder para ocurrir sin 
obstaculo 4 contener el mal, que de otro modo seria de dificil remedio. 
E] Presidente de la Reptblica en el estado normal de la Nacidn, es 
verdad que no tiene facultades para declarar la ley marcial; mas si las 
tiene el Gral en Jefe dé“un Ejército en campana, cuando como en el 
caso presente, se le tiene encomendada la defensa del territorio, y 
la conservaciOn de la Independencia nacional. Ademas, la practica 
de todas las naciones en casos idénticos al en que nosotros estamos, es 
bastante conocida, y solo un espiritu de oposicion, 6 una falta de 
patriotismo, pudiera inculparme por haber dictado la disposicién que 
ha causado el desagrado de V. E. cuando 4 la sazon reunia 4 las 
atribuciones de Gral en Jefe en campana, las discrecionalesdecaudillo — 
de la nacién, y no obstante el noble sentimiento que la impuls6, y que 
no puede serle desconocido; asi como, que no era posible que atacara 
el sistema federal, el mismo que tanta parte acaba de tener en su 
restablecimiento.2. Sin embargo, para evitar arbitrarias imterpre- 


1 Vicente Guerrero, who was soon overthrown by a revolution. ae 
2In order to blot out as much as possible the remembrance of his autocratic rule, Santa 
Anna declared in Aug., 1846, for the reestablishment of the federal system. 


HISTORICAL MANUSCRIPTS COMMISSION. 395 


taciones, hoy revoco aquella 6rden, segtin se impondra V. E. en la 
trascripcidn que le hago por separado..... 

V. E. lejos de mandar 4 este Ejército el contingente de hombres 
como lo han hecho los demas, ha entorpecido su remisién, faltando 
ast 4 lo dispuesto por el Gobierno Supremo de la Nacidén, y para 
disculpar tan grave falta ha dicho sin embarazo 4 ese Sr. Coman- 
dante gral con fecha 25 del pasado, que no podia entregar el cupo 
senalado al Estado, porque sus convicciones y natural caracter se 
oponian a ello, por los respetos que exigen los derechos del hombre 
y de la humanidad. 4 Y que calificacién puede hacerse de semejante 
conducta, cuando la Patria reclama el auxilio de todos sus hijos, y 
el mismo cdédigo politico que V. E. me cita, determina, que todos los 
Mexicanos estan obligados 4 servirla cuando son llamados por la 
ley? 4 la opinion particular de V. E. debe prevalecer 4 los mandatos 
de la ley, y las prevenciones de la autoridad suprema? 4 No es 
sierto,t que si todos los funcionarios se expresaran en el sentido que 
lo hace V. E. deberiamos dar un adios 4 la libertad y 4 la indepen- 
dencia de la Patria? No es al Estado de Zacatecas al que yo he 
culpado cuando en mi comunicacion del dia 6 dije, que era escandaloso 
que en las actuales criticas circunstancias no diera sefiales de vida. 
He querido contraerme 4 sus autoridades, 6 mejor dicho 4 V. E., que 
no ha sabido aprovecharse de la buena disposicién de esos Ciuda- 
danos, ni esplotar su patriotismo acreditado de mil maneras. Cuando 
los principales Jefes de los pueblos dirigen 4 estos la palabra, y con 
su ejemplo exaltan el entusiasmo, rara vez se muestran apaticos en la 
defensa de sus derechos, y hacen con gusto toda clase de sacrificios 
para conservarlos; pero cuando esos mismos Jefes, no estan inspi- 
rados por sentimientos de patriotismo, enervan con su conducta el 
entusiasmo de los ciudadanos, y he aqui porque no aparecen las 
sehales de vida.2, No haga V. E. 4 los Zacatecanos el agravio de 
suponerlos capaces de negarse 4 concurrir con sus personas y con sus 
recursos 4 la defensa del territorio nacional. Advierta V. E., que 
no es una cuestién personal, ni de partido la que ahora se sostiene, 
sino una causa justa, santa, y que 4 todos Mexicanos interesa; de la 
cual deperde no solamente su material bienestar, sino su existencia 
politica, y el rango que 4 la nacién le corresponde entre las demas 
del mundo civilizado. Desgracia Jamentable seria, que esos Ciuda- 
danos en momentos de tanta consecuencia, no se prestaran al llamada 
de su primera autoridad, ni oyeran el clamor de la Patria que llama 
en su socorro 4 todos sus hijos. No haga V. E. esa injusticia 4 sus 
paisanos, ni calumnie su buen nombre con suposiciones que distan 


1 Cierto. 
_ 2Santa Anna’s purpose here was to cause a division between the governor and the 
people and force the former to act. 


396 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. gery 


sus hermanos de Guanajuato, Jalisco, Veracruz, Puebla, Michoacan, 
San Luis Potosi y otros Estados de la federacién, que han enviado 
gran porcion de sus hijos al frente del enemigo,' para que tengan la — 
gloria de contribuir 4 la salvacién de la Reptiblica. Estos son los 
envidiables testimonios de civismo que yo presento 4 V. E. para esti- — 
mularlo 4 que coopere al buen exito de unua empresa, si bien costosa, — 
bastante gloriosa. Aunque V. E. me manifiesta, que se han levan- — 
tado en ese Estado algunos cuerpos de milicia nacional, yo no se que ~ 
haya mas, que ciento y pico de infantes en San Miguel del Mexquital, 
fuerza muy insignificante respecto de su poblacién y recursos. Dios “ 
no permita, que el enemigo logre apoderarse de ese Estado, pero si . 
tal cosa sucediere V. E. conoceria entonces toda la concecuencia ” de- 4 
esa conducta que ha observado, y veria igualmente, que era mil veces 4 
preferible, que los Tee tomaran las armas para defender sus — 
derechos, sus familias, y sus hogares 4 ser victimas del vandalismo — 
de unos inmorales invasores que atropellan no solamente los respetos — 
humanos sino hasta templos donde se rinde culto y adoracién al Dios — 
de nuestros padres.  Repito 4 V. E. que yo no quiero imposibles, y — 
por eso mal podria pretender que se me remitieran recursos que no ~ 
tiene ese Estado; he deseado tnicamente que se haga lo que esta en ~ 
el Circulo de la posibilidad, y cuanto otra cosa no puede ser, al — 
menos, que se cumpla la ley que habla del contigente de hombres, y — 
que se hagan por la autoridad superior los esfuerzos posibles para — 
mantener en todo su vigor el entusiasmo y el amor 4 la Patria. — 
Antes de concluir esta comunicacién permitame V. E. le haga notar — 
la impolitica con que el periddico oficial de esa Ciudad fecha 18 del — 
corriente se han promovido cuestiones semejantes 4 la que contiene — 
la nota de V. E. que contesto. Debié advertir V. E. antes de mandar ~ 
insertar una parte de mi oficio en el referido periédico, que se — 
revelaba al enemigo no solo la escaces de recursos para hacerle una — 


armonia con que todos debemos procurar la salvacion de la R 
publica.* _ 
Dios y Libertad. 
San Louis Potosi Diciembre 17 de 1846. 


1This was effective but not quite true. 
2 Consecuencia. "oe 
8It can hardly be supposed that Santa Anna was-able to compose a letter like this. — 
No doubt he expressed some of the principal ideas (which he was fully capable of doing), 
but in all probability these were worked up and extended by one of the clever politiciamis 
in his train, ig 


F 
J 


Tek Fer =P 


eee ee es 


HISTORICAL MANUSCRIPTS COMMISSION. * 397 


December 19, 1846. 


Ejército Libertador Republicano. Gral en Jefe. 

E. S. Rodeado de veinte y tantos mil hombres que me piden di- 
ariamente que comer, vestuario para cubrir su desnudez, fusiles para 
su instruccién, y los artesanos empleados en diferentes obras sus 
jornales, 4 la vez que el Comisario me representa 4 tarde y 4 manana, 
que no tiene recursos con que proveer 4 tantos indispensables gastos, 
confieso 4 V. E. que mi paciencia se agota, y mi espiritu se conmueve; 
porque se agolpan 4 mi imaginacion las consecuencias, que de tales 
circunstancias pueden sobrevenir; todo producido 4 la verdad, del 
abandono en que el Gobierno tiene 4 este Ejército; permitaseme que 
asi llame 4 la falta de no proveerlo con oportunidad de los caudales 
indispensables para subsistir, de la ropa para vestirlo, y de las armas 
y municiones para batirse. 

E] presupuesto de este mes, importa cuatrocientos mil pesos, y no 
se ha remitido 4 esta Comisaria mas que la cuarta parte cuando ya 
estamos 4 los diez y nueve dias del mismo. Dejo 4 la consideracién de 
V. E. cuantos habran sido mis compromisos en estos dias, para cubrir 
la primera quincena; basta decirle que he tenido que hacer uso de mi 
crédito particular para adquirir algunas sumas en clase de pronto 
reintegro, y que limitar 4 la tropa 4.su solo rancho. Porsupuesto que 
los talleres han tenido que paralizarse, y lo mismo digo de las obras 
de fortificacidn. El propio resultado han tenido los movimientos de 
tropa que debian verificarse; en fin, todo es trastorno y atraso. 

No es posible que pueda subsistir asi un Ejército en campafia con el 
enemigo..... 

El conflicto que me rodea por tanto, en este-momento me precisa 
4 dirigirme 4 V. E. 4 fin de que recabe del EK. S. Gral encargado del 
Supremo Poder Hjecutivo la providencia conveniente para que sin 
pérdida de momento se situen en esta Comisaria los tres cientos mil 
pesos que faltan para cubrir el presupuesto del presente mes; y me 
valgo de un extraordinario violento para que por el mismo conducto 
se digne V. E. comunicarme su resolucién. 


Dios y Libertad. 
San Luts Porosi, Diciembre 19 de 1846. 


December 19, 1846. 


Ejército Libertador Republicano. Gralen Jefe. Sria. de Campafia. 

E. S. Con fecha 17 del corriente y por extraordinario me dice el 
Sr. Gral Dn. Isidro Reyes Comandante Gral de Zacatecas lo que 
sigue: 

“B.S. A las 2 de esta tarde he recibido por extraordinario comuni- 
caciones del Sr. Coronel Dn. Nicolas de la Portilla+ 4 que me acom- 


1 Nothing of importance is known of this officer. 


398 * AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


movido y ocupado el Alamo de Parras (Villa de Viesca hoy) con un 
partida de 40 hombres, y el resto de toda su fuerza habia pernotado 
4 una jornada de este ultimo punto. Si han continuado su marcha 
por Trancas, no hay duda que siguen 4 Cuencame y que su objeto es 
el Estado de Durango: si al contrario se han dirigido 4 Atotonilco de — 
los Martinez, no pueden venir mas que 4 esta Capital,? y estas son sus _ 
miras positivamente segun mi opinién. Yo previne ayer al Sr. Coro- — 
nel Portilla se presentase en esta Capital, con el fin de alistarlo para — 
que con el Regimiento de su mando marchase cuanto antes 4 Chihua- — 
hua 4 las ordenes del Sr. Gral Dn. Mariano Martinez segun V. E. me 

tiene ordenado: mas con presencia de tales ocurrencias, y de lo mas — 
que ministran las comunicaciones oficiales y particulares que en — 
cépias marcadas con los ntiimeros del 1 al 4 que respetuosamente acom- 
patio 4 V. E. para su debida imposicién, he creido de mi deber ordenar — 
al referido Sr. Coronel Portilla que rectificando las noticias se ponga 
en marcha con la Seccién de su mando si el enemigo se dirige 4 Du- 
rango, y que situandose en el Paso del Calvo,’ inutilice inmediata- 
mente el aguaje tinico de que pueden proveerse y aprobechando* lo — 
ventajoso de su posicién por ser una garganta bastante estrecha pro- 
cure ostilizarlo® de cuantas maneras le sea dable entretanto yo me 
pongo 4 la cabeza de ella con suyo objeto salgo mafiana de esta 
Ciudad; pero que si dicho enemigo ocupando el Real de San Juan® 
siguise 4 Atotonilco de los Martinez como ya entonces no puede 
dudarse su venida 4 esta Capital, que en este caso retroceda con su — 
fuerza, rumbo 4 San Agustin de Meliila, donde me encontrara para — 
organizar alli la defenza del Estado. Este E. S. Gobernador, como 
tinico Auxilio que puede prestarme, me ha ofrecido cien Infantes de la 
Guardia Nacional y una pieza de 8 de las fundidas nuevamente en el — 
Fresnillo;* cuyo auxilio no me espero 4 llevar personalmente porque © 
en este momento he mandado que se den siete quintales de polvora — 
de Cafion para que se construyan las municiones que deben servir 4 
la referida pieza que me seguira cuando esté listo. Para la defenza — 
indicada, no cuento mas que con cien Infantes, trescientos caballos 


compone la Seccién de San Miguel del Mesquital. Creo initil mani 


1This and the other insignificant places here named lay between Parras and Buena — 
Vista. 

2The city of Zacatecas. > 

3 This place lay between the cities of Parras and Durango, 

« Aprovechando. 

5 Hostilizarlo. 

6 This and the places named just below lay as the text indicates, but were of little im- 
portance otherwise. 

7A town of some size, 

® Sexto. 


~ 


nes 


ce Agr ae * 


a 


a.” 


hl a ate ee Ba 


HISTORICAL MANUSCRIPTS COMMISSION. 399 


festar 4 V. E. que sin embargo de este corto nimero de tropas, si los 
enemigos llegdsen 4 avistarse, estoy seguro de que cuantos me obede- 
cen sabran cumplir con su deber.... .” 

Apruebo este paso de V. E. asi como las medidas que ha dictado 
para hacer una buena defensa y las acertadas de aquel Jefe..... 

Advirtiéndole que no provoque un lanze contra fuerzas superiores, 
sino que reduzca sus operaciones 4 inutilizar los caminos, destruir 
aguajes, pasturas y proviciones* de boca para mortificar al enemigo 
si el no las lleva; y en una palabra hacerle la mayor ostilidad? en 
guerrillas, si es imposible, 6 riesgosa una batalla sin contar previa- 
mente con probabilidades de buen suceso. 

Dios y Libertad. 

CuarTeL Grat San Luts Porosi, Dbre 19 de 1846. 


December 22, 1846. 


Ejército Libertador Republicano. Gral en Jefe. Sria. de Cam- 
pana. Muy reservado. 

E. S. Habiendo sabido por diferentes conductos que el Gral Taylor, 
el dia 13 del corriente se movio desde Monterrey con direccién 4 
Ciudad Victoria* Capital del Estado de Tamaulipas con una fuerza 
de milquinientos hombres, y ocho piezas de artilleria: que en Monte- 
rrey ha quedado una Guarnicion de igual numero y que en el Saltillo 
no pasa de mil hombres‘ con seis piezas de artilleria lo que alli existe, 
4 la vez que la Division al mando -del Gral Wool que se hallaba en 
Parras sigue su ruta hacia Chihuahua,’ he creido conveniente en tales 
circunstancias hacer un movimiento rapido sobre el Saltillo y Mon- 
terrey con nueve mil Infantes escogidos, y cuatro mil caballos y 
doce piezas de los calibres de 4 doce y ocho. Entre tanto que yo me 
dirijo en persona 4 ejecutar esta operacion el Gral Valencia ® con mil 
quinientos caballos debera entretener en Ciudad Victoria al Gral 
Taylor 4 fin de que desocupado los dos puntos que voy 4 atacar sobre 
la marcha, pueda seguir sobre aquel y concluir en detalle con las prin- 
cipales fuerzas de los invasores.1 No me embaraza otra que la 
consideraci6n de la escaces en que me voy 4 ver por el Saltillo y Mon- 


1 Provisiones. 

2 Hostilidad. 

3 Taylor’s forces left Monterey Dec. 13, 14, and 15. 

4 Worth had more than 1,000 men, but his force was certainly weak. 

5In this Santa Anna, as we have seen, was mistaken. 

6 Gabriel Valencia. 

7Gen. W. J. Worth, commanding at Saltillo, heard that Santa Anna intended to attack 
him, and notified Wool and Taylor. Wool left Parras almost instantly, and made an ex- 
traordinary march to join Worth. Taylor turned back with a part of the troops then on 
their way to Victoria. Santa Anna, who had begun his advance, gave up the plan on 
learning of Wool’s movement, 


400 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


terrey, si el Gobierno no me manda los docientos y pico de mil 
que faltan para el presupuesto del presente mes; y por “a f 
suplico Ser cue al E. 8. Gral encargado del re Sine ig 


zecurso, para que pueda aie ese movimiento dentro de 
cuatro dias 4 mas tardar, pues ya estoy preparandolo todo 
emprenderlo. 

Dios y Libertad. 

Cuarre, Gra pe San Luts Potost, Dore 22 de 1846. 


December 22, 1846. 


The Governor of Zacatecas, who has attacked me, was Governor in 1 
also, when a revolt occurred there and I had to occupy the place with troop: 4 
He is endeavoring to get revenge. His misrepresentation of my orders cau 
the legislature of Durango to pass a decree on the 11th which infringes up 
my dignity [me deprime] unjustly. 

San Luis Porosi. 


December 24, 1846. 


Ejército Libertador Republicano. Gral en Jefe. Sria. de 
pana. : 
Exmo. Sefior. E] Sr. Gral Don José Antonio Heredia en Jefe de la 

Divisién de Operaciones de Nuevo México con fecha 7 del cor 
me dice lo que copio. 

“i. S. Considerando mas presisos en este Estado * Jos servicios di 
Batallon del 7° Regimiento que se halla en el de Durango, dispu: 
marcha 4 mi transito por Cerro-Gordo,’ mas para que pudiese | 
prenderla me ha sido presiso solicitar bajo mi responsabilidac 
prestamo de mil quinientos pesos, que desde la Villa de All 
remiti al Sr. Comandante Gral? quien 4 mi paso por Cerro-gordo, 
manifest6 que aquella Tesoreria no habia ministrado el mes ar 
cantidad alguna, por lo que los Cuerpos de su guarnicién ca 
aun de los mas presisos para el mantenimiento del soldado; result 
por consecuencia, en dicho mes una escandalosa deseraam Ba 

CuarteL Grau DE San Luis Potosi, Diciembre 24 de 1846. | 

1Santa Anna was elected president this very day, but of course did not know. 

2 See note 1 on the letter of Dec. 17, 1846. 

8 This name was given to his army in order to suggest that the Americans were 

driven from New Mexico. 

4 Chihuahua. 

5 There are two places of this name in the State of Zacatecas. Probably the on: 

Sombrerete is meant. There is no Cerro Gordo in Durango, - 


6 Near Jiménez, State of Chihuahua. 
7 Apparently the Comandante General of Durango. 


[a ee ee 


rr 


2 tae 


eee 


 @ 


i 


HISTORICAL MANUSCRIPTS COMMISSION. 401 
December 24, 1846. 


Ejército Libertador Republicano. Gral en Jefe. Muy Reservado. 

E. S. Con fecha 17 del corriente me dice el jefe politico del Partido 
de Parras, del Estado de Coahuila lo que sigue: 

“fH. S. Las tropas de los E. Unidos del norte, han ocupado esta 
Villa desde el dia 5 del corriente. Immediatamente que se intro- 
dujeron di cuenta al Gobierno del Estado como era de mi deber par- 
ticipandole ademas el nimero de que componian pues pude a veriguar 
con evidencia que no obstante que se decia venian de tres 6 cuatro mil 
hombres, solo eran por todos mil ocho cientos veinte y tantos inclusos 
los carreros.t Sus clases eran las siguientes cuatro cientos de linea, 
trescientos y tantos caballos y lo mas se componia de voluntarios de 
Tejas mal vestidos y reclutos al parecer. Traen tambien trescientos 
carros algunos vacios, y otros con provisiones de boca y guerra. Ocho 
piezasdecampana. A esta Fuerza deben reunirse trescientos hombres 
y ciento y tantos carros que vienen de Monclova y deben ‘estar ahora 
en Patos. Hoy se han movido repentina y tumultuariamente ? comen- 
zando por el campo que estaba situado 4 muy corta distancia de esta 
Villa en una Ilanura que se halla al N. E. terminando en una serrania 
y empezaron 4 salir segtin se dice desde las once de la mafiana. A la 
una de la tarde el mismo Gral llamado Juan Wool hombre de avan- 
zada edad y de buenas maneras entro 4 la plaza acompafado de su 
Estado Mayor y escolta con unos pliegos * en la mano, y la momento 
parece did orden de que salieran las tropas que estaban dentro de la 
poblacion y acostumbraban venir diariamente en bastante ntimero por 
tres 6 cuatro horas al mercado que solia ser muy abundante porque 
traian bastante dinero en oro y plata, no obstante que ya empezaba 4 
disminuir algo. Luego que expidid su orden-el Gral los Ayudantes y 
Soldados comenzaron 4 esparramarse por las tiendas dando en inglés 
la voz de “Soldados al momento al campo.” Luego se pusieron todos 
en grande alboroto corriendo 4 pié y 4 caballo sin cesar esta escaramuza 
que se formaba de oficiales y soldados, hasta las ocho de la noche. 
Diariamente 4 mas de una guardia de sesenta hombres que tenian en 
las casas consistoriales, recorrian los calles, pequefios patrullos de 
infanteria para conservar el orden, por temor de los voluntarios que 
son en gral de pésimas costumbres. De noche rondaban algunos 
patrullos de Caballeria 4 mas de los avanzados que tenian en todos los 


-caminos sin dejar salir 4 nadie que no llevara pasaporte de esta 


Jefatura visado por el Gral 6 de este solamente. Con especialidad 


nogaban la salida a los efectos con pena de comiso, y si salian algunos 


1 We do not know just when this count or estimate was made. It may have been cor- 
rect at the time. 

2Tn consequence of news that Santa Anna was advancing upon Gen, Worth. 

*Presumably a letter from Worth. 


88582°—19——26 


é 


ae 


402 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


era con permiso del Gral para los puntos que queria. Los entr 
eran desarmados y levados al campo para reconocerlos sin omitir los 
de la mejor distincién. Pero desde que estallé esta alarma los patru- 
llos se aumentaron con otras de Caballeria al mando de oficiales dando 
mas realse? con esto 4 la gral confusién que se observaba en ellos ¢ 
bastante gusto delos Mexicanos, pues salian 4 tomar sus armas 
caballos apresuradamente hasta aquellos gentes que parece ven 
solo agregados 4 las fuerzas con miros mercantiles 6 de conveniencia 
de esta especie. A esta hora ha cesado el rumor, se dice que quedarar 
algunas tropas guaraneciendo esta Plaza aunque en corto nimero— 
provablemente.? La bandera de los E. Unidos que tenian coloca 
en las consistoriales donde antiguamente fiameaba la de nuestra patria 
la quitaron como 4 las cinco de la tarde, queda solo alli la guardia, no 
se hasta ahora en que numero pues temprano en la noche, se les ob- 
servaba trafico 4 los soldados como aprestandose para marchar. A 
las seis de la tarde parece que las fuerzas iban ya lejos, pues habian 
pasado de la Hacienda de San Lorenzo? con anticipacion y dicen 
llevaban por objeto llegar al Saltillo para maflana precisamente, cos 
que dudo, por lo largo del camino y gran tren de la tropa. La gente d 
esta Villa parece alegre como descargada de un gran peso, pues se vel 
retraida y con bastante sentimiento pues no habia punto donde no 
anduvieran los Americanos, y sobre todo la colocacién de la bandera 
ocupacién de toda la casa. consistorial en donde ya no despachaban las 
Autoridades locales, y provicién* que fuerza hacian de lena para el 
campo (aunque mediante paga) era cosa molesta para la poblacion no 
se lo que pueda ocurrir en lo sucesivo, pero ofresco 4 V. FE. quedar en 
observacién para comunicarle cualquiera cosa nueva y lo mas que 
V. E. convenga mediante sus ordenes, asi como con mas oportunida 
los males y quejas que se justifique haya habido. Ahora solo m 
apresuro 4 dirigirle este parte’ por lo que queda convenir 4 las al 
disposiciones de V. KE. ... . .” 

No me queda duda alguna de que la Division enemiga al mando 
Gral Wool ha contramarchado de Parras para el Saltillo, y au 
este acontecimiento liberta 4 Zacatecas, y 4 Durango de las hostili 
de esa fuerza, me impide poner en practica la operacion que t 
projectada, y- que comuniqué 4 V. E. en mi nota reservada del 
poniéndome en el caso de comvinar® movimientos distintos, pora 
reforzado el Saltillo con 2,700 hombres, y 8 piezas de artilleria, s 
ofrecen dificultades para un ataque violento que no se pulsaban cuande 
la fuerza que en aquel punto existia, no exedia* de mil hombres. _ 


1 Realce. 

2 Probablemente. 

?A point on the road to Saltillo and Buena Vista, 
4 Provisién. 

5 Combinar. 

6 Excedia. 


HISTORICAL MANUSCRIPTS COMMISSION. 403 


Frustrado por tales motivos mi proyecto de batir en detall al Saltillo, 
Monterrey y aun al mismo Taylor que se dirige 4 Ciudad Victoria, de 
donde 4 esta hora debe hallarse muy cerca, procederé con arreglo 4 
los avisos que mis espias me comuniquen, habiendo sin embargo hecho 
avanzar 4 Matehuala una Brigada de infanteria que salié ayer de 
este Cuartel Gral..... 

San Luis Potosi, Diciembre 24, 1846. 


December 24, 1846. 


Sawn Luts Potosi. News that the enemy are approaching Durango has been 
received, 


December 30, 1846. 


Ejército Libertador Republicano. Gralen Jefe. Sria. de Campana. 

E. S. Mafiana es ultimo dia del mes, y 4 estas tropas no se les ha 
podido completar sus haberes, porque solo se ma ha remitido de esa 
Capital ciento setenta y cinco mil pesos, importando el presupuesto 
economico cuatrocientos mil..... 

Cuarret Grau ve San Luis Potosi Diciembre 30, 1846. 


January 1, 1847. 


Sinnott? came but could not work gratuitously, and as we have enough inter- 
preters, he was not employed. 
San Luts Porosi. 


January 4, 1847. 


Ejército Libertador Republicano. Gral en Jefe. 

E.S. Con fecha 19 del ppo Diciembre me dice el Sr. Gral Don José 
Antonio Heredia en Jefe de la Division de operaciones sobre nuevo 
_ Mexico y bajo el no. 15 me dice lo que copio. ... .« 

_ Ami trancito* por la capital de Durango tuve una conferencia con 
_ el E. S. Gobernador relativa 4 mi comisién en ambos Estados y S. E. 
me manifesto que apesar de las angustias que en aquel territorio ha- 
bian causado los Barbaros; cuyas repetidas invasiones en gran ntimero 
-tenian que repeler, pondrian 4 mi disposicién cuatrocientos 6 qui- 
nientos hombres de su guardia nacional, cuando en alguno de los dos 


1This report was unfounded. 
- 2Sinnott had offered to assist in seducing the Irish Roman Catholics of Gen. Taylor's 
: army, and the Mexican government had sent him north for that purpose, 
3 Trinsito. ; 


404 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


Estados tuviese que batir 4 las fuerzas norte-Americanas; sit 
el unico auxilio que podria prestarme. En seguida siieree a 
gordo donde se hallaba el Sr. Comandante Gral con todas sus fue 
y S. S.1 me manifest6 que la guarnicién de aquel Estado la compon 
el Battallon cel 7° Regimiento constante de 140 plazas, el 1* Eseu 
dron activo de ciento treinta y cuatro, con su caballada casi int 
asi como sus monturas en la mayor parte sin el completo de estas, a: 
como de Carabinas y lanzas, para toda su fuerza desnula en su to- 
talidad, el 2° Escuadron Activo que se compone de noventa plaza 
un piquete de 20 hombres del 1°° Regimiento de Caballeria y que de 
todo §. S. habia dado parte con repeticion al supremo Gobierno; a 
como tambien de las escaces que padecia aquella guarnicién, hasta 
el extremo de no haber tenido ni rancho la tropa en algunos di: 
del mes anterior; que en todo el Estado habia trece companias aux 
liares? de que no podia hechar mano, apesar de la escaces de tropa 
para perseguir 4 los Barbaros, que como nunca lo tenian invadido 
por todas direcciones, por no tener con qué socorrerlas siquiera. En 
este? estado existen las fuerzas siguientes: el Batallon Activo con 
cuatrocientas plazas, un piquete del 2° Regimiento de Caballeria e 
cincuenta y tres, cinco Companias presidiales permanentes con cuat 
cientos sesenta y cinco y dos id activas con doscientos nueve que ha 
la fuerza total de un mil ciento treinta y cinco hombres, de los qt 
estan en el Paso del Norte 4 las ordenes del Tente Corl Don Gavi 
Cuilti+ ciento ochenta de Infanteria y trescientos veinte de Caballeria, 
cuatrocientos hombres de ambas fuerzas en Santa Rosalia 4 las o 
denes del Sr. Comandante Gral Don Mauricio Ugarte® y el resto 
esta capital.° Toda la fuerza expresada esté desnuda en su mayoria. 
y la caballeria casi 4 pié, pues la Caballada se ha inutilizado en 
constante persecucién de los barbaros.?. Se han inutilizado en 
posicion del E. S. Gobernador * cuatro piezas de artilleria de 4 cuat 
y el parque necesario para estas y para fusil; dichas piezas e 
servidas con tropa de Infanteria por carecer ia artilleros, y 
ademas de las expresadas se estan construyendo otras seis, 
notable falta un Capitan y dos subalternos del arma que den 
instruccion correspondiente. 


1Su Senoria. 

2 Militia of an inferior grade. 

3 Chihuahua. 

4Nothing of moment is known of him except that on the plea of brain feyer h 
flight from El Paso del Norte when the Americans under Doniphan approache: 
place. 

5 Ugarte, Comandante General of Chihuahua during the autumn of 1846, mad 
futile movements toward the Americans then in New Mexico, but achieved only no 
and threats. 

6 Chihuahua City. 

‘7 The Indians, particularly the Comanches and the acres had been committing 

ravages in the State. 

8 Angel Trias. 


HISTORICAL MANUSCRIPTS COMMISSION. 405 


Aunque en todo este Estado podrian alistarse mas de cuatro mil 
hombres de la guardia nacional, solo se cuentan en la Capital ciento 
 cincuenta fusiles para la Infanteria y cien carabinas para la caba- 
 Hleria; Gnico numero de fuerzas de que podra disponerse en un caso 
 urgente; la que apesar de la escaces de tropa no puede mantenerse — 
sobre las armas, por falta de recursos; pues siendo los mas, artesanos 
y jornaleros, se hace preciso socorrerlos 4 lo menos, cuando esten 
en activo servicio porque de lo contrario no podrian subsistir pero si 
estan todos obligados y asisten con puntualidad 4 tres ejercicios sema- 
narios. Solu se cuenta para todas las atenciones militares de este 
Estado segun informe del Sr. Comisario con 14 mil quinientos pesos 
4 la vez que los vencimientos de las tropas y otros gastos indispen- 
: sables ascienden 4 mas de veinticinco [mil] pesos; de manera que no 
puede atenderse 4 todo con la debida oportunidad. .... 
San Luis Porosi, Enero 4 de 1847. * 


January 4, 1847. 


The Sixth Regiment, now at the capital, is to come here. 
San Luis Porosi. 


January 4, 1847. 


Enclosed is a letter (with documents) from Eduardo Gonzales’, Vice Gov- 
ernor of Coahuila, dated Dec. 29. [The letter says: @ la vez de ocuparme 
_ constantemente en reclamar 4 los respectivos gefes la multidud de ultrajes? que 
por diferentes motivos han recaido sobre mis compatriotas no hé descuidado 
en participar & V. EL. lo mas notable de estos asi como los movimientos que ha 
hecho el Ejército invasor.2 One man received a ball.] 
~ §an Luis Poros. 


January 6, 1847. 


_ letters have been taken from a United States messenger. The most im- 
portant one (duplicate) is from Major General R. Patterson to the Assistant 
4 Adjutant General at Monterey. [It is as follows: Matamoros, December 12. 
Rough weather ‘for many days past” has entirely cut off communication 
between Brazos Island* and the Rio Grande by water, prevented the passage 
of Boca Chica*® by wagons, and prevented steamers from coming up the Yiver 


1Gonzflez. He wrote from Saltillo. 

_ 2Undoubtedly the American Volunteers did commit many outrages in spite of all that 
_ Gen. Worth could do. Worth himself so stated. The main trouble was that Gen. Taylor 
- would not use the needful severity. Scott did much better. 

3It will be noted that Gonzdlez, permitted by the Americans to stay at Saltillo and 
exercise his functions, repaid them by acting as a spy. When one of his letters was in- 
-tercepted, Worth read him a rather severe lecture. 

 4Off Point Isabel, Texas. 

5 A shallow strait between “ Brazos Island” and the mainland. Later it was bridged. 


406 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. \ 


as far as Matamoros. I cannot count on enough wagons to march befor 
20th. I hope then to send three regiments on successive days. In many 
there is not enough water (it is said) for all to go together. There will 
about 1,700 men: Tennessee horse, 650; Third Illinois foot, 550; Woukth I 
nois foot, 450; Sappers and Miners, 60. Pillow* has returned in better 
and will go with me. I hope to be at Victoria in 13-15 days.* The men 
the horses are in good condition, and can probably average 16 miles a day.] 
San Luis Porosi. : 


January 7, 1847. 


Ejército Libertador Republicano. ’ 
E. S. No habiendo tenido ni contestacién & mis comunicacione 
de 30 del ppdo y 1°, 2 y 4 del corriente en que he manifestado b: 
claramente, que este Ejército se encuentra en el mayor abandon 
que no existe ni un peso para sus socorros, me veo en el indispensa 
caso de anunciar 4 V. E., que si 4 la vuelta de este extraordinario 
se mandan las poedade: necesarias 4 esta Comisaria, publicaré i 
mediatamente un manifiesto 4 la nacién, que la instruya de cuan 
debe saber en el particular. 
Hoy estamos 4 siete del mes, y los cuerpos no reciben ni un peso p 
cuenta del presupuesto de él, cuando ademas no se ha cubierto mas 
la mitad del pasado; de manera, que de prestado y con mil afanes 
buscan cada dia los ranchos para que el soldado no bn de hamk 
6 se deserte huyendo de ella... . 
Para que tal situacién no ceda en mi descrédito, procederé - pa 
indicado, como tinico medio legal que me queda... . 
San Luts Potosi, Enero 7 de 1847. 


: ‘ January 12, 1847. 


Ten bronze cannon, ete., were saved from Tampico.* 
San Luis Portosf. 


January 13, 1847. 


By the law of January 11 “the national representation has proved [ac 
tado] its patriotism.” * ; 
Sawn Luts Porosf. 


1 This refers to Patterson’s march from Matamoros to Victoria, where he joined GC 
Taylor, who had moved from Monterey. 

2 Brig. Gen. Gideon J. Pillow. 

3 He reached Victoria Jan. 4, 1847, the same day as Taylor. 

4 When Parrodi evacuated the city. 

5 Santa Anna refers to the law which gave the government power to use fifteen | mi 
of Church property. 6 eng 


HISTORICAL MANUSCRIPTS CGMMISSI0¥. 407 


January 13, 1847. 


In reply to the government’s circular about repressing every attempt to make 
a disturbance in consequence of the law regarding ecclesiastical property, I 
would Say that no such danger exists in this army. If anything is attempted 
here, I will take the necessary steps to prevent its effects.* 
San Luts Porosf. 


January 14, 1847. 


The enemy have embarked about three hundred men and several cannon 
at Tampico to join their squadron off Vera Cruz, probably intending to attack 
Vera Cruz or Alvarado.2 Send an express to the Comandante General of 
Vera Cruz instructing him to be on the lookout. 

San Luts Porosi. 


January 19, 1847. 


Ejército Libertador Republicano. Gral en Jefe. Sria. de Cam- 
 pafia. Urgente. : 

E. S..... Acerca del estado de miseria en que se halla este 
Ejército por el abandono en que se le tiene. Hice presente 4 V. E., 
que ya no era posible sobrellevar esta situacién, y que de ella 
necesarlamente deberian seguirse males de gran trascendencia; asi 
ha sucedido, y los primeros efectos que se estan notando, son los de la 
desercion que se verifica diariamente 4 bandadas, no siendo estrafio, 
que el Ejército en muy pocos dias se disuelva de este modo, si no es 
que antes, la idea que se ha generalizado, y debe proceder de los 
enemigos de] orden, de que el Supremo Gobierno con estudio lo tiene 
en este abandono, 6 la desesperaci6n que causa el hambre y la miseria, 
_produzean otros males de mas gerarquia* y de incalculables con- 
secuencias.* .... 

A las angustias expresadas, faltaban las que naturalmente pro- 
ducen las especies vertidas en algunos periddicos de esa Capital, sin 
duda con perverso designio. En cartas anonimas, y aun en articulos 
de fondo se dice, que este Ejército se mantiene en inaccion propor- 


1 Pinding the law extremely unpopular, Santa Anna soon changed his tone. It was sus- 
_ pected that, besides wishing to obtain funds, he had wished this blow at the Church to be 
struck, so that the prelates would have to make terms with him for protection. The 
acting executive (Santa Anna could not legally act as President while in command of an 
- army), Valentin Gémez Farias, the vice president, was an honest radical with whom they 
could make no bargain. 
2A small town lying about sixty miles by the road southeast of Vera Cruz, near the 
mouth of Alvarado River. The harbor at that place was of value for small vessels; the 
remains of the Mexican navy were there; and the upper country on the banks of the 
stream was rich in horses, mules and cattle. Two attacks upon Alvarado had already 
f been made. Another seemed, therefore, probable, and in fact it oceurred at the begin- 
- ning of Apr.. 1847. 
8 Jeraqufa. 
*Santa Anna doubtless had reference to a revolt. 


408 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


cionando asi ventajas al enemigo, porque hay um conwenio par 
este no sea atacado.! Los que asi afrentan 4 la Patria, y { 
mejores servidores, contribuyen tambien 4 hacer mas penosa su s 
cién. Pero no es tan estrafia la conducta de esos malos Mexicanc 
como lo es, que el organo ofical? no hable nada sabiendo como sabe | 
Ministerio, el motivo porque aquel no se mueve. ... . 

CuarTEL GRAL DE San Luts Porosi, Enero 19 de 1847. 


January 22, 1847. 


Kjército Libertador Republicano. Gral en Jefe. 

E. 8S. He recibido la nota de V. E. fecha 18 del actual, en que 
orden del KE. S. Vice-Presidente* me manifesta haberse librado p 
ese Supremo Gobierno las ordenes competentes al Sr. Comisario gral 
de este Estado * para que se ponga en practica la ejucucion del Decreto 
de 11 del corriente expedido por el soberano Congreso nacional sob: 
ocupacion de bienes de manos muertos.® 

Permitame V. E. que le diga desluego, que semejante paso ni del 
considerarse como auxilio para el ejército, por que su inoportunida 
lo hace inttil. La ejecucién del Decreto citado debe empezarse en 
capital, donde la presencia de la autoridad suprema, y su prestig 
haran que no se entorpezca la marcha del asunto; y estoy en la firn 
creencia de que en ninguno de los otros estados surtira su efecto, si le 
capital no da el ejemplo. Agrégase 4 esto, que las legislaturas ¢ 
Mexico, Puebla y Querétaro han presentado iniciativas para la dei 
vacion del expresado decreto, y que esto debe haber infundido deseo: 
fianza, y presentado por consiguiente nuevas dificultades para su 
realizacién. Pero entre tanto este Ejército se halla en la mas e 


1The public had become informed to some extent of the negotiations that had ti 
place in July, 1846, between Santa Anna and the American government with refer 
to his regaining power in Mexico and making peace. He was therefore accused by 
of acting in collusion with the United States, and such incidents as the evacuati on 
Tampico were thought to confirm their belief. ; 
2The Diario. The precise reasons for its silence on this point cannot- positiv 
stated; but for one thing it is clear that to admit that the army had not been su 
with funds would have given great assistance to the many implacable enemies of 
government. pe 
3 Valentin G6mez Farias, now acting as president. 
4The State of San Luis Potosf. 4 
5A vast amount of real estate mortgaged to the Church. Ag neither debtor 
creditor expected the loan to be paid up, this property virtually belonged to the C! 
There was practically no land tax in Mexico, and hence, as the property used 
ligious purposes was exempt, the Roman Catholic Church, which was believed to 
greater part of the wealth of the country, bore a very small share of the costs 
war, although—since absorption in the United States would have extinguished ~ 
clusive privileges—the war was carried on in a special sense for its benefit. Th 
lates showed little inclination to contribute liberally, and hence it seemed necess: 
lay hands upon some of the Church’s wealth. But the law of Jan. 11 proved sub 
tially a dead letter, and before long, after making an arrangement with the clergy, 
Anna had it repealed. 


HISTORICAL MANUSCRIPTS COMMISSION. 409 


ta indigencia, y abandonado 4 ella por el Gobierno. Y hace un mes 
este se els y no ha enviado hasta ahora ni un real para las 


4 ¥ a Luis on. Enero 22 de 1847. 


January 22, 1847. 


_ Reservada. Beach,” editor of the New York Sun, has gone from Havana to 
Vera Cruz as an agent of the United States to bring about peace.* So I hear by 
' private letters from Havana that came by the last packet. He has no official 
-commission,* but full powers,® and will not spare money. “His mission so 
prejudicial to the interests and the honor of the Nation.” 

~ §an Luis Porosi. 


January 23, 1847. 
TO THE DIRECTOR OF THE MINT. 


ae Libertador Republicano. Gral en Jefe. 

E. S. .. Apesar du su® estremada subordinacién no seria 
extrafio unu desorden promivido por la falta de alimentos, desorden 
que desvandaria’ estas tropas, y con ellas se perderia eee la iltima 
esperanza de salvacién..... 

_ Asi es que entre perderla y con ella nuestro honor, ser politico, 
 sagrada religién y libertad individual, 6 tomar dinero de donde lo 
_ haya, creo que V. cuya prudencia es notoria, la Nacién y el Universo, 
_ desidiran * lo que deba preferirse.®... . 

CuarTEL GRAL DE San Luts Potosi, Enero 23 de 1847. 

Au Sr. Drrecror pE 1a Casa pE Monepa bE Esta Crupap.” 


January 26, 1847. 


Ejército Libertador Republicano. Gralen Jefe. Urgente. 

_ E.S. Con asombro noto que el ministro de Hacienda ha resuelto 
‘dejar en el abandono y en la desesperacién 4 este Ejército de quien 
depende hoy la suerte de la Patria. Desde que se instalo la actual 


oa 1 Fartas was sincerely patriotic and anxious to support the war; but he was beset 
with the most serious difficulties, and probably, too, desiring to reduce the wealth of the 
‘Church as one way to curb its power, he was not sorry to have the necessities of the 
army and the demands of Santa Anna as arguments for the passage of such a law as 
at of Jan. 11, and therefore did not make all the efforts he might otherwise have made 
to raise money by the usual methods. 
_ 2Moses Y. Beach. 
a This information was correct. Beach conferred with high Roman Catholic dignitaries 
in Cuba, and presumably.the facts were derived from them. 
_ ‘He had a commission as a special agent but not as a diplomatic representative. The 
‘mission was most secret. 
&This statement is entirely too strorg. 
_ §his word refers to Santa Anna’s army. 

_ 7 Desbandaria. 
 § Decidiran. 
_ Subject to variations in form, this was the standard Mexican formula used in justi- 
fication of what amounted to a seizure of property by military force. 
_ The letter in the Guerra y Marina archives is a copy. 


410 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


administracién, no ha remitido un solo peso 4 esta comisaria, 
conducta en las actuales circunstancias, es criminal ; protesto 
contra ella ante la nacién, por las consecuencias que pueda a 
Se me ha puesto en el caso de mandar ocupar noventa y ocho bar 
de plata que se acufaban en la casa de moneda de esta ciudad, con 
vera V. E. por la copia adjunta, teniendo que garantir 4 los duefios 
con la cesidn que hago de todos mis bienes para que de ellos 


satisfechos, por si el gobierno no lo hiciere. He contraido otr; 
mas deudas sobre mis dichos bienes, y seguramente de esta vez q 


estos beneméritos coldaes: ae 
San Luis Porosi Enero 26 de 1847. = 


January 29, 1847. 


Ejército Libertador Republicano. 

EK. S.... La conducta observada por el Gobierno no- tier 
ejemplo en la historia.?.... 

San Luts Porost, Enero 29 de 1847. 


1This is not to be taken literally. of course. Besides, his great wealth had been ob- 
tained by robbing the peoplé of Mexico, and in the event of failing in his present und 
taking he was almost sure to lose at least a large part of it. 

2This has reference to its failure to supply Santa Anna with funds. It seems w 
while to present the defence of the government against Santa Anna’s principal a 
tions: the failure to serd him money and the neglect of Vera Cruz: — 

H.S. . ... . El Gobierno no desconoce la posicién de V. E., pero tambien now 
serle estraiia la que el mismo Gobierno guarda hoy, porque falto hasta ahora de ca 
bastantes para sus grandes y multiplicadas atenciones. El remedio del Erario lo 
en el cumplimiento de la Ley de 10 del actual [date of one stage in the passage of th 
regarding Church property]; pero por desgracia ésta ha tenido trabas que al eje 
no le ha sido posible superar hasta hoy, porque los interesados en el manejo di 
bienes eclesifsticos, han puesto en accién todo el poder de la intriga, usando has 
respetable nombre de V. BH. y su descaro ha llegado hasta el extremo que aseguran 
si bien creyo V. HE. esta medida como salvadora de la Narcién ahora la considera ¢ 
ineficas [ineficax] y viciosa. eee 

Afortunadamente la citada Ley ha sido publicada en la mayor parte de los Hs 
sin que halla habido mas que lijeras conmociones en esta Capital, y en las de Que 
y Puebla sin una oposicion tenaz, por parte de los reverendos Obispos y Cabild 
siasticos, mas que por la del Reverendo Obispo de Michoacan, que ha protestado co 
medida de una manera sumamente fuerte y amenasante (amendaae al : 
greso. . . ay 

Ahora Pepre los enemigos exteriores, podr4 acaso V. E. contener los movimiento 
intentan hacer sobre las costas de Veracruz, para despues pretender apodi 
aquella plaza. 

El ejecutivo en desempeno de sus obligaciones y para estorbar que llegue 1a 
tunado caso, ha dispuesto, como se le tiene ya dicho 4 V. E. formar una Divisién 
mil hombres que 4 las ordenes del bizarro Gral Don Romulo Diaz de la Vega, m: 
en los primeros dias del proximo mes de Febrero. 

Ademas de esta Divisién, el IE. S. Vice Presidente entenetd [Santa Anna and 
were interim officials because not elected at the regular time] se ocupa de formar 
reserva, para atender 4 los puntos que quedan ser atacados por las tropas Norte 
canas. . . . [Circumstances—particularly a revolt at Mexico—prevented the ~ 
ment from carrying these plans into effect.] : 

Enero 30 de 1847. Al E. S. Presidente into de la Republica, Benemerito de la P 
Gral en Jefe del Ejército de Operaciones Don Antonio Lépez de Santa Anna. 


— 


HISTORICAL MANUSCRIPTS COMMISSION. 411 
February 2, 1847. 


KE. S. En estos momentos que son las diez de la manana, parto de 
esta ciudad? con el objeto de alcanzar al ejército de mi mando, cuya 
retaguardia salié de aqui el 31 del pasado, y aunque como he dicho 4 
V. E. anteriormente, va desprovisto de toda clase de recursos, le so- 
bra entusiasmo y desici6n ? por sacrificarse an las aras de la Patria. 

Sawn Luis Porosi, 2 de Febrero de 1847. 


February 9, 1847. 


Hjército Libertador Republicano. 

E. 8. En el Diario del Gobierno del 29 del ppdo, he visto una 
exposicion que con fecha del dia anterior habia pasado ese minis- 
terio al Soberano congreso nacional, manifestando Ja necesidad de 
recursos en que se encuentra este Ejército, y ofreciendo presentar las 
iniciativas convenientes para remediarla. 

En un documento de tanta importancia, y en el que por su natura- 
leza debiera cuidarse de no incurrir en equivocacion, debe haberme 
sido sorprendente la asercién de que se han mandado recientemente 
treinta y cinco mil pesos a la comisaria de San Luis, cuando 4 nadie 
mejor que al Supremo Gobierno consta que no se ha hecho tal re- 
mesa,? y que para la manutencién de las tropas y preparativos del 
movimiento que se ha efectuado, he tenido que hacer disembolsos, 
comprometer mi crédito y arbitrar otros medios como me ha sido 
posible, sin recibir ni un solo peso de la Tesoreria Gral de la nacion. 
En tal virtud, ruego 4 V. E. se sirva rectificar ese acerto* por medio 
del mismo Diario, pues de no hacerse, pudiera darse 4 entender que 
mis continuos reclamos han sido exajerados® -é injustos, sufriendo 
por tanto mi reputaciOn..... 

Tambien ha llamado mi atencién que se diga en el mismo docu- 
mento, que este Ejército tendra suficientes recursos poniendo en 
ejecucién el decreto sobre bienes de manos muertos en los Estados 
de San Luis, Guanajuato y Zacatecas, puesto que tales recursos son 
ilusorios por las razones que ya he manifestado al Supremo Gobierno 
por conducto de ese mismo Ministerio. 

Por tanto, espero tambien que estas dificultades se hagan putblicas, 
4 fin de que no se crea que este Ejército ha podido hallarse en un 
estado prospero mientras he tenido que sacrificarme para sostenerlo 


1 On his march to the battlefield of Buena Vista. 

2 Decision. 

8 At this time the government was standing at bay and fighting for its life. 
“ Aserto, i. e., asercién, 

5 Hxagerados, 


4 


412 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOUIATION, 


y hacerlo operar, pues el Gobierno sabe que en el mes ¢ 
solo mandé 4 la Comisarfa ciento setenta y cinco mil pesos 
se ha cubierto medio presupuesto del mes de Enero, se d 
auxilios que yo he procurado de la manera que dejo i im i 

ee, Febrero 9 de 1847. 


February 11, 1847. 


E. S. Hoy contintio mi marcha para el Saltillo, y lo mismo 
Ejército de mi mando, que en divisiones avanza segun lo peri 
cruda estacion, y la miseria que se esperimenta naturalment 
desiertos, cuando no hay ni dinero, ni raciones: la baja por e 
es eine por aquellos motivos. . 

E] enemigo en ntimero de seis 4 siete mil hombres* co: i 


piezas? de Artilleria, se ha situado en Agua Nueva,> tal 
designio de esperarnos alli, 6 de avanzar 4 encontrarnos. 
Taylor manda en persona esta fuerza. 
Dentro de diez 6 doce dias‘ se dard una batalla. ... . 
Marenvata, Yebrero 11 de 1847. 


February 17, 1847. 
E. S. Por los adjuntos documentos se impondra V. E. que « 


distante de este punto veinte leguas* cuyas noticias rati 
espias hasta esta hora, y no cabe duda en que se prep 
Gral 4 una batalla, y que presentara en ella de siete 4 ocho 
bres con mas de veinte piezas de Artilleria. ho 
Por mi parte he tomado todas las medidas convenientes 
tirlo en su campo el dia 21 del corriente, y tal vez cuando } 
nota 4 manos de V. E., habra tenido lugar un gran hecho 
cuyo resultado sera para la patria de incalculables consecuene 


conjurados contra nosotros,° pues algunos dias hemos 
caminar sobre la nieve, entivian,’ su ardimiento. 


1In fact about 4,750. . 

2Taylor had fifteen cannon on the field at Buena Vista. 

3 About twelve miles south of Buena Vista, which was about six miles from Sali 
the same direction., 

4In fact eleven days, which shows that in this case Santa Anna calcula 
ingly well. 

5 About fifty-two miles. 

6 The weather was in fact terribly trying—now cold, now hot, now stormy. — 

7BHntibian. The boast was well grounded. 


HISTORICAL MANUSCRIPTS COMMISSION. 413 


Los que suponian, que por este rumbo nada tenia que hacer el 
_ejército de mi mando, varan muy pronto, que para dar opinion 
_sobre materia que no se entiende es necesaria alguna circunspeccion. 
_- Dios y Libertad. 

San Satvapor,! Febrero 17 de 1847 é las 10 de la manana, 


\ 


February 23, 1847. 


Ejército Libertador Republicano. Gralen Jefe. Sria. de Campafia. 
_ E. S. En un momento de lugar, y ahora que son las siete de la 
noche, participo 4 V. E. para que se sirva hacerlo al E. S. Vice- 
Presidente de la Republica que el Ejército de mi mando, despues de 
f una penosa marcha por el largo desierto que media desde el Cedral 
hasta akui,? ha tenido que sostener una batalla de dos dias contra 
| el Ejército de los Estados Unidos del Norte, al mando del Gral Z. 
Taylor, compuesta de ocho 4 nueve mil hombres, con 26 piezas de 
Artilleria.2 Ambos Ejércitos han peleado con encarnizamiento y 
desperacion.* Hoy comenzo la accién 4 las seis de la manana, y ha 
- concluido al ponerse el sol.* El campo esta sembrado de cadaveres y 
_ la sangre ha corrido 4 torrentes. Iban quedado en nuestro poder dos 
-banderas que tengo el honor de remitir 4 V. E. con el portador, tres 
piezas de Artilleria, dos del calibre de 4 seis y una de 4 cuatro, con 
sus dotaciones de municiones, y cuatro carros; aquellas con sus tiros 
de caballos, y aunque no se ha decidido la batalla, puedo asegurar 
4 V. E., que cuantas veces se ha disputado el terreno, ha quedado por 
las tropas de la Reptiblica,® como lo acreditan los trofeos indicados; 
mas de dos mil cadaveres de los enemigos,’ endidos en el campo de 
batalla y varios prisoneros, cuyo ntimero no se hasta esta hora. 
Por mi parte tengo el sentimiento de manifestar 4 V. E. que entre 
Grales, Jefes, Oficiales y Tropa, habremos perdido entre muertos 


1The situation of this place, now a station on the railroad, is indicated by Santa Anna 
in the first sentence of this letter. 

2In fact nearly all of the march beyond Matehuala, more than 100 miles, lay through a 

desert region. 
3 3Santa Anna now felt it necessary to exaggerate still the numbers opposed to him. 
However, that is a common practice with commanders and soldiers. And it is possible 
after all that he believed the statement, for the American guns were moved from point to 
point during the battle with such remarkable celerity that they well might have seemed 
_ more numerous than they were. 

4This statement was true. 

5 Owing to the high mountains that walled in the valley of Buena Vista sunset came 
early. The battle ended at about five o'clock. 

® This was not correct, but the Mexicans did repeatedly force portions of Taylor’s army 
to fall back. In fact only one of his regiments kept its face to the enemy all day, 
Feb. 23. ; ; 

7A gross and no doubt intentional misstatement. As the Mexicans were finally driven 
from the field they were unable to count or intelligently estimate the number of Ameri- 
cans killed. In killed, wounded and missing Taylor lost about 666. 


414 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


y heridos, segun se calcula, cosa de mil hombres, lo que hara cono 
a V. E. lo refiido del combate, en dos dias continuados. En una 
las primeras cargas de este dia, fué herido y muerto mi caballo 
un metrallazo.? | 

La fuerte posicién del enemigo lo ha libertado de una completal 
derrota® pues muy pocas horas antes de mi llegada 4 este punto, : 
retir6 del campo de Aguanueva, donde se hallaba, por noticias qu 
tuvo de mis movimientos,* y se situo en este lugar, que forma un 
puerto y puede compararse al célebre paso de las Termdpilas; pero 
el enemigo debe haber conocido en estos dos dias, que ni la aspereza de 
las montafias, ni lo fuerte de las posiciones, ni sus ventajas, sean las 
que fueren, detienen al soldado Mexicano cuando pelea en defenza de 
los derechos de su patria; estos soldados son dignos de toda consi- 
deracién, y yo puedo gloriarme de decir que estoy 4 la cabeza de un 
Ejército de héroes, que no solamente sabe combatir con brabura,® 
sino sufrir el hambre y la sed por cuarenta horas continuadas, com 
lo he visto, porque asi lo ha exigido el servicio de la Nacion. I 
unico que aflige en estos momentos mi situacioén, es no tener ni 
galleta, ni un poco de arroz siquiera,® para alimentar a tanto herid 
pues con solo carne hemos pasado estos dias; -y ya se vera la razon qu 
he tenido en quejarme, por el abandono en que se.ha tenido 4 e 
Ejércio dos meses y en decir, que no es posible hacer la campaiia con 
buen exito sin proveer al Ejército, con cuanto la Guerra exige. Pienso, 
por tanto, transladar maflana temprano mi campo a Aguanueya, 
tres leguas distante, para proveerme de alguna menestra’ que d 
haber llegado a la Hacienda de la Encarnacién;® y si logro hace 
de lo necesario y me alijero de los heridos, que tanto entorpecen 
movimientos, volveré 4 cargar, no obstante haberseme abierto | 
herida® por la fatiga que me ha producido andar 4 caballo do 
horas en cada dia. .... 


1 The figures should probably have been about 1,800. 

8 This appears to have been a fact. 

2 This opinion was correct, but it reflects credit upon Gen. Wood, who selected the 
of battle. 

4He could have said ‘“‘ retired precipitately.” 

5 Bravura. 

6 This was substantially true. 

™Merely a pretext. The supplies could have been sent forward to the army. Prob: 
the real reason for retreating was that his army was on the point of breaking up. 

8 About 55 miles from Saltillo on the road to San Luis Potosf. 

®In consequence of a wound received in fighting a party of French troops at 
Cruz in 1838 one of Santa Anna’s legs had to be amputated near the knee. The s 
may easily have been made sore by his riding about on the rough ground i = 
battle, 


HISTORICAL MANUSCRIPTS COMMISSION. 415 


March 21, 1847. 


To GENERAL VALENTIN CANALIZO.2 


“Having arrived in this city to assume the reins of government?.... [I 
_ direct] you [to] send your corps* by arrangement with the chief of the insur- 
gents to their quarters and take back the arms given to the people.” * 
GUADALUPE DE Hiatco.® 


April 4, 1847. 


“The shameful surrender” of Vera Cruz.® 
MEXxIco. 


April 6, 1847. 


Ejército de Operaciones de Oriente. General en Jefe. 

_E.S. El dia de ayer llegue 4 esta Hacienda despues de haber for- 
zado la marcha cuanto me fué posible: mafiana trasladaré 4 Corral 
Falso’ y Cerro Gordo*® con el objeto de reconocer aquellas posi- 
siones® y dictar todas las medidas conducentes para que se activen 
todas las obras de fortificacion que alli se practican. En Corral 
falso situaré por ahora el cuartel Gral. Tengo el sentimiento de 
manifestar 4 V. E. que el pavor que se apoderoé de los soldados que 
compusieron la guarnicion de Veracruz ha dado lugar 4 relaciones 
exageradas acerca del bombardeo que sufrio aquella plaza, y estragos 
eausados por los projectiles del enemigo siendo esta la razén del 
decaimiento del Espiritu de los habitantes del Estado y muy par- 
ticularmente de la Guardia Nacional que con pocas ecepciones?? ha 
abandonado sus puestos fugandose vergonzosamente. De luego 4 
Inego he dictado una circular, para que todo desertor que sea apren- 
dido de los cuerpos permanentes, Activos o de la Guardia Nacional que 


1A native of Monterey, Mexico, and one of Santa Anna’s most faithful, if not most 
intelligent, followers. 

2 Owing to the insurrection (in large measure caused by the attack upon Church prop- 
erty) which broke out at Mexico near the end of February, 1847, chaos reigned at the 
eapital. Congress ceased to assemble, but a large number of the members requested 
Santa Anna to take possession of the Presidency, to which he had been elected in Decem- 
ber, as the only way to restore order. He therefore hastened to the capital. 

3Canalizo commanded the military forces of the government. 

4Farias was the chief leader of the democratic party, and in this crisis had the sup- 
port of the populace at Mexico. He therefore put arms into their hands. 

5 A suburb of Mexico. 

6 Vera Cruz surrendered to Gen. Winfield Scott on Mar. 27 and was occupied by the 
Americans two days later. From a military point of view it did not have to yield so 
soon. Many of the people remaining in the town, and through them a considerable num- 
ber of the soldiers and officers, had become demoralized by the American bombardment ; 
this added to the failure of the central government (which was paralyzed by the in- 
surrection at Mexico) to send aid hastened the surrender. 

7 A pass on the National Highway, about thirteen miles below Jalapa. 

8 A hamlet about five miles below Corral Falso. 

® Posiciones. 

10 Bxcepciones, 


416 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


pertinecian al Ejercito de Oriente,1 sea pasado por las ar 

misiblemente con arreglo 4 ordenanza. He dictado otras medi 
. para que se reunan en el cuartel Gval las milicias del er 
para que se envien peones 6 instrumentos de zapa para los t I 
de fortificacién. .... 

Teniendo hoy el sentimiento de manifestarle que ecsaustad 
todo los arcas del estado? y las de la comisaria de Jalapa; cares 
lo absoluto de medios para ocurrir al mantenimiento de estos 
y a todos los gastos que demanda la defensa del pais. La Br 
que vino de Puebla al mando del Sr. Gral Pinzon,* carece de socorre 
desde ayer pues solo sacé para ocho dias. .... 

Yo he dado de mi bolsillo quinientos sesenta pesos para comp 
brines y ojas de lata con objeto de que se construyan cartucho 
botes de metralla en la fortaleza de Perote con parte de la pol vO 
que conduce la Brigada del Sr. Gral Rangel®..... aa 

La falta de una fuerza competente en el puente Nacional® para 


= 


a disponer su evacuacion repligando las cortas fuerzas que alli he 
a la cafiada de Cerro gordo. He aprobado esa disposision orden 


se traslade la Artilleria alli existente a dicho punto de Cerro got 
donde voy a establecer la primera linea, ya por ser un lugar a prop 
sito para hacer una buena defensa, como por la dificultad de s 
flanqueado, circunstancia de que carece al puente Nacional. El 
Canalizo habia determinado que se inutilisace’ la Artilleria pero ye 
he dispuesto que se salva a toda costa. 


del desorden y desconcierto en que he encontrado todos los ram 
merced a la profunda sensacion que han causado los ultimos suce 
de Veracruz. Mi presencia en el estado ha alentado los Animos 
escuso medio de los que estan a mi alcance para que renasca el | 
tusiasmo y cooperen todos los Ciudadanos a la defensa del territ 
nacional estando dispuesto a hacer ejemplares severos contra, 
apaticos o flojos en el cumplimiento de sus deberes. 

Hoy se me ha dado aviso de que una Division enemiga® ay 
sobre el Puente Nacional. y si pasare de este limite esté ses 


“An Sith temed army, commanded by Gen. Canalizo, that occupied eee po 
qn the National Highway above and below Jalapa. : 

2 Hxhaustas. ; - 

8 The State of Vera Cruz, the capital of which was Jalapa. 4 

4Luis Pinz6n, a mulatto born at Acapulco, Mexico, was considered a good officer, 
commanded a position at the battle of Cerro Gordo. ; 

5 Nothing can be said regarding the antecedents of Gen. Joaquin Rangel. 
jeading a brigade from Mexico, It left that city on Mar. 28. 

6A long, high bridge of cut stone, one of the finest monuments of the Spanis! 
which enabled the National Highway to cross the Antigua River, here a swift n 
stream. 

7 Inutilizase. 

8 That of Gen. David BE. Twiggs, 


HISTORICAL MANUSCRIPTS COMMISSION. 417 


: Beipremo Gobierno de que se i opondra una resistencia obsti- 
Bomads. .... 

Dios y Libertad. 

CuarTeL GRrAL EN EL Encero a 6 de Abril de 1847. 


April 7, 1847. 


: News was received from Vera Cruz yesterday. I have no doubt the enemy 
is providing two Divisions to advance to the capital “which is today their 
- principal object.” One is to march via Cérdoba and Orizaba;* the other will 
come this way, and has already set out. Let the government provide for the 
_ defence of the capital. I-can attend only to this road. If the brigades arrive 
in time from San Luis Potosi, the government can provide for the other road. 
Unless the government sends money “ with the velocity of lightning [rayo]” all 
will be lost, and “in no way do I consider myself responsible for any bad 
result.” 
ENCERO, 


April 7, 1847. 


“There is not a single grain of powder at Perote nor in the army.”? “If 
the Government does not send quickly [a la ligera]” 200 quintals* of this 
article, the war cannot be carried on. 

ENCERO, 


April 11, 1847. 


Ejército de Operaciones de Oriente. Gral en Jefe. 

E. S. Con fecha de hoy digo al Sr. Gral Dn. Manuel Arteaga * lo que 
sigue: “Contesto al oficio de V. S. fecha de ayer en que me comunica 
que por orden del Supremo Gobierno se dirigia 4 ocupar con la 
Brigada de su mando las cumbres de Aculzingo manifestandole; 
_ que como quiera que mis convinaciones militares las he formado con- 
_ tando con esa Brigada que hace dias debia estar en marcha para este 
Cuartel Gral prevengo a V. S. que del punto en que lo encuentre esta 
comunicacion, tome la direccién de Perote 6 Jalapa donde recibira 
mis ulteriores ordenes; siendo de la responsabilidad de V. 5S. la menor 
demora en el cumplimiento de esta disposicion, pues el enemigo desde 
esta mafiana esta 4 la vista de mis posiciones con fuerzas superiores, 
 y trata de hacer un grande esfuerzo para abrirse paso 4 la capital de 
la Reptiblica.” 


1 Well-known cities near the coast on the direct railroad from Vera Cruz to Mexico. 
2No doubt an exaggeration. 

3 The quintal was a hundredweight. 

4 An officer commanding troops raised by the State of Puebla. 


88582°—19—_27 


418 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


haber dictado el Supremo Gobierno al Gral Arteaga la dis 
indicada se han seguido trastornos a mis convinaciones mi 
y Dios quiera que no tengamos que deplorar por ello algunas 


gracias. Bac. 
Crrro-corpo, Abril 11 de 1847. : 


April 13, 1847. : 
Ejército de Operaciones de Oriente. General en Jefe. 
1 S26. . He conseguido fortificar del mejor modo p 
los Hainecrvollss pasos y establecido dos lineas de defenza sosten 
por trienta y cuatro piezas de artilleria seis mil infantes y dos r 
caballos,! promeviendonse un buen resultado si el enemigo que 
halla en el Plan del rio? y diariamente se tirotea con mis avanzad 
llevare al cabo su intentona de forzar el paso. a, 
Sirva 4 V. E. de gobierno que toda la fuerza del enemigo se 
dirigido para el Plan del rio 4 donde se halla, y por lo mismo, 
debe temerse nada por el rumbo de Orizava; sin embargo, es nee 
sario prevenir al Sr. Gral Dn Antonio Leon* que se dirija 4 aq 
punto y fortifique el del Chiquihuite,* conservando su fuerza ¢ 
Cérdova® como le he prevenido. 
La escaces de numerario me pone en mil dificultades,® pues est 
tropas me piden sus socorros y yo no puedo subministrarselos; _ 
no ser por algunos viveres con que auxilia 4 este Ejército el E. 
Gobernador del Estado’ y por el ganado que hago conducir de n 
hacienda del Encero, y-con que contribuyo gustoso, estos soldad 
que han detenido la marcha del enemigo habrian perecido. .. . . 
Es preciso que vengan violentamente docientos mil cartucho 
A 19 adarmes;® que se aligere la marcha de los docientos quini 
de pélvora que pedi con urgencia en mis notas anteriores y que se 
repitan ordenes al Gral Arteaga para que se me incorpore a 
Ejército, por ser sumamente necesarlo..... 
Cerro Gorvo, April 13 del 1847. 


1 His forces in the battle of Cerro Gordo probably numbered at least 10,000. 
?Plan del Rio, a hamlet lying on the National Highway about five miles ‘below the 
hamlet of Cerro Gordo. 
3 Antonio Leén, an officer commanding a brigade of militia from the State of Oo: 
4A naturally strong position near Cérdoba on the road from Vera Cruz to Orizab 
5 Cérdoba. 
6 By the date of the battle of Cerro Gordo (Apr. 18) Santa Anna had funds en 
but he may not have had on the 13th. 
7 Juan Soto. 
“In 1847 this was the preferred calibre for Mexican army muskets, though 
of other calibres were used. 


HISTORICAL MANUSCRIPTS COMM.SSION. 419 


April 17, 1847. 


Ejército de Operaciones de Oriente. Gralen Jefe. Pare. 

E. S. He manifestado 4 V. E. para que se sirva naverle al E. S. 
Presidente sustituto,! que con la mayor premura fortificaba estas 
gargantas” para contener el paso del invasor, que ansiaba por llegar 
a Jalapa para proseguir su marcha a la Capital de la Reptihlica, y que 
con mil afanes y en medio de la escaces de todo, habia logrado el 
principal objeto. 

- Hoy 4 las doce del dia ha comenzado el enemigo por atacar® una 


ee ee ee ee 
fs 


~ 


de mis posiciones en el cerro del Telégrafo,t y he tenido que sos- 
tener una lucha de cuatro horas* contra la mayor parte de sus fuerzas 
mandada en persona por el Gral Scott® habienco logrado rechazar 
a este con grande pérdica,’ pues ha dejado en el campo porcidn de 
muertos y heridos. Por mi parte han resultado un oficial y vein- 
ticinco soldados muertos y ciento veintidos heridos de todas clases. 

Segtin se advierte los esfuerzos de los invasores continuaran 
manana y la lucha sera encarnizada, porque las tropas de mi mando 
estan desididas® 4 sacrificarse en el servicio de su Patria. Las pos- 
teriores ocurrencias las communicaré 4 V. E. por extraordinario. 

Es de necesidad que el Gobierno Supremo auxilie 4 este Ejército 
con dinero, y con todos los recursos que le fuere posible, y tan ejecuti- 
vamente como se necesita. .... 

Dios y Libertad. 

CuarTeL Gra EN Cerro Gorno, Abril 17 de 1847. 


ee ee eae ee ae ee | 


an 


April 25, 1847. 


I hear that 10,000 Americans are landing at Mocambo® and will move directly 
*toward Jalapa without going to Vera Cruz. 
OrIzARa.” 


1In order to eliminate Farias, who had failed to give general satisfaction as executive 
but under the constitution would have resumed automatically the duties of that office on 
Santa Anna’s returning to the army, the vice-presidency was abolished by Congress. 
Hence a substitute president, Gen. Pedro M. Anaya. born in Mexico in 1795, was chosen 
by Congress when Santa Anna was about to take the field against Gen. Winfield Scott. 

* Particularly the pass just below the hamlet of Cerro Gordo and that at La Hoya 
above Jalapa. 

%’ Twiggs unexpectedly encountered a small Mexican post while marching to gain the 
rear of Santa Anna’s main position. 

4The key to the Mexican position near Cerro Gordo. A few Americans attacked it, 
but without orders to do so. 

5 This was a struggle for the possession of a hill named La Atalaya, which stood over 
against El Telégrafo. : 

6 Neither Scott nor ‘“‘ the greatest part of his forces’ was present. The Americans 
were communded by Twiggs. Scott did not intend to fight at this time. He was merely 
aiming to place his troops in advantageous positiors. 

7The loss in killed and wounded was probably about 100 to 150 on each side. 

§ Decididas. 

-_*A name applied to the beach opposite the island of Sacrificios and about three miles 
from Vera Cruz. Scott’s army had landed there on Mar. 10. Santa Anna’s information 
that 10,000 Americans were landing there was incorrect. 

1° After losing the battle of Cerro Gordo Santa Anna fled to Orizaba. 


: 
| 


420 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION, = 
ms 


April 27, 1847. 


Ejército de Operaciones de Oriente. Gral en Jefe. 
KE. S. La escandalosa conducta de algunos Jefes y Ofici 
Ejército de Oriente, que no solo fuerén los primeros en volt 
espalda al enemigo ; 3 sino ir difundiendo el terror hasta ¢ esa ( 


6 presentarse al Gral en Jefe en los dias que el Gobierno = sel 
quedara por este hecho sin empleo y se le expedira su licencia abs 


luta, llevandose 4 puro y debido efecto, sin consideracién al; 
esta disposiciOn. ... . 
CuarTEL GrAL EN Orizapa, Abril 27 de 1847. 


April 27, 1847. 


Bjército de Operaciones do Oriente. Gral en Jefe. 

E. S. Desde que me encontraba en esa Capital 4 la cabe 
Gobierno, dispuse se ordenase al Gral Dn Ignacio Mora y Villa 
en Jefe del Ejército del Norte, que remitiese 4 la mayor po 
vrebedad 4 piezas de 4 16 y trescientas tiendas de campatia y 
no halla sabido si dicho Gral a dado cumplimiento 4 esta displ 
he de merecer 4 V. E. se sirva decirme donde se hallan estos m 
teriales; y si han llegado 4 esa Capital, que se disponga la 
tinuacién de Ja marcha hasta Tehuacan.? 

Como en Sn. Luis Potosi hay una existencia de mas de cin 
piezas de artilleria, y por este rumbo no ha quedado casi ning 
regular calibre, soy de opinién, que se libren ordenes por extra 
nario al Sr. Gral en Jefe del Ejército del Norte para que pon 
camino inmediamente 4 demas de las de 4 16 que se le han pe ( 
una bateria de 4 12 y 8, y para que no halla demora en esto, 
bueno que el Supreme Gobierno haga salir carros que cond 
estas piezas, porque en Sn Luis no ha de haberlos. ... . . 

Dios y Libertad. 

CuarTEL GRAL EN Orizpa, Abril 27 de 1847. 


1 Santa Anna refers to the battle of Cerro Gordo. 

2From Mexico City. 

$On his return from Buena Vista. - 

‘Born in Mexico and now about fifty-six years old. During this war he was” 
of the military engineers, but when Santa Anna left northern Mexico after the b 
Buena Vista he appointed Mora commander of the Army of the North. 

8Tehuacin, a town of some importance some thirty or forty miles southwe 
Orizaba. 


HISTORICAL MANUSCRIPTS COMMISSION. 421 


= April 28, 1847. 
Let the ammunition detained at Puebla come to me. 
ORIZABA. = 
April 28, 1847. 


Yesterday the enemy advanced from Perote to Tepeyahualeo about 2,000 
infantry, with eight light cannon.” About 3,000 remain at Perote.® 
OnzIZABA. 


April 29, 1847. 


Ejército de Operaciones de Oriente. Gral en Jefe. 

Exmo Sr. No he podido oir con indiferencia ciertas especies 
vertidas en Perote por el Gral de Brigada Dn. Juan Morales, con 
relacion al suceso de cerro gordo. Este Jefe se hallaba arrestado 
en la fortaleza de equel punto con los de su clase los Sres Landero* y 
Duran,* entre tanto se sustanciaba la causa que el Supremo Gobierno 
les mando instruir; y prevalido de las ocurrencias del dia 18 del pre- 
sente, se ha marchado para Puebla,® en donde se encuentra pase- 
andose, despues de haber escandalizado con sus murmuraciones en el 
mismo Perote, y en su’ transito hasta la Ciudad referida. Ha 
llegado 4 mi noticia, que 4 la entrada en aquel Pueblo’ de la Caba- 
lleria dispersa, 4 la que iban agregados muchos Jefes y Oficales de 
infanteria, el Gral Morales montado en su caballo andaba de corrillo 
en corrillo, de casa en casa con aire de triunfo, sembrando por todas 
partes la insubordinacion y el desorden, aumentando con comentarios 
ridiculos las exageraciones de los que en estos casos hechan mano de 
frivolos argumentos para conhectar *® su miedo y su cobardia y mani- 
festando sin recato y sin pudor alguno cierta espresi6n ® que por ser 
tan frecuentes entre sus labios, ha podido sin reserva llegar 4 mis 


1 Some ammunition on its way from Mexico to Santa Anna stopped at Puebla in conse- 
quence of his losing his army at the battle of Cerro Gordo. 

2This refers to a brigade of Gen. Worth’s division, which Scott had thrown forward 
rapidly in pursuit of the Mexicans after the battle of Cerro Gordo. Tepeyahualco was a 
small place about fifteen miles beyond Perote in the direction of Puebla. 

8 Worth’s division numbered in all about 2,330. 

4José Juan Landero of Vera Cruz. 

5 José Durfn, a veteran officer, had commanded the fortress of Ulfia during the siege 
of Vera Cruz, and, allowing himself to be persuaded by Morales that he was under the 
orders of the commander of the city, permitted the surrerder of the latter to carry witb 
it the surrender of the fortress. Probably the reason for this apparently astounding per- 
formance was that the people of Vera Cruz saw that the guns of Ulfia would soon be fir- 
ing upon them, should that fortress remain under Durdfn’s command after the Americans 
should take possession of the city. 

® A city of about 80,000 population some sixty or seventy miles (by road) southeast of 
Mexico. 

‘The town of Pernte lay neay the fortress of thac name. 

£This almost illegible word seems to stand for * conectar,” and the meaning may be 
“frivolous arguments to make a bridge from fear to cowardice.” 

® Expresién. 


~ 7 


499 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


oidos. Ahora veremos quien ie forma su causa’ al Gral Sante 
es lo que constantemente predica el Gral Morales, sin pa 
medio alguno para detractarme, pretendiendo enbileser? mi 
y mi reputacién con cierta especie astutamente propagada por lc 
enemigos de la Reptiblica de que mi persona comete traicién co 
los sagrados derechos de la Patria. Yo presindo® de vindicar aqu 
conducta como soldado y como ciudadano Mexicano, por no ser 
el objeto de la presente nota, y porque mis hechos como tal pertene 
4 la histéria y no 4 mis enemigos personales, y solo me conereto 
significar 4 V. E. que siendo la conducta del Gral Morales en 
tremo pernisiosa,‘ no tan solo por lo que llevo manifestado, si 
que siendo é] la causa principal 6 la consecuencia presisa del suc 
mismo de cerro gordo (que en mi concepto ha debido complacerle 
me parece que el Supremo Gobierno debe tomarla en consideracié 
para ordenar si lo encuentra por conveniente- que el expresado G 
continue arrestado en la Ciudadela de México, y que su fiscal el | 
Gral Dn. Gregorio Gémez,° que se halla hy en Puebla, prosiga — 
causa que se le ha mandado formar, hasta que sea vista en consejo d 
guerra de Sres. Grales, agregandose 4 ella la presente nota, como se |] 
suplico al E. S. ee idente sustituto por conducto de V. E. 

Como Gral de Divisioén del Ejército Mexicano, interesado en 
buen nombre, y por el mejor servicio de la patria, pido en to 
forma que la conducta del Gral Morales se ponga en tela de juice 
respecto de la entrega al enemigo de las Plazas de Veracruz y Ul 
presentando 4 la vez rendidas y prisioneros de guerra sus beneméri 
guarniciones, cuando la tropa ni aun descargaba sus fuciles y mani- 
festaba deseos de combatir; cuando la plaza no habia sufrido asalt & 
alguno, ni se habian inutilizado ni perecido las dos terceras partes de 
la tropa que las guarnecia; cuando, en fin, la de Veracruz no te 
abierta brecha practicable por donde el enemigo pudiese intentar 
asalto..... 

Asi que, la conducta del Gral Morales es cobarde y traidora ba: 
cualquier aspecto que se considere. Veracruz y Ulta tenian vive 
y municiones,® y no hay duda que pudieran resistir hasta mi Hegac 
con las tropas que ivan’ en marcha y en su auxilio, que cier 
mente no ignoraba el Gral Morales, porque se lo habia comuniea 
el Comandante de Batallén de la Guardia Nacional de Jalapa Dn 
Juan de la Mata ® que se introdujo en la plaza para llevarle auxi 

1 Bring formal charges. 

2 Envilecer. 

§ Prescindo. 

‘ Perniciosa. 

5 Little is known of this man except that he was one of the worst types of the ae 
officer. 

© This appears to have been true. 


‘Iban. 
* Nothing is known of this officer. 


. 


Ss 


¥ 


=? ae ite ee oe 


a a ee 


~ 


HISTORICAL MANUSCRIPTS COMMISSION. 423 


pecuniarios.t No ignoraba que cada dia que prolongase la defenza 
conseguiria un triunfo, porque al enemigo se le disminuian conside- 
rablements sus fuerzas con la enfermedad de la fiebre y el vémito,? 
en tanto que la estacién adelantaba; no ignoraba igualmente, que 4 
la Hegada del auxilio que yo mismo conducia, ese enemigo, devili- 
tado? por sus bajas y anonadado por la constancia de los de la Plaza, 
debia ser batido por su retaguardia..... 

Para evadirse de esto el Sr. Morales comprometio-al Gral Dn José 
Juan Landero, 4 fin de que se encargara del mando,* y que Vajo 
su nombre se consumara la fatal entrega, pasando en seguida 4 
Ultia 4 comprometer al honrado Gral Duran para que rindiera 
aquella fortaleza, convenciéndole primero de que no era mas que 
el Comandante Militar de ella, debiendo por tanto someterse -4 lo 
que el Comandante gral del Estado le preceptuase.* Vease por esto 
la parte principal, y sin duda alguna esclusiva,® que el Gral Morales 
ha tenido en el hecho 4 que voy refiriéndome, cuando hypécritamente 
pretendio cubrir su crimen con la entrega que hizo del mando al 
sencillo Gral Landero. Porque aun cuando da plaza de Veracruz 
careciera de recursos para prolongar su defenza, claro es que quedaba 
al Gral Morales el de abrirse paso por entre el enemigo con cinco mil 
hombres de que constaba su guarnicién despues de dejar provista 
de viveres la fortaleza de Ultia..... 

Pelear y ser vencido, no es por cierto deshonra en los anales de la 
Milicia; pero pelear para ser humillado, lo reprueban el honor, las 
leyes de la guerra, y la civilizacién de] siglo en que vivimos. . 

Las guarniciones de Veracruz y Ulta han pasado por las horcas 
caudinas. Cada individuo fué entregando sus armas y sus banderas, 
y después se toco fagina para que los Cuerpos se dispersasen y 
marcharan como pudieran al interior de la Reptblica, resultando de 
esto un desvandamiento’ escandaloso, robos y exesos* que come- 
tieron los soldados, y el panico que 4 la vez esparcian por todos los 
pueblos del trancito® con la fatal noticia de que ivan afectados. 

La consecuencia de todo debié ser muy funesta para la naci6n, y 
aun ese mismo suceso de Serro?? Gordo que tanto parece ha compla- 
cido al Gral Morales, es una de ellas, y por consiguiente un cargo 


1Mata certainly did this. 
2The season of yellow fever was at hand, and cases probably occurred before Vera 
Cruz surrendered to Scott. 


3 Nebilitado. 
4 When it became clear that Vera Cruz would surrender, Morales, who doubtless knew 


what he had to expect from Santa Anna's hostility against him, turned the command over 
to Landero and left.the city in a boat. Landero then surrendered. 

53 This appears to be a verb derived from “ precepto,’ precept. 

6 Exclusiva. 

7 Desbandamiento. 

8 Exxcesos. 

® Trénsito. 

10 Cerro. 


424 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


Estado, debid fortificar con anticipacién aquella important 
ganta,” cumpliendo asi con uno de sus deberes como Gral, al 1 
mismo que con las ordenes y prevenciones terminantes del Supr 
Gobierno sobre el particular. Si él punto de Serro Gordo se hubie 
fortificado, como era debido, yo me habria encontrado con este apo 
y el enemigo probablemente no lo hubiera llegado 4 tomar, p 
aunque me posecione? de el y me decidi con un pufado de homb: 
4 disputarle el paso, cuando el enemigo salia de Veracruz con d 
cidn 4 Jalapa, no fué posible en 8 das* y sin operarios hacer ob 
que requerian necesariamente mas tiempo* y mas tranquilida 
bastante se hizo en tan pocos dias como es constante; mas no 
manera que los puntos quedaran bien asegurados, cuando apenas 
lugar de atender 4 las avenidas principales, de cuya cireunstan 
supo aprobecharse * el enemigo. ... . 

Cuartet Grau EN Orizasa, Abril 29, 1847. = 


May 12, 1847. 


— - 


To GENERAL JOAQUIN Rea. 


Ejército de operaciones de Oriente. Gril en Jefe. 
Conociendo la eficacia de V. S. y el celo por el bien del servi 
nacional he tenido por -conveniente comisionarlo para que inmed: 
mente marche 4 Tlapa ® con el objeto de reunir todas las fuerzas 
manentes Activas y de Guardia Nacional que existen en aquella d 
marcacion y en las subprefecturas de Acatlan af Chautla, con cuy 


utiles de todas aquellas demarcaciones para remontar los cuerpos 

caballeria del Ejército y cuantos efectos de guerra existen e 

mismas polaciones. ... .7 
Pursia,® Mayo 12 de 1847. 
Ax Gray Joaquin ReEa.? 


1 Morales had not: the means of doing this. and unti] Santa Anna arrived up 
ground it was not known at which of several eligible points (one of them stronger 
Cerro Gordo pass) he would decide to make a stand. 

2 Posesione. = 

3Santa Anna was on the ground Apr. 7. 

4This was true. Santa Anna displayed remarkable energy and accomplished a ¢ 
deal. But the real secret of his failure was a lack of judgment rather than a 
time. ze 

5 Aprovecharse. 

6 This and the towns named below were small places at the southern end of t 
of Puebla or nearby in the State of Guerrero. 

7 Santa Anna believed in taking what he desired wherever he found it. 

8 Santa Anna had just arrived from Orizaba with what troops he had been 
collect. 

® Rea was the principal guerrilla chief in this quarter. 


HISTORICAL MANUSCRIPTS COMMISSION. 425 
May 13, 1847. 


Ejército de Operaciones de Oriente. Gral en Jefe. 

E.S. Segtin los partes que he recibido hasta esta hora que son la: 
9 de la noche, la Divisién de vanguardia del enemigo compuesta de 
cuatro mil hombres debe dormir esta noche en Amozoc,! la Division 
del centro compuesta de mil quinientos en ojo de Agua,’ y la 
retaguardia compuesta de igual] fuerza segin algunos datos, debera 
salir de Jalapa de viernes a Sabado dela presente semana.* 

Desde Nopaltican‘ dirijié ayer el Gral Worth al E. S. Gober- 
nador ® del Estado la comunicacién * de que acompafio 4 V. E. copia 
y habiéndome dado cuenta con ella, le indiqué que contestase, que 
hallandome yo aqui, 4 mi es quién debfa dirigirse. 

Como ya he dicho 4 V. E. la fuerza y elementos con que cuento 
no son suficientes para comprometer una batalla con e] enemigo con 
probabilidades de buen exito; y por eso he determinado salir el dia 
de mafiana para San Martin Tesmelucan’ con las tropas de mi 
mando divididas en brigadas, y sistemando todo con el orden que 


corresponde. 
Pounrsia, Mayo 13 de 1847. 


~ May 13, 1847. 


Ejército de Operaciones de Oriente. Gral en Jefe. 

E. S. Con fecha de ayer dije al E. S. Gobernador del Estado lo que 
sigue. 

“FE. S. Al llegar 4 esta ciudad he leido con la mayor sorpresa y 
disgusto consiguiente, el bando que el dia 29 del pasado publicé en 
esta cindad el prefecto Dn. José Sanchez prescribiendo las reglas que 
debe observar la poblacién cuando el Ejército enemigo entre 4 esta 

misma Ciudad.*....” 
_ He determinado que se abra un juicio al funcionario indicado para 
que responda de su conducta ante los tribunales competentes..... 

Pours, Mayo 13 de 1847. 


1A manufacturing town of considerable size on the road from Jalapa and Perote to 
Puebla, and ten or eleven miles from Puebla. 

2QOjo de Agua, a point between Tepeyahualco and Amozoc, where there was a very 
large spring. 

8 This part of the American army, commanded by Gen. Twiggs, left Jalapa on May 22. 

4A rather important town on the same road about thirty-six miles from Puebla. 

SJ. R. Isunza. 

6In this communication Gen. Worth announced that he was about to occupy Puebla, 
and expressed a wish to confer with the authorities previously, so as to arrange matters 
amicably. 

7A town about twenty miles from Puebla on the direct road to Mexico. 

8 Santa Anna had reason to protest against the proclamation, for it showed no disposi- 
tion to oppose the Americans. The authorities of the State and city had in fact arranged 
to receive our forces amicably. 


426 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


= May 13, 1847. 


Ejército de operaciones de Oriente. Gral en Jefe. 
E. S..... La proclama? que el Gral Scott dirige 4 la 
mexicana, te ape por su estilo parece escrita originalmente en 
tellano? y no traducida del yngles. Ojala que no sea cierta da 
pecha que abrigo de que sea redactada por algun mexicano de 
que han contribuido con sus escritos y con sus hechos 4 cenconar 
los mejicanos unos contra otros, y 4 llevar 4 la nacién al lastimoso 
estado en que hoy se encuentra. 4 
Esa proclama de Scott esta escrita con la mas refinada hipocreci 
y con la mas infame perfidia. Es el mayor de los insultos que 
puede hacer al pueblo Mexicano, 4 quien se pretende adormecer para 
hacerlo presa de la ambicién de esa Nacién* enemiga de nuest 
raza, cuando por otra parte no tiene embarazo en proclamar por 
prensa y en documentos oficiales que viene 4 hacernos una guerra 
conquista.-. 2.‘ 
Ya se ve, ese escrito esta en armonia con algunos de los que h 
visto la luz ptiblica en esa Capital en los tiltimos dias, que con razon 
los han juzgado los mexicanos sensatos, mas perjudiciales por la 
ponzofia que encierran, que la pérdida de una batalla. ; 
Pero en medio del encono que demuestra tener contra mi el ( 
Scott, me honra demasiado, cuando dice que ellos se equivocaron 
juzgar de mis verdaderas intensiones® y que por eso me permitio 
su Gobierno regresar ad mi pais. En efecto V. E. los Estados — L 
se engafiaron cuando creyeron que yo seria capaz de traicionar 4 
patria. Antes que tal cosa sucediera, preferiria ser quemado en 
hoguera y que mis cenizas se esparcieran para que de ellas no ques 


ni un solo atomo.® : . 
Pursia, Mayo 13 de 1847. 


‘ 


May 15, 1847. 


Ejército de Operaciones de Oriente. Gra] en Jefe. 
E. S..... El enemigo pernoctaba en Amozoc y yo me pi 
raba para pasar 4 situarme en este pueblo con las tropas | 
mando, el dia de ayer. En efecto, la infanteria y la artilleria se 
para este lugar; pero la caballeria la reservé para hacer un 


1A proclamation dated May 11 and issued at Jalapa (House exec. doc. 60, 30t 
1st sess., p. 968). ? a 

2 This conjecture was correct. The proclamation proceeded from Mexican and c 
sources. 7th 

8 Hipocresia. ye 

The United States. 

5 Intenciones. 

6 It is doubtless true that in giving the United States to understand that he was 
to make peace, should he regain power in Mexico, Santa Anna believed that it wo 
for the advantage of his country to terminate the unequal contest. 


HISTORICAL MANUSCRIPTS COMMISSION. 427 


miento, con el 4nimo de sorprender unu convoy de cerca de docientos 
carros que caminaba custodiado con muy poca fuerza’ 4 unirse 4 
la primera divisi6n? del ejército enemigo, Ilevando el movimiento el 
doble objeto de desafiar 4 este, para que saliendo de Amozoc 4 un 
terreno convenlente, se librase una batalla. 

El convoy que llevo referido pernocté el dia 13 en Nopalucan, y 
yo calculé que aunque saliere muy temprano, lo encontraria mas aca 
de Acajete* en el punto en que el torreno se presta para a maniobra 
de la caballeria, pero sin duda la circunstancia de venir al cuidado 
de muy poca tropa, oblig6é al Jefe de esta 4 salir precautoriamente 4 
media noche, de manera que 4 las ocho y media de la mafana hora 
en que yo flanqueaba 4 Amozoc para tomar el camino real, ya el con- 
voy estaba muy proximo al pueblo, en un callejon cubierto con 
arboles de un lado y otro que lo defendian de los ataques de mi tropa. 
Sin embargo, e] enemigo* temeroso de que el convoy fuera tomado, 
destacé inmediatamente en su auxilio una fuerza como de mil infantes 
y seis piezas de artilleria, con las cuales hizo un vivo canoneo sobre mi 
columna, que impavida prosiguid su marcha hasta una legua mas 
alla de Amozoc, en cuyo punto determiné contramarchar 4 Puebla 4 
donde llegué 4 las cuatro y media de la tarde en el mejor orden.® 

Toda la poblacion de esta hermosa Ciudad se conmoyi6 al entrar 
mi divisién dando senales del mas vivo entusiasnio. Yo tuve trabajo 
para caminar, porque millares de ciudadanos me rodeaban victo- 
reando 4 la independencia y 4 la Republica y pronunciando palabras 
que esplicaban el odio que profesan 4 nuestros invasores.° 

En estos momentos, diversas sensaciones tuvo mi corazon, porque 
veia 4 un pueblo animado que me pedia con empefo armas para de- 
fenderse, dando las mas patentes seflales de amor 4 la libertad de su 
patria; y porque refleccionaba en la responsabilidad que han con- 
traido, los que, pudiendo, no han sacado todo el partido posible de la 
buena disposicidn de ese mismo pueblo.’ Lo que ha faltado en 
aquella ciudad, Sr Exmo, son hombres que lo muevan en provecho de 
la causa nacional. 


1Under Gen. John A. Quitman. 

2Gen. Worth's. 

3 Between Amozoc and Nopalucan. 

4Gen. Worth. 

5 Santa Anna’s account of this affair is not entirely correct. He nearly surprised 
Worth’s division at Amozoc, for that general had neglected to post guards and send out 


patrols; but the fire of the American artillery quickly scattered the Mexicans. They re- 
assembled, however, and proceeded against Quitman; but Quitman, who had in fact set 
out early so as to reduce the distance between bimself and Worth, had been warned by 


the noise of the firing, and, assisted by a detachment promptly sent to his Aid by Worth, 
presented so imposing a front that Santa Anna gave up the idea of attacking him. 
6It is quite possible that impressionable Pueblans acted about as is here stated; but 
in reality that cily disliked Santa Anna deeply, and he knew it. 
7Santa Anna refers te the State and cfty authorities, who had in fact an understund- 
{ng with the Americans, 
e 


428 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 
' 


zoc y flanqueamos Se ee ese pueblo, dando 4 pars n 
enemigo con este atrevido movimiento el desprecio con que le 
mos. El no se resolvié 4 alejarse del lugar en que tenia t 
apoyo, una vez que vi0 asegurado el convoy; y tanto yo como t 
mis subordinados nos regresamos con el sentimiento de que el 
migo no hubiera admitido nuestro reto en campo raso. La pér 
que tenemos que deplorar en esta funcién de armas es la de tres sol 


dos muertos y un herido y cuatro caballos muertos.” 
No cbstante que se sabi que el enemigo debia moverse muy 


prano para Puebla, yo quise que la Division de Caballeria pernoct 
anoche en la misma ciudad y al amanecer de hoy emprendié 
marcha para este Pueblo, al que llegué yo igualmente esta mai 


Sawn Martin Tesmetucan, Mayo, 15 de 1847. 


May 16, isy7. . ane s 


Ejército de Operaciones de Oriente. General en Jefe. 
E. S. Desde ayer hasta hoy que son las che de la wee no 


an 


cinco mil infantes, ae cabaltos? rece piezas de artille 
cuatro cientos ‘carros, y segun los partes que he recibido, aquella p D 0 
losa ciudad se movio toda en plazas y calles balcones y ventanas 
presenciar la entrada de los invasores. Una persona Pie: eee 


ie de haber recibido un gran fuses a $i. 
Las guerrillas que dije organizadas en tierra caliente cerca d 
cruz atacaron al destacamento que existia en Santa Fé, compue 
cincuenta hombres, 4 quienes pasaron 4 cuchillo, apoderandose 
armas, caballos, equipos y algunas otras cosas. Estas opera 


Mace se encuentre se organicen partidas ligeras que lo hosti 
codo trance. 
Dios y Libertad. 
CuarTEL GraL EN San Martin, Mayo 16 de 1847. 
1 American reports made his foss considerably larger. 


£The Americans numbered less than 4,000. 
* An affair of this general kind did take place, 


Acajete, 427.” 

Acapulco, birthplace of Pinzén, 416n. 
Acatlin, 424. 

_ Acultzingo, heights, 378, 417. 

Agua Nueva, Taylor at, 412; withdrawal 
from, 414. 

Aldama, revolt of presidial company, 382. 

Allende, Villa de, 400. 

Almonte, Gen. Juan N., minister of war, 
358n.; biog. note, 360n. 

Alvarado, 407n. 

-Amozoe, American force at, 425, 426; en- 
gagement, 427n., 428. 

Ampudia, Gen. Pedro de, biog. note, 363n. ; 
at Monterey, 364, 366; at Saltillo, 365; 
ordered to San Luis Potosi, 368, 369, 
373; letter quoted, 376. 

Anaya, Gen. Pedro M., substitute president, 
419n. 

Apache Indians, 
404n. 

Arabe, 360. 

Arista, Gen. Mariano, defeat of, 358. 

Armijo. Manuel, and caravan trade, 391. 

Arroyosarco, 363. 

Arteaga, Gen. Manuel, letter from, 417, 418. 

Atalaya, La, hill, engagement, 419n. 

Atotonilco de los. Martinez, 398. 


ravages in Chihuahua, 


Baranda, Manuel, politician, 366n. 

Barradas, Brig. Isidro, defeat at Tampico, 378n. 

Beach, Moses Y., special agent to Mexico, 
409. 

Boca Chica, strait, 405. _ 

Bravo, Nicolfs, vice-pres. Mexico, 358. 

Brazos Island, 405. 

Buena Vista, battle of, 362n., 363n., 365n., 
883n., 411n., 412, 413-414. 


Cadiz, Spain, birthplace of Mifién, 362n. 
Camargo, American base, 363n., 376, 387. ~ 
Canales, Antonio, biog. note, 387n. 

- Canalizo, Gen. Valentin, Mexican minister 
of war, 358n.; and insurrection at Mex- 
ico, 415, 415n. ; defense of National High- 

3 way, 416. 

_ Castaiieda, , 376. 

Castillo Negrete, Emilio del, cited, 359. 

Catholic church, property of, 381n., 385n., 

«406 n., 407n., 408n., 415n. 

_ Cedral, 413. , 

_ Central America, relations with U. S., 384. 

 Cerralyo, 363. ; 

_ Cerro Gordo, 400, 404: battle of, 363n., 

387n., 415, 416, 418, 419, 420n.. 421n., 

423, 424. 


INDEX TO SANTA ANNA PAPERS. ; 


Chautla, 424. 
Chiapas, coman@ante general of, quoted, — 
384, 391. 

Chihuahua (city), occupation of, 370n., 
377n., 382, 392n., 399; forces in, 404. 
Chihuahua (State), forces of, 384, 404—405. 

Chiquihuite, fortification of, 418. 

Churubusco, battle of, 363n. 

Coahuila, legislature of, protests invasion, 
386. 

Coatepec, militia of, 362. 

Comanche Indians, ravages in Chihuahua, 
404n. 

Conner, Comm. David, at Vera Cruz, 360; 
at Tampico, 378, 379. 

Cérdoba, 417, 418. 

Corral Falso, pass, 415. 

Cuencame, 398. 

Cuernavaca, 365. 

Cuilti, Lt.-Col. Gavino, at El Paso del Norte, 
404. ‘ 


Diario del Gobierno, 408, 411. 

Diaz, Porfirio, and Santa Anna, 357. 

Doniphan, Col. Alexander W., ordered to 
Chihuahua, 370; at El Paso del‘ Norte, 
404; and Heredia, 384. 

Dur4n, José, surrender of Uliia, 421n., 423. 

Durango (city), 382, 392, 403. 

Durango (State), forces of, 384; mentioned, 
398, 400. 


Echagaray, Domingo, 370. 
Encero, estate of Santa Anna, 362n., 418. 


Farias, Valentin G., democratic leader, 358 ; 
vice-pres., 4077.; acting pres., 408n., 
409n., 410n. ; and insurrection at Mexico, 
415n.; displaced, 419n. 

Flores, José I., 373. 

Fresnillo, 398. 


Garay, Gen, Francisco, appointment pro- 
tested, 370, 371. 

Gigido, 380. 

Gémez, Gen. Gregorio, attorney, 422. 

Gonzalez, Eduardo, vice-gov. of Coahuila, 
letter quoted, 405, 405n. 

Guanajuato, gov. of, opposition to Santa 
Anna, 368. 

Guerrero, Vicente, president of Mexico, 394. 

Gutiérrez, Gen. J. I., Mexican minister of 
war, 358. 

Guzmin, Gen. D. Angel, ordered to Queré- 
taro, 365; to San Luis Potosi, 366. 


429 


439 


Haro y Tamfriz, Antonio,+minister of the 
treasury, 360 n.; name explained, 362n. 

Havana, Cuba, 360 n., 409; birthplace of 
Ampudia, 363n. 

Heredia, Gen, José A., appointment, 384; 
biog. note, 384n.; letters from, 400, 403, 


Herrera, José J., pres. of Mexico, 357; 
overthrown, 358. 
Hoya, La, fortification of pass at, 419n. 


Huehuetoca, 363. 


Independence, Mo., on caravan route, 387. 
Indians, ravages in Chihuahua, 404. 
Isunza, J. R., gov. of Puebla, 425n. 
ItGrbide, and Santa Anna, 357. 


Jalapa, birthplace of Santa Anna, 357n.; 
militia of, 362; mentioned, 417, 419, 424, 
7 
425. 
Juarez, Benito P., and Santa Anna, 357. 


Kearny, Gen. 
370n., 391n. 


Stephen W., at Santa Fe, 


Lagos, see San Juan de los Lagos. 

Landero, J. Juan, comandante general of 
Vera Cruz, 361, 372n.; imprisonment of, 
421; surrender of Vera Cruz, 423. 

Leon, Gen. Antonio, 418. 

Leona, 380. 

Lojero, Col. Francisco, letter from, 391. ~ 


Mackenzie, Commander A. Slidell, negotia- 
tions with Santa Anna, 358. 

Marcy, William L., despatch of, 368n. 

Martinez de Lejarza, Gen. Mariano, 382, 
392, 398. 

Mata, Juan de la, messenger to Vera Cruz, 
422-423. 

Matamoros, 406. 

Matehuala, 367, 381, 403. 

Mexico (State), legislature of, protests use 
of Church property, 408. 

Minon, Gen. José V., biog. note, 362n. 

Mocambo, rumored landing at, 419. 

Molino, Hacienda del, engagement, 376. 

Molino del Rey, battle of, 363. 

Monclova, 380n., 390, 401. 

Montemorelos, 387. 

Monterey, Calif., occupation of, 377. 

Monterey, Nuevo Le6én, 3638n.; Ampudia at, 
364, 366; retreat from, 376, 376n.; pass- 
ports to, 383; defense of, 387n.; with- 
drawal of Taylor, 388, 399; Mexican 
wounded at, 392, 392n.; mentioned, 403. 

Mora y Villamil, Gen. Ignacio, biog. note, 
420n. P 

Morales, Gen. Juan, comandante general 
of Vera Cruz, 372; imprisonment of, 
421; charges against, 422— 424. 

Morelos, José M., 360. 

Morelos. See Montemorelos, 

Moreno, , 368. 


Navarro, Jacobo 8., 373. 
Nopalfican. 425, 427. 
Nuevo Le6én, 379. 


INDEX TO SANTA ANNA PAPERS, 


a lS 


Oaxaca, 366. 

Ojo de Agua, 425n. 

Orizaba, Mexican retreat to, 
tioned, 417, 418. 


Pacuache, 380. 

Palmillas, 371. 

Panuco, 371n. 

Palo Alto, battle of, 363n. f 

Paredes y Arrillaga, Gen. Mariano, | 
against Herrero, 358; biog. note, 
388n. a 

Parras, occupation of, 392, 393, 398, 39 
withdrawal from, 401-402. < 

Parrodi, Anastasio, comandante eepes 
Tampico, 370, 406n. 

Paso del Calvo, 398. 

Paso del Norte, 404. 

Patos, 401. ; 

Patterson, Maj.-Gen. Robert, letter of, 4 
at Victoria, 406. 

Pérez, Gen. Francisco, biog. note, 36: 

Perote, fortress at, 361, 362, 416, 4 
American force at, 421. 

Pillow, Brig.-Gen. Gideon J., at Ma 
406. 

Pinzon, Luis, biog. note, 416n. 

Plan del Rio, 418. an 

Polk, James K., relations with Santa 
358. 

Ponce de Leén, Gen. Francisco, vid 


Portilla, Col, Nicolas de la, 397, 

Puebla (city), mentioned, 370, 
422, 425; reception of Santa Anna, 
American occupation, 428. 

Puebla (State), legislature of, 
against use of Church property, 


Querétaro, 365; birthplace of Reyes, 
Querétaro (State), army contingent 

iegislature of, protest against — 
,Church property, 408. 
Quitman, Gen. John A., at Amozoc, 


Rangel, Gen. Joaquin, 416n. 

Rea, Joaquin, guerrilla chief, levers 

Real de San Juan, 398. a. 

Rejon, Manuel C., minister of 
360n. 

Resaca de la Palma, battle of, 363n. 

Reyes, Gen. Isidro, biog. note, 37 
tioned, 382; letter quoted, 39 

Rio Brayo del Norte, 380. 

Rio Grande, 380, 405. 


Sacrificios, island, 419”. 

Salas, Gen. José M., heads revolt 
acting pres. of Mexico, 360, 3¢ 

Saltillo, 363, 364, 367, 368, 376, 38: 
passports to, 383; American occ 
of, 386; intended attack, ae 
ment of, 402. 

San Agustin de Melflla, 398. 

San Antonio, Tex., 377. ‘ 


386, 388. 
San Buena Ventura, 
company, 382. 


revolt oh. 


INDEX TO SANTA ANNA PAPERS. 


Sinchez, José, prefect of Puebla, 425. 

San Fernando, 377. 

San Juan de los Lagos and caravan trade, 
387n., 390-391. 

San Juan del Rio, 363. 

San Juan de Ulfia. See Ulta. 

San Lorenzo, Hacienda de, 402. 

San Luis Potos{, concentration of Mexican 
forces at, 363, 363n., 364, 365, 366, 367, 
368, 370n., 376; reception of Santa 
Anna, 369; mentioned, 417, 420. 

San Luis Potosi (State), army contingent, 
372. 

San Martin Tesmelucan, 425. 

San Miguel del Mexquital, 396, 398. 

San Sebastian, Hacienda de, estate, 367. 

Santa Anna, Antonio L. de, character, 357, 
365n., 424n.; career prior to war with 
U. S., 357—358; arrival at Vera Cruz, 
358, 360; plan for concentration at San 
Luis Potosi, 363, 364, 370n.; reception 
at San Luis Potosi, 369; and evacua- 
tion of Tampico, 379; and property of 
Church, 385n., 406, 407, 408n., 409n.; 
opposition to, in Zacatecas, 393 ff. ; 
elected president, 400n.; relatious with 
U. S., 408, 426; wealth of, 410: wound, 
414; reception at Puebla, 427: capture 
of Tampico, 378n. 

Santa Anna de Tamaulipas, see Tampico. 

Santa Fe, N. M., occupied by Kearny, 370; 
on ecarayan route, 387; American force 
at, 391; guerilla attack on, 428. 

Santa Rosalia, 404. 

Scott, Gen. Winfield, capture of Vera Cruz, 
372n., 415, 423n.; and discipline, 405; 
at Cerro Gordo, 419; proclamation of, 


426. 
Sierra Madre, 363, 368, 371, 388. 
Sinnott, ————, 403, 403n. 


Sloat, Commodore John D., at Monterey, 
377n. 
Soto, Juan, 418. 


Tabasco, gov. of, quoted, 362. 

Tacubaya, residence of Santa Anna, 363. 

Tamaulipas, 379. 

Tampico, evacuation of, 36§, 371, 378-379, 
379n., 386, 406, 408n.; blockade, 369n.; 
line of communication, 388 ; embarkation 
from, 407. 

Tansuabe, 371. 

Taylor, Gen. Zachary, 363, 368, 376, 383n.: 
occupies Saltillo, 386; withdrawal from 
Monterey, 388, 399, 403; at Victoria, 
406; at Agua Nueva, 412; at Buena 
Vista, 413; treatment of wounded, 392; 
and discipline, 405. 


431 


Tehuacan, 420. 

Telegrafo, El, hill, 363, 419. 

Tepeyahualeo, 421. 

Thornton, Capt., 358. 

Tlapa, 424. 

Trancas, 398. 

Trias, Angel, 
404. 

Tula, 363. 

Tula. See San Antonio de Tula. 

Tuxpam, 368, 371. 

Twiggs, Gen. David E., 4167.; attacks La 
Atalaya hill, 419n.; leaves Jalapa, 425n. 


gov. of Chihuahua, 370n., 


Ugarte, Gen. Mauricio, comandante 
eral of Chihuahua, 404n. 

UlGa San Juan de, fortress, 371, 372; de- 
fence of, 374-375; surrender of, 421n..° 
422. 


gen- 


Uraga, Col. José L.. biog. note, 387n.; 
quoted, 390. 

Urrea, Gen. José, secures loan, 386; at 
Tula, 388. 


Valencia, Gen. Gabriel, 378, to attack Vic- 
toria, 399. 

Valles, Villa de, 379. 

Vazquez, Gen. Ciriaco, biog. note, 
366. 

Vazquez, Gen. Rafael, 367.: 

Vega, Gen. Romulo D. de la, 410n. 

Vera Cruz, arrival of Santa Anna at, 358. 


363n., 


360; blockade, 360n., 369n.; defense 
of, 371n., 374-375; birthplace of V4z- 
quez, 363n.; threatened attack, 407; 


Beach at, 409; surrender of, 415, 415n., 


421-423; mentioned, 361, 381, 410n. 
419, 424. 
Victoria, mentioned, 371, 388, 399, 403; 


Patterson and Taylor at, 406, 406n. 
Viesea, Villa de, 398. 


Wool, Gen. John E., 470n., 377n.; in La 
Leona, 380n.; forces of, 390, 390n., at 
Parras, 392, 399; withdrawal from Par 
ras, 401-402 ; selects battlefield of Buena 
Vista, 414n. 

Worth, Gen. William J., at Saltillo, 386n. 
399n., 401n., 405n.:; pursuit of Mexicans 
after Cerro Gordo, 421n.; at Puebta, 
425n.; at Amozoe. 427n. 


Yanez, J. M., 
Jalisco, 378n. 


comandante general of 


Zacatecas. 382. 
Zacatecas, gov. of, opposed te Santa Anna, 
393ff., 400. 


GENERAL INDEX. 


Abbott, Frank F., on the decline of civic 
patriotism under the Roman Empire, 40. 

Academy of Pacific Coast History, 188. 

Acorn Club (Conn.), report (1917), 188. 

Adams, Charles F., of com. on documentary 
hist. publications of U. S., 73. 

~Adams, Ephraim D., presides at P. C. B. 
dinner, 95, 97, 99; of P. C. B. com. on 
nominations (1917), 100. 

Adams, George B., life councilor, A. H. A., 
16; at council meetings, 80, 83, 85. 

Adams, George E., death of, 61. 

Adams, Henry, hist. work of, 47, 351, 354. 

Adams, John, correspondence, 74; and 
Hamilton, 257. 

Adams, John Q., on peace of Ghent, 199; 
Acts and Proceedings of Convention of 
1787, 257. 

Adams, Victoria A., of com. on hist. in 
schools (1918), 23, 86. 

Adler, Cyrus, pres, Am. Jewish Hist. Soc., 
185. 

Agen, association (1563), 311. 

Agriculture, material relating to, 191. 

Agriculture, Department of, war records, 
ATS 

Alabama, reports of hist. socs. (1917), 187. 

Alabama Anthropological Society, report 
(1917), 187. 

Alabama Department of History and Ar- 
chives, report (1917), 187. — 

Alabama Historical Society, report (1917), 
187. 

Alabama History Teachers’ Association, re- 
port (1917), 187. 

Alaska-Yukon Pacific exposition, Idaho ex- 
hibit, 170. 

Albany Institute and Historical and Art 
Society, report (1917), 205. 

Albion, Idaho, normal school, 169. 

Alden, Elizabeth H., of Quincey Hist. Boe, 
199. 

Alexander, De Alva s. pres. N. 
Hist. Assoc., 207. 

Alien Property Custodian, records, 118. 

Allen, Rev. Frederick B., gov. Mass. Soc. of 
Mayflower Descendants, 198. 5 

Allen, James, Trout Hall built by, 211. 

Allen, Mary S8., sec. Friends’ Hist. Soc. of 
Phila., 210. 

Allen, William, founder of Allentown, Pa., 
2112 

Allerton, Walter S., 
Descendants, 186. 


432 


Y. State 


sec.-gen. Mayflower 


Alliances, economic, 35. 

Allison, David, pres. Nova Scotia Hist 
216. 

Alvord, Clarence W., at conference 
(1917), 67; of pub. arch. comm, 
105, 112; letter to conference of ar 
128, 129; of Ill. Hist. Survey, 190; cit C 
315, 316. : Re 

Amazon River, influence of U. S. on 
opening of, 48, 98, 99. yeh 

Ambler, Charles H., chairman nom! 
com. (1918), 28, 57, 79; Correspon 
of R. M. T. Hunter, 60, 71; of nomin 
com. (1917), 80. 

American Antiquarian 
(1917), 185. 

American Baptist Historical Society, y 
(1917), 185. 

American Catholic Historical Socie! 
port (1917), 185. 

American Economic Association, ie 
ing with A. H. A., 35. 

American Expeditionsey Forces, 
119. 

American Fur Co., tablet at post ore 

American Historical Association, 
elected for 1918, 15-16, 50, | 
terms of office, 19—21 ; committees 
23-24, 85, 86; organization and acti 
25-27; hist. prizes, 29, 30; 
(1914, 1915, 1916), 54, 60, 7 
(1917), 54-55, 61; by-laws ame: 
value of publications, 73; pres. ad 
be included in annual report, 83; 
gate to P. C. B. meeting, 97; : 
of Church Hist., merged in, 185 
in schools, 235, 242, 244, 245, = 
pres. address (1917), 249-263. 

American Historical Review, ‘boa 
editors (1918), 23, 86; cited, 33, 3 
port of editors, 50, 57, 68-69 
to A. H. A., 68, 81; war policy, 
bibliographical notes on Europ 
lications, 70; A. H. A. papi 
report of edlipes at council meet 
recommendation for admini 
funds of, 81-82; negotiation 
price of authorized, 84; red’ 
pense of publication considered, 
port on finances at council meetin 

American history, editorial functi 
A. H. A. papers on, 44-47; W7 
56; bibl. of periodicals, 70 ine 
236, 239, 241; a generation 
toriography, 345-354. 


Society, 


ee ee en ee 


—— eee ee 


a =; 


i i i i i a OE a ll 


GENERAL INDEX, 


American Jewish Historical Society, report 
(1917), 185. 

American Library Association, war records, 
119. 

American Library Institute, bibl. of hist. 
periodicals printed by, 70. 

American Nation series, projected, 353, 354. 

American Numismatic Society, report 
(1917), 185. 

American Philological Society, joint meet- 
ing with A. H. A., 35. 

American Philosophical Society, A. H. A. 
visit to, 34. 

American Political Science Association, 
joint meeting with A. H. A., 35, 36. 

American Revolution, records, 179, 186, 
213 ; Spanish transcripts concerning, 190 ; 
Lebanon County’s part in, 211; study of, 
in schools, 222, 223, 233; Heath’s journal 
of 255, 256. 

American Security League, records, 119. 

American Society of Church History, ses- 
sion with A. H. A., 40; report (1917), 
185. 

American Sociological Society, joint meet- 
ing with A. H. A., 35. 

Ames, Herman Y., vice chairman program 
com. (1917), 35. 

Amherst Historical Society, report (1917), 
195. 

Amidon, Charles F., pres. N. Dak. State 
Hist. Soc., 208. 

Amspoker. Samuel, pres. Washington Co. 
Hist. Soc., 212. 

Ancient history, A. H. A. papers on (1918), 
39, 40; in schools, 236, 241. 

Ancyra inscription, new interpretation of, 
95, 96. 

Anderson, Dice R., of hist. MSS. comm 
(1918), 23, 85; of hist. MSS. comm. 
(1917), 355. 

Anderson, Frank M., report of com. on 
nominations (1917), 50, 79, 80; by-law 
amendment offered by, dS. 

Anderson, Miss §. A., pres. 
Memorial Lit. Soc., 214. 

Andrén, F. N., of Swedish Hist. Soe., 187. 

Andrews, Charies M., of com. on documen- 
tary hist. publications of U. S., 73. 

Andrews, Frank D., sec. Vineland Hist. and 
Antig. Soc., 204, 205. 

Andrews, James M., pres. 
Saratoga, 206. 

Anglo-Saxons, Church councils of, 40. 

Annual meeting of A. H. A., local com. 
(1918), 23; program com. (1918), 23; 
PROCEEDINGS (1917), 31-50; attendance 
(1917), 34, 54, 60, 89-92; business meet- 
ing, 48-50, 54-59; program (1917), 51- 
54; (1918). resolutions concerning, 58; 
vote of council concerning 1918 meeting, 
82, 85. 

Antrim County (Mich.) Pioneer Association, 
report (1917), 200-201. 

Applegate, John S., pres. Monmouth Co. 
Hist. Assoc., 204. 


88582°—19——_28 


Confederate 


Hist. Soc. of 


433 


Appleton, Francis, of Lowell Hist. Soc., 197. 

Appleton, William S., sec. Soc. for Preserva- 
tion of N. Eng. Antiq., 200. 

Appointments, council com. on, 80. 

Aragon, associations, 312. 

Archaeological Institute of America, joint 
meeting with A. H. A., 35. 

Archives, relating to Great War, 37, 38; of 
the French ministry of war, 44; U. S. 
documentary hist. material in, 73-74; 
legislation concerning, 110-111; federal, 
Tesolutions of conference of hist. socs. 
concerning less of, 181-182; material on 
western hist., 190; English, transcripts, 
202; French, transcripts, 202; Spanish, 
transcripts, 202. See also Conference of 
archivists ; Primer of archival economy. 

Archives building, national, need of, 119, 
129, 130. 

Archives Nationales, material on Miss. Val- 
ley hist., 190. 

Archives of the Indies, Sevier letter from, 
45; transcripts relating to Rey. and La., 
190. 

Argentina, blockade of ports, 48. 

Arizona, archival legislation, 110 ; Mormons 
and, 337. ' 

Arizona Pioneers’ Historical Society, report 
(1917), 187. 

Arkansas, reports of hist. socs. (1917), 188. 

Arkansas Historical Association, report 
(1917), 188. 

Arkansas Historical Commission, work of, 
109; report (1917), 188. 

Arlington (Mas&.) Historical Society, re- 
port (1917), 195. 

Armada, defeat of, 96. 

Armour, Maj. Eric N., sec. Champlain Soc., 
215. 

Army, U. S. historical section of general 
staff, 44. 

Arnold, Guy, pres. Decatur Co. Hist. Soc., 
193. 

Arragon, R. F., of Harvard Hist. Club, 197. 

Articles of Confederation, federalism under, 
44. 

Ascher, Mrs. E., sec. Niagara Hist. soc., 215. 

Ashmead, H. G., on the old court house of 
Chester, Pa., 210. 

Ashmore, Otis, sec. Ga. Hist. Soc., 189. 

Association, the, in 16th and 17th centuries, 
43, 303-312. 

Assumption Church, Windsor, memorial on 
grounds of, 215. 

Atwood, Edward S., sec. 
Hist. Assoc., 204. 

Aubert, Louis, on the aid of historians in 
winning the war, 36. 

Aubigné, Agrippa d’, cited, 311. 

Audit committee of A. H. A., report (1917), 
55, 65; (1916), 59. 

Audit Company of America, report on A. 
H. A. finances, 55, 59, 65-66. 

Audubon, John J., Birds of America, 206. 

Augustus. account of principate of, 95, 96. 

Austin, Stephen F., personality of, 45. 


Monmouth Co. 


434 


Austin, Walter, sec. Dedham Hist. Soc., 196. 

Austwick, tax valuation, 291. ’ 

Avery, Elroy M., of local com. (1918), 23. 

Ayer, Joseph C., jr., on Church councils of 
the Anglo-Saxons, 40. 

Azan, Lieut. Col. Paul, on the functions of 
an historical section of a general staff, 44. 


Bachman, David, of Northampton Co. Hist. 
and Geneal. Soc., 212. 

Bacon, Francis, cited, 312. 

Baensch, Emil, pres. Manitowoc Co. Hist 
Soc., 214. 

Bagot, Sir Charles, Administration of, 215. 

Bailey, Ebenezer, sec. Fitchburg Hist. Soc., 
196. 

Bailey, Louis J., sec. Gary Hist. Soc., 192. 

Bair, Robert C., sec. York Co. Hist. Soc., 211. 

Baird, George M., Pageant and Masque of 
Freedom, 211. 

Baird, Henry M., work as historian, 351. 

Baker, Edward W., of Brookline Hist. Soc., 
195. 

Baker collection of Indian relics, 192. 

Balfour, Annales, cited, 310. 

®aldwin, Simeon E., life councilor, A. H. 
A., 16. 

Ballard, Harlan H., sec. Berkshire Hist. and 
Scientific Soe., 195. 

Ballard, Mary E., sec. Cass. Co. Hist. Soc., 
192, 

Rallou, Howard M., of Hawaiian Hist. Soc., 
190. 

Bancroft, Herbert H., hist. work of, 47, 348. 
349, 352. 

Bancroft Library, work on bibl. of Pacific 
Coast hist., 100. 

Bangor Historical Society, report (1917), 
194. 

Banks, Maj. David, sec.-gen. Military Order 
of Foreign Wars, 186. 

Bannock War, records, 157. 

Baptist Convention, Northern, request of 
board of education of, 82. 


Barbour, Lucius B., see. Acorn Club, 188. 
Barde, Fred §S., collection, 209. 
Barker, Eugene C., of pub. arch. comm. 


(1918), 23, 85; on Stephen F. Austin, 45; 
of council com. on docket, 80. 

Barlow, Luella, sec. Elkhart Co. Hist. Soc., 
192. 


Barnes, Charles B., pres. Hingham Hist. 
Soc., 197. 

Barratt, Norris S.. on relation of patriotic 
societies with hist. societies, 37, 175, 
176. 

Barrett, Dr. Samuel A., pres. Wis. Arch. 
Soc., 215. 


Barrington (R. I.) Historic Antiquarian 
Society, report (1917), 213. 

Barry County (Mich.) Pioneer and His- 
torical Society, report (1917), 201. 

Barth, F. X., pres. Delta Co. Pioneer and 
Hist. Soc., 201. | 

Bartholomew, H. S. K., pres. Elkhart Co. 
Hist. Soc, 192, 


x 


GENERAL INDEX. 


_ Belleville and Bay of Quinte 


Belt, Elizabeth T., death of, 61. 


Bartlett, Willard, pres. L. I. 
Bassett, John S., of PIVEN 
23. 

Bassett, Samuel Cc. pres. Neb. St 
Soc., 203. et 
acheter! Samuel F., eae amb 

Soc., 195. 
Bate, case of impositions, 295. 
Baum, Max, sec. German Aa 

190. 

Baxter, James P., pres. Me. Hist. § 
rec, sec. N. see Hist.._Geneal. 

Bay State Historical League, wor 
report (1917), 195. <f 

Bean, Martha, sec. S. Natick Hist. 

200. 3 ne Af “ 
Beardsley, Rev. W. A., pres. Re % 

Colony Hist. Soc., 189. was an 
Beaver, The, 205. > yaaa 
Beck. James. M., pres Pa. Soe, 

207. 
Kbeeker, Carl, eae Am: Hist. Rev. 

23; program com. (1918), 235. 

com. on policy (1918), 24, 86. 
Becker, Ernest J., pres. Soc. = 

Germans in Md., 195. es ‘ 
Bedford (Mass.) Historical Society, 
Beeber, Rev. Thomas R., pres. Mon 

Co. Hist. Soc., 210. ert ty 
Belcher, Katharine F., on hist. in | 

242-243. : 
Belknap, Henry L., of Fa) Colonial | 

210. ie 
Belknap, W. C., of Hist, Soc. of Newh 

Bay and the Highlands, 206. 


H 


' Society, report (1917), 215. 

ee 

Benchman, Fred, sec., Carbon Co. 
Soc., 209.. ! ; “hog rs 


Benewah Co., Idaho, boundary p: 


Assoc., 199. 
Bentham, tax valuation, 291. : 
Benton, Elbert J., of local com. 

23; of program com. (1918), 2: . 


Berson! James die ‘pres Somerset 
204. 
Bergen Co., N. J., memorial to 
Great War, 204. | : 
Bergen County (N. J.) Histo 
report (1917), 204. 
Berger, M. M., sec. N. Mex. Hist. | 
Berks Co., Pa., war record, 210. — 
Berks County (Pa.) Historical 
port (1917), 210. tt 
Perkshire, lay assessments, 286. 
Berkshire Atheneum and Museu 
Berkshire (Mass.) Historical an Bee 
Society, report (1917), 195. 
Bernheim, Dr. A., pres. Germa 


Soc. 210. es 
Beverly (Mass.) Historical Societ; 
(1917), 195. 


GENERAL INDEX. 


Bibliography, A. H. A. com., members 
(1918), 23, 85; report (1917), 69-71; 
report at council meeting, 81; appropria- 
tion-for 1918 suspended. 82. 

Bicknell, Thomas W., sec.-gen. and registrar 
Sons and Daughters of the Pilgrims, 187 ; 
of Bristol Co. Hist. Soc., 213; pres. Bar- 
rington Hist. Antig. Soc., 213; of R. I. 
Citizens’ Hist. Assoc., 213. 


Bienyille, statue to, 194. 
Biever, Dr. Edward, courtesy acknowledged, 


142. 

Billerica (Mass.) Historical Society, report 
(1917), 195. 

Billy, Edouard de, letter to teachers of hist., 
36. 


-~Bingham, C. W., of local com. (1918), 23. 

Biography, in teaching hist., 238-239; in 
Am. hist., 259, 260—262 ; in Am. historiog- 
raphy, 354. 

Birch, Mrs. Robert S., sec. Huguenot Soc. of 
Pa 211. 

Bird, Capt. Henry, expedition of, 318, 319. 

Blackfoot, Idaho, insane asylum, 170. 

Blair County (Pa.) Historical Society, re- 
port (1917), 209. 

Blanding, Edward M., sec. 
Soc., 194. 

Blenheim, battle of, 96. 

Blodgett, James H., death of, 61. 

Blue Licks, attack at, 325. 

Boak, A. E. R., of program com. (1918), 23. 

Bogert, Cornelius V. R., pres. Bergen Co. 
Hist. Soc., 204. 

Bohemia, associations, 312. 

Boise, Idaho, archives at, 67, 109; capital 
removed to, 141; soldiers’ home, 167, 
170; State penitentiary, 170. 

Boltin, Mary E., see. Jay Co. Hist. Assoc., 
192. 

Bolton, Charles K., pres. Soc. for Preserva- 
tion of N. Eng. Antigq., 200. 


% Bolton, Herbert E., councilor, A. H. A. 
it (1918), 16, 57, 79; report of P. C. B., 
50, 57; at council meeting, 87; communi- 
cation to council concerning census rec- 
ords in London, 87; report of P. C. B. 
com. on nominations (1917), 100; report 


Bangor Hist. 


- of com. on bibl. of Pacific Coast hist., 
é 100; on hist. in high schools, 103. 

: Bonham, Milledge L., jr., of com. on mili- 
tary hist. prize, 24. 

Bonner Co., Idaho, valuation certificates, 


~ 149. 
4 Bonney, W. P., sec. Washington State Hist 
a 

Soc., 214. 
: Boone, Daniel, operations of, 325; cited, 
“a 228. 

. Boone County (Ill.) Historical Society, re- 
J port (1917), 190. 
“4 Booth, Henry S., 

J Soc., 196. 

« Bope, W. F., of Huron Co. Pioneer and 
Hist. Soc., 201. 

Bordeaux, association formed at (1560;, 


311. 


of Conn. Valley Hist. 


435 


Boston, Mass., A. H. A. meetings at (1887, 
1899, 1912), 33; inscriptions in peur 
Burying Ground, 196. 

Bostonian Society, report (1917), 195. 

Boston Transcript, geneal. dept., 188. 

Botsford, George W., on Roman imperial- 
ism, 39; death of, 61. 

Botetourt, Norborne Berkeley, 
gov. of Va., 305. 

Bourbon monarchy, Perkins’s study of, 351. 

Bourne, Henry E., councilor, A. H. A. 
(1918), 16, 57, 79; local com. (1918), 
23; on hist. in schools, 38, 233-234; at 
council meetings, 80, 83, 85, 87; of coun- 
cil com. on appointments, 80. 

Bowen, Clarence W., report as_ treas. 
(1917), 49, 55, 61-65, 81; resolutions of 
A. H. A. on retirement as treas., 49—50, 
55-56; at council meetings, 80, 83, 85; 
of council com. on finance, 80; recom- 
mendation for solicitation of gifts for en- 


baron de, 


dowment fund, 82; council resolution 
concerning retirement of, 85; good 
wishes of P. C. B. sent to, 95; pres. 


N. Y. Geneal. and Biog. Soc., 206. 

Bowman, George E., sec. Mass. Soc. of May- 
flower Descendants, 198. 

Boyd, Allen R., of com. on military hist. 
prize, 24. 

Boyd, W. K., pres. Trinity College Hist. 
Soc., 207. 

Boynton, Mrs. F. H., sec. Lucas Co. Hist. 
Soc., 193. 

Bradford County (Pa.) Historical Society, 
report (1917), 209. 

Braid, Andrew, sec. Essex Hist. Soc., 215. 

Branch County (Mich.), Héstorical Society 
of, report (1917), 201. 

Brand, Robert, on the British 
wealth of nations, 35. 

Brandt, Capt., operations of, 324, 325. 

Brannon, Peter A., report of Ala. Anthropo- 
logical Soc., 187. 

Brazil, early diplomatic controversy with 
U. S., 47-48; German colonization in, 
48; and the opening of the Amazon, 98, 
99; treaty with Peru (1854), 99. 

Brazil, Historical and Geographical Insti- 
tute of, invitation to A. H. A., 54, 60. 

Breasted, James H., of com. on Am. educa- 
tional and scientific enterprises in Otto- 
man Empire, 24, 56, 87. 

Brecht, George K., sec. 
Hist. Soc., 210. 

Breck, Alice C., cor. sec. Milton Hist. Soc., 
199. 

Brewer, Luther A., sec. Hist. Soc. of Linn 
Coz 193: 

Brigham, Clarence S., :ib. Am. Antiq. ‘Soe, 
185. 

Brisebois, Napoleon, sec. 
Montréal, 216. 

Bristol County (R. I.) Historical Society, 
report (1917), 213. 

British Columbia, Indian languages, 98. 

Brodhead, Col. Daniel, in command at Ft, 
Pitt, 320. 


common- 


Montgomery Co. 


Société Hist. de 


436 


Brodie, William H., of aa aes Co. Hist. 
Soc., 206. 

Bromberg, F. G., of Ibérville Hist. Soc., 187. 

Brome County (Quebec) Historical Society, 
report .(1917), 215. 

Brookline (Mass.) Historical. Society, report 
(1917), 195. 

Brooklyn Catholic Historical Society, 205. 

Brooks, Phillips, cited, 238. 

Brooks, R. P., sec-treas. Ga. Hist. Assoc., 
110. 

Broomall, William B., pres. Delaware Co. 
Hist. Soc., 210. 

Brown, Charles E., sec. Wis. Arch. Soc., 215. 

Brown, Clara, courtesy acknowledged, 142. 

Brown, Everett, S., ARCHIVES OF THE Foop 
ADMINISTRATION AS HISTORICAL SOURCES, 
124-127, (abstract) 37, 38. 

Brown, Marshall S., chairman of conference 
of hist. teachers, 38, 219, 229, 231, 233, 
234, 237, 245, 247. 

Brown, Mrs. William H., sec. Soc. of Pa. 
Women.in N. Y., 207. 


Brubaker, Laura E., sec. Delta Co. Pioneer 


and Hist. Soc., 201. 

Bruce, Robert, association in support of, 
310. 

Bryans Station, attacked, 325. 

Buchanan, James, army sent to aS iran 
memorial from Utah, 340. 

Buck, Solon J., of pub. arch. comm. (1918), 
23, 85; on the collection of war material, 
37, 38, 132-133; chairman of com. on 
financial contributions and voting powers, 
conference of hist, soes., 74, 75, 181; of 
pub. arch. comm. (1917), 105, 112; on 
collection of Minn. war material, 180; 
sec. Minn. Hist. Soc., 202. 

Buckenham, J. E. B., sec. Krefeld Soc., 211; 
sec. Pa. Soc. of War of 1812, 212. 

Buckmaster, Julia, of Madison Co. Hist. 
Soc., 191. : ' 

Bucks County (Pa.) Historical Sean re- 
port (1917), 209. : 

Budd, Henry, pres. Church Hist. Soe., ae 

Budget of A. H. A. (1918), 57, 83-84; 
port of council com. of finance on, apis 

Buenos Aires, archives, 67, 109. 

Buffalo, fort, bronze marker, 202. 

Buffalo Historical Society, report (1917), 
205. 

Bulkeley, Rev. B. R., sec. Beverly Hist. Soc., 
195. 

Bull, Mary B., 
Quincy, 190. 
Bulletin, A. H. A., publication postponed, 

54, 60, 82. 

Bull’s prairie, tablet at, 201. 

Burdett, Cyril H., sec. L. I. Hist. Soc., 206. 

Bureau County (Ill.) Historical Society 
190. 

Burghley, William Cecil, baron, association 
prepared by, 307, 311. 

Burgin, Herman, sec. 
Soc., 209. 


cor. sec. Hist. Soc. of 


Phila. City Hist. 


GENERAL INDEX, 


Burgoon, Isadore H., pres. Sandusky 
Pioneer and Hist. Assoc., 208. — 


Burley, C. A., pres. Chicago Hist. 
190. 
Burlingame, Anson, first plan for open- 


door policy in China, 48. , 
Burnett, Charles H., of Old Settlers Hist. “ 
Soc, of Pipestone, 202. 
Burr, George L., life councilor, A. H. A., 
16; of council com. on docket, 80. 
Burton, tax valuation, 291. 
Butler, Benjamin F., autobiography, 260. 
Butterfield, Ora, death of, 61. * 
Lutterfield, Roger W., pres. Hist. Soe. of 
Grand Rapids, 201. 


Cadwalader, John, pres. Pa. Soc. of War of 
1812, 212. 

Cahokia, Clark and, 315, 318, 319. 

Caldwell, Capt., operations of, 324, 326. 

Caldwell, Wallace E., on hist. in schools, — 
245-246. : 

California, survey of county archives, 67, — 
109; bibl. material, 100; European hist. 
in schools of, 101-102; reports of hist. 3) 
socs. (1917), 188; Mormons and, 334, 
336. } 

California, University of, P. C. B. meeting F, 
at, 95; P. C. B. resolution of thanks to, — 


California Genealoatenle Society, contribu-— 
tion to conference of hist. societies, 181; _ 
report (1917); 188. - 

California High School Teachers’ Associa- 
tion, European hist. considered by, 101. 

California Historical Society, 
(1917), 188. : 

California Historical Survey Commission, 
survey of county archives made BS 67, 
109; report (1917), 188. : i 

Society of, 


a 


report — 


California Pioneers, 
(1917), 188. ; 

California State Library, cooperation of 
P. C. B. in collecting war materials, 100. 

Calkins, Rev. Raymond, pres. 
Hist. Soc., 200. 

Callahan, J. M., of audit com. asi, 6, 
65. % 
Callender, James T., attack on Jefferson, 
256. 
Cambridge (Mass.) Historical ‘docioeaae e- 
port (1917), 195. F 
Campbell, Gen. Sir Archibald, pee 
of, 317, 318. 


Campbell, Col. Arthur, message to Clark, — 
321. ‘ae 
Campbell, Jane, sec. Am, Catholic Hist. — 


Soc., 185. i 
Campbéll, Sir Neill, association made by, 
310. . >t 
Campbell, W. P.. custodian Okla. Hist. Soe, — 
209. i es, 
Campbell, William J., 
Hist. Soc., 209. -: 
Canada, trade conditions, 205; reports of 
hist. socs. (1917), 215, 216. Wg 


Ta 
pres, Phila. City 


GENERAL INDEX, 


Canby (Minn.) Old Settlers pais Be spes. 
202. 

Canisteo Valley Mistorical Siielety, 205. 

Cannon, C. B., sec. Misoa Co. Hist. Soc., 
193. 

Cannon, Henry L., of com. on hist. in 
schools (1918), 23, 86. 

Canterbury, papal taxation in province of, 


272, 279; tax exemption in royal mint, 
289. : 

Canton (Mass.) Historical Society, report 
(1917), 195. 


Cape May Co., N. J., Indian relics, 204. 
Carbon County (Pa.) Historical Society, 
report (1917), 209. 
Carfield, Edgar T., sec. 

Hist. Soc., 212. 
Carnochan, Janet, pres. Niagara Hist. Soc., 
215. 
Carpenter, L. G., pres. Col. Hist. and Nat. 
Hist. Soc., 188. 


Susquehanna Co. 


Carpenter, Richard V., of Boone Co. Hist. 
Soc., 190. : 
Carter, William M., sec. Gloucester Co. 


Hist. Soc., 204. 

Carton, Augustus C., pres. Mich. Pioneer 
and Hist. Soc., 201. 

Case, Leon C., of Flushing Hist. Soc., 205. 

Cass County (Ind.) Historical Society, re- 
port (1917), 192. 

Cassia Co., Idaho, 
149. 

Castile, hermandades, 312. 

Catheart, Wallace H., vice chairman of 
local com. (1918), 23; sec. Western Re- 
serve Hist. Soc., 209. 

Catholic Historical Society, 
98. 


valuation certificates, 


founding of, 


Catholic University of America, archive 
building proposed for, 38. 
Catholics, war records, 38, 127-128; 


French leagues of (1560), 43, 311; Shea’s 
Hist. of Catholic Church in Am., 98; 
hist. of missions (1529-1855), 98; essay 
eontest among colleges, 187. 

Celsus, Origen against, incunabulum, 185. 

Centre des Hautes Etudes Militaires, 44. 

Chamberlain, George W., sec. Malden Hist. 
Soc., 197. 

Champaign County (Ill.) 
ciety, 190, 

Champlain, Samuel de, Works, 215. 

Champlain Society, report (1917), 215. 

Chandler, Charles L., of com. on hist. con- 
gress at Rio de Janeiro, 24; A. H. A. 
delegate to congress of hist. at Monte- 
video, 54, 60. 

Chandler, Zachariah, Public Life of, 201. 

Channing, Edward, 1st vice-pres. A. H. A. 
(1918), 15, 50, 57, 79; communication 
to council concerning census records in 


Historical So- 


Hondon, :87.; at PR. C. B. dinner, .97 ; 
work as historian, 354. 
Chapman, Charles E., survey of S. Am. 


arch., 67, 109; hist. work of, 100. = 
Chapman, Howard M., lib. R. I. Hist. Soc., 
213. 


437 


Charlemont, Mass., Vital Records, 199. 

Charles II, association in support of, 308. 

Charleston, S. C., besieged (1781), 322. 

Charlevoix, Father, anniversary of voyage, 
201. 

Charlevoix (Mich.) Historical Society, re- 
port (1917), 201. 

Chase, David G., sec. Ala. Hist. Teachers’ 


Assoc., 187. 

Chase, Franklin H., sec. Onondaga Hist. 
Assoc., 207. 

Cheney, Rt. Rev. Charles E., death of, 61. 


Chester, Bishop of, oath administered by, 
307. 

Chester, Eurl of, tax returns due, 297. 

Chester, Eng., lay assessments in, 284; cus- 
toms, 297. 

Chester, Pa., old courthouse, 210; Recollec- 
tions of Old Borough, 210. 

Chester County (Pa.) Historical Society, 
contribution to conference of hist. so- 
cieties, 181; report (1917), 209. 

Chester Springs, Pa.. exercises at Revolu- 
tionary hospital, 209. 

Chetek and Rice Lakes, 215. 

‘Cheyney, Edward P., chairman board of 
editors, Am. Hist. Rev. (1918), 23; report 
of editors of Am. Hist. Rev. (1917), 50, 
57, 68, 69; at council meeting, 80; report 
of Am. Hist. Rev. at council meeting, 81. 

Chicago, Ill., A. H. A. meetings at (1893, 
1904, 1914), 33 

Chicago Historical Society, report (1917), 
190. 

Chicago Museum, pamphlets of, 177. 

Chickasaws, and Clark, 317. 

Chillicothe, Clark at, 319; 
against, 327. 

China, A. H. A. papers on, 48; Am. scholar- 
ship in hist. of, 48; U. S. legislation con- 
cerning immigration from, 48; mid-Vic- 
torian attitude of foreigners in, 48. 

Chinese Empire, social and material condi- 
tions in, 48. 

Chisolm, A. S., of local com. (1918), 23. 

Church Boards of Education, request of 
council of, 82. 

Church Historical Society, contribution to 
conference of hist. societies, 181; report 
(1917), 209. 

Chureh history, medieval, A. H. A. papers 
on, 40, 41; American, bibl., 70. 

Civil War, A. H. A. papers on, 46; Am. 
manufactures during, 46 ; Anglo-American 
relations as influenced by wheat and cot- 
ton, 46; restoration of southern railroads 
after, 46; newspapers and military sec- 
recy, 69; loyalty of Mormons during, 97, 
341, 342; Official Records, 117, 179; rec- 
ords lost, 180; historiography, 349. 

Claiborne, Gov. W. C. C., Letter Books, 202. 

Clark, A. Howard, curator A, H. A. (1918), 
15, 50, 57, 79; at council meeting, 83. 

Clark, AHen C., pres. Columbia Hist. Soc., 
189. 

Clark, Arthur H., 


operations 


of local com. (1918), 23. 


438 


Clark, George Rogers, control of the North- 
west, 45, 313-329. 

Clark, Henry A., pres. Erie Co. Hist. Soc., 
210. ' 

Clark, John B., pres. Ala. Hist. Teachers’ 
Assoc., 187. 
Clark, Martha B., pres. 
Lancaster Co., 210. 
Clark, Mary E., see. Foxboro Hist. Soc., 196. 
Clark, Mary T., sec. La Porte Co. Hist. 
Soe., 193. 

Clark, Robert C., of ex. 
(1918), 17, 100. 

Clark, Victor S., on Am. manufactures dur- 
ing Civil War, 46. 

Clark County (O.) Historical Society, 208. 

Clarke, Mary E., sec. Charlevoix Hist. Soc., 
201. 

Clawson, Spencer, pres. Utah State Hist. 
Soc., 213. 

Clayton, John M., 
Amazon, 99. 

Cleland, Robert G., of P. C. B., com. on 
nominations (1917), 100. 

Clemence, Mary E.; sec. Quinabaug Hist. 
Soc., 199. 

Clergy, English, taxation, 265-280, 288- 
289, 292. 

Clergy Reserves, 215. 

Clinton, Sir Henry, losses of, 322; at N. Y., 
323. ; ; 

Clinton, J. W., of Polo Hist. Soc., 191. 

Clinton County (Mich.) Pioneer Society, 
report (1917), 201. 

Clinton (Mass.) Historical Society, report 
(1917), 196. 

Closson, James H., pres. Krefeld Soc., 211. 

Club of Odd Volumes, report (1917), 196. 

Cobb, Maud B., on condition of Ga. arch., 
110. 

Cochran, John M., pres. Quinabaug Hist. 
Soc., 199. 

Cohen, Charles J., pres. Numismatic and 
Antiq. Soc., 212. 
Colden, Cadwallader, Papers, 206. 
Coleman, Christepher B., of nominating 
com. (1918), 23, 57, 79; (1917), 80. 
Collefe Club, Philadelphia, privileges ex- 
tended to A. H. A., 35. : 

Collin, Rev. H. P., sec. Hist. Soc. of Branch 
Co., 201. 

Collingwood, scrap books on, 215. 

Collins, George K., Spafford History, 207. 

Colonial Dames of America, publications, 
179; report (1917), 186; Pa. Soc. re- 
port (1917), 210. 

Colonial Daughters of America, National 
Society, report (1917), 186. 

Colonial Society of Massachusetts, work of, 
178; report (1917), 196. 

Colonial Society of Pennsylvania, work of, 
175. 

Colonial Wars, Society of, work of, 175, 
177; work in N. J., 177. 

Colonies, Am., plans of union before 1774, 
74; relations with Eng., 96; associa- 
tions in, 309, 310. 


Donegal Soc. of 


com., P. C. B, 


and the opening of the 


GENERAL INDEX, 


Colorado, archival legislation, 111; 
mons and, 336. 
Colorado, State Historical and Natueel 
tory Society of, report (1917), 188 
Colored Historical Society, Sprinesciey 
190. ; 

Colpin, E. E., sec. Idaho board of harm- 7 
acy, 168. : 

Colquhoun, Dr. A. H. A., contribution. 
Niagara Hist. Soc., 215. 

Columbia County (Pa.) Historical Society, 
report (1917), 210. ¢ 

Columbia Historical Society, D. C., report 
(1917), 189. 

Columbian exposition, Idaho exhibit, 170. 

Columbia University, meeting of A. H. tN 
council at, 80. 

Commerce, treaties, 35. q 
Commerce, Department of, war records, ben’ 
118. ‘ 
Committee of five, 

schools, 220. 

Committee of seven, report on hist. in 
schools, 220, 229, 236. “2 

Committee of eight, report on hist. in : 
schools, 229, 233, 241. N ak. 

Committee of ten, recommendations con- — 
cerning hist. in schools, 220. 

Committee on Public Information, educa- ‘ 
tional work of, 36; work of A. H. A, oe 
members for, 56; venguaal 118. ia 

Committees of A. H. A., members (1918), 
23, 24, 85, 86. . 

Conciliar movement, 40, 41. ~ a 

Concord (Mass.) Antiquarian Boiclray re- 
port (1917), 196. ; 

Confederacy, and the railroads, 69. y 

Confederate Memorial Literary Society, re- 
port, (1917), 214. < i 

Confederate States, Society of the Army 
and Navy of, in Md., report (1917), 195. — 

Conference of archivists, organization of, 
110; PROCEEDINGS Or EIGHTH CONFER- 
ENCE, 113-125, (abstract) 37, 38. 

Conference of historical societies, officers 
(1918), 23, 86; report of sec. (1917), 50, 
56-57, 74-75; report at council “meet. 
ing, 81; Procrepines, 173-183, (ab 
stract) 36-37: organization, 181; 
tration of attendance, 182, 183. : 

Connecticut, reports of hist. socs. (1917), 


report on hist. in 


Sell 
Rte 


| 
7 


188, 189. AUS 
Connecticut Academy of Arts and Science, 
report (1917), 188. | ieee 


Connecticut in Transition, R. J. Purcell, 54, _ 
60, 71. ’ 

Connecticut Valley Historical Soeeey, pt 
port (1917), 196. 

Connelley, William E., sec. Kans. State ae : 
Soc., 194. s ie 

Connor, R. D. W., on the preservation of ; 
war material, 38, 130-132; at conference Me 
of arch. (1917), 67; circular urging col 
lection of war material, 123; of N. C. 
Hist. Comm., 207; sec. N. C. State te ’ 
and Hist. ‘Assoc., 207. 

Constance, council of, 40. 


Agi 
ul 


GENERAL INDEX, 439 


Constantinople, claimants to, 72; papal 


taxation for relief of, 274, 277, 278. 

Constitutional conventions, psychology of, 
47. ; 

Continental Congress, first, association or- 
ganized by; 43, 304, 310, 311. 

Continental Congress, second, and western 
expedition, 320; petitions to, 325. 

Conwell, Joseph A., pres. Vineland Hist. 
and Antig. Soc., 204. 

Cook, Mabel P., sec. Lexington Hist. Soc., 

-197. 

Cook, Sherwin L., pres. Bay State Hist. 
League, 195; pres. Roxbury Hist. Soc., 
199. 

Cooley,..James S., pres. Nassau Co. Hist. 
and Geneal. Soe., 206. 

Cooperation in national service, A. H. A. 
com., 86. 

Cope, Francis R., pres. Susquehanna Co. 
Hist. Soc., 212. 

Cornwall, tax exemptions in tin mines of. 
289. 

Cornwallis, Lord, surrender of, 322, 323. 

Cortland (N. Y.) Historical and Genea- 
logical Society, 205. 

Corwin, Edward S., of Justin Winsor prize 
com. (1918), 23, 85. 

Costigan, Edward P., on economie alliances, 
commercial treaties, and tariff adjust- 
ments, 35. 

Cotton, influence on Anglo-American rela- 
tions during Civil War, 46. 

Council of National Defense, war records, 
38, 118, 119; and nat. arch. bldg., 130. 

Council of Workmen’s and Soldiers’ Depu- 
ties, 43. , 

Councils, Church, A. H. A. papers on, 40, 
41; of the Anglo-Saxons, 40. 

Cox, Rev. George M., of London and Middle- 
sex Hist. Soc., 215. 

Cox, Isaac J., on the mission of Geo. 
Matthews on the Florida frontier, 45; 
of audit com. (1917), 55, 65, 

Ccx, Richard A., pres. Jackson Co. Hist. 
Soc., 192. 

Cranmer, C. R., mgr. Am. Audit Co., 65. 

Crawford, Rev. James W., pres. Hist. Soe. 
of Reformed Church in U. S., 186. 

Crawford, Col. William, expedition of, 324. 

Croats, history of, 44. 

Cromwell, Oliver, 96. 

Crowell, Emma L., recording sec. D. A. R., 
186. 

Crumbling, Rev. E., sec. United Evangelical 
Church Hist. Soc., 211. 

Cuffman, John H., death of, 61. 

Cumberland, tax exemption, 290, 

Cumberland, Fort, plan to recapture, 317. 

Cummings, Frank S., sec. St. Joseph Co. 
Hist. and Pioneer Soc., 202. 

Cunningham, Charles H., of com. on hist. 
eongress at Rio de Janeiro, 24; on the 
institutional background of Latin-Am. 
hist., 47. 

Cunningham, Henry W., pres. Club of Odd 
Volumes, 196. : 


Curran, Mrs. W. R., of Tazewell Co. Hist. 
Soc., 191. 

Currey, J. Seymore, founder of Evanston 
Hist. Soc., 190. 

Currier, Elizabeth B., sec. Methuen Hist. 
Soc., 198. 

Curry, Cora C., of Nat. Geneal. Soc., 186. 

Cutter, William R., pres. Rumford Hist. 
Assoc., 200. 

Cusachs, Gaspar, pres. La. Hist. Soc., 194. 

Customs, English, to 1275, 293-301. 


Thaily Argus, Portland, Me., geneal. dept., 
188. 

Daines, Franklin D., on P. C. B. com. on 
resolutions (1917), 99; SEPARATISM IN 
UTAH, 1847-1870, 331-343, (abstract) 97, 
98. - 

Dallas Papers, 187. 

Dana, Maj. Paul, pres. Union Soe. of Civil 
War, 187. 

Danish Pioneers, Minneapolis, 202. 

Danites, 343. ’ 

Danube, European commission of the, 101. 

Danvers (Mass.) Historical Society, 196. 

Darbee, Robert M., sec. Nassau Co. Hist. 
and Geneal. Soc., 206. 

Darlington, George E., Recollections of Old 
Borough of Chester, 210. 

Darnley, murder of, 310. 

Daughters of the American Revolution, 
National Society, report (1917), 186; 
Nebraska Society, 203. 

Dauphin County (Pa.) Historical Society, 
report (1917), 210. 

Davenport (Ia.) Academy of Sciences, re- 
port (1917), 193. 

Davidson, Walter, of Worcester Soc. of 
Antig., 200. 

Davies, Mrs. Edward J., sec. Woman’s Hist. 
Soc. of Pa., 213. 

Davis, Andrew McF., chairman Harvard 
Comm. on West. Hist., 197. 

Davis, C. R., sec. Trinity College Hist. Soc., 
207. 

Davis, Charles K., pres. Leominster Hist. 
Soc., 197. 

Davis, George P., death of, 61. 

Davis, Jefferson, papers of, 74. 

Davis, W. W., sec. Whiteside Co. Hist. Soc., 
191. 

Dawson, Elmer E., pres. Winthrop Improve- 
ment and Hist. Assoc., 200. 

Deating, D. B., of Madison Co. Hist. Soc., 
206. 

Deats; H. E., sec. Hunterdon Co. Hist. Soc., 
204. 

Decatur County (Ia.) Historical Society, re- 
port (1917), 193. 

Decker, George E., pres. Davenport Acad- 
emy of Sciences, 193. 

Dedham Historical Register, suspension of, 
196. 

Dedham (Mass.) Historical Society, report 
(1917), 196. : 

DeLancey brigade, Orderly Book, 206. 

Delaware, archival legislation, 111. 


440 


Delaware Co., Pa., ancient industries and 
old inns, 210. 

Delaware County (Pa.) Historical Society, 
report (1917), 210. 

Delaware Historical Society, report (1917), 
189. 

Delawares, at Detroit, 322. 

DeLeyba, Span. goy., $18. 

Delta County (Mich.) Pioneer and Histori- 
cal Society, report (1917), 201. 

Democratic party, material relating to, 
191. 

Dempwolf, J. A., pres. York Co. Hist. Soc., 
211. 

DePeyster, Maj. Arent S., operations of, 
318, 324, 326, 328. 5: 

Derby, Harl of, association described by, 
307. : 

Descendants of Signers of Declaration of 
Independence, report (1917), 186. 

Deseret, contitution adopted for state of, 
97-98 ; admission asked, 336—337 ; organi- 
zation of, 341; alphabet, 343. 

Desert News, geneal. dept., 188. 

Detroit, Clark’s movements against, 45, 315, 
316, 319, 320, 321, 323, 328; Indians as- 
sembled at, 322. 

Dettman, Dr. C. A., sec. Idaho board of 
examiners, 167. 

Devon, tax exemptions in tin mines of, 
289. 

Dibell, Dorrence, 
Will Co., 191. 

Dickson, Hon. William, Sketch of, 215. 

Dielmann, Louis H., work on bibl. of Am. 
travel, 70. 

Diffenderfer, Frank R., pres. Lancaster Co. 
Hist. Soc., 211. 

Docket, council com. on, 80. 

Dodd, William E., councilor (1918), 16, 50, 
57, 79; of program com. (1918), 23; of 
com. on policy (1918), 24, 86; resigna- 
tion from Winsor prize com., 80. 

Doelle, J. A., sec. Keweenaw Hist. Soc., 201; 
bibl. by, 201. 

Donegal Society of Lancaster County (Pa.), 
210. 

Door Co., Wis., researches in, 215. 

Dorchester (Mass.) Historical Society, re- 
port (1917), 196. 

Dorman, William E., of Lynn Hist. Soc., 
197. 

Douglas, Walter B., editor, 202. 

Dover (Mass.) and Vicinity, Historical and 
Natural History Society, report (1917), 
197. ‘ 

Dow, George F., sec. Essex Inst., 196; sec. 
Topsfield Hist. Soc., 200. a 
Draper, Mrs. Amos G., of hist. MSS. comm. 

(1918), 28, 85; (1917), 355. 

Drowne, Henry R., sec. N. ¥. Geser?, and 
Biog. Soc., 206. 

Ducal Library, Gotha, pamphlet in, 212. 

Ducher, G. J. A., prize essay on, 50, 79. 

Dudley, Harwood, pres. Johnstown Hist. 
Soc., 206. 


pres. Pioneer Assoc. of 


GENERAL INDEX. : 


— 


: a 
Duncalf, Frederic, of advisory board, Hist. 
Teacher’s Mag. (1918), 24. é ast, 
Dungan, Warren S., pres. Lucas Co. Hist. 


- Soc., 193. 
Dunn, J. P., sec. Ind. Hist. Soc., 192. 
Dunning, William A., life councilor, A. H. 
A., 16; presides at annual meeting of A. 
H. A., 54; of com. on documentary hist.. — 
publications of U. S., 73; at council meet- 
ings, 80, 85, 87; of council com. on 
minutes and relations, 80; resolutions 
presented concerning conditions of hist. 
prizes, 83; motion at council meeting to 
, adopt resolution concerning retirement of 
C. W. Bowen, 85; presides at council 
meeting, 87 ;.A GENERATION OF AMERICAN 
HISTORIOGRAPHY, 345-354, (abstract) 47. 
Dunstable, monastery, papal assessment, 
271. ; 
Dunt, William W., sec. Hingham Hist. Soc., 
197. 
Durant, William H., sec. Leominster Hist. 
Soe., 197. 
Durgin, Rev. George F., of N. Eng. Metho- 
dist Hist. Soc., 199. 
Durham, Eng., lay assessments in, 284. 
Duryea, Katherine S. B., of Geneva Hist. 
Soc., 205. 
Dutcher, George M., chairman of com, on 
bibl. (1918), 23, 85; of com. on pubs. 
(1918), 23, 86; report of com. on bibl. 
(1917), 69-71; bibliographical work, 70; 
at council meeting, 80; report of com, on 
bibl. at council meeting, 81; on hist. in 
schools, 245. ; 
Dutchess County (N. Y.) Historical So- 
ciety, 205. 
Duvall collection of ceramics, 204. 


East Bridgewater, 
199. 
Eastern Association, (1642), 308. 
Eastern Railroad, History of, 196, 
Eaton, Elizabeth W., pres. Palmyra Hist. 
Soe., 207. 
Eaton, Dr. George F., sec. Conn. Acad. of 
Arts and Science, 188. 
Ficole Supérieure de Guerre, 44. 
Edes, Henry H., treas, Colonial Soe. of 
Mass., 196. 4 
Edward I, lay assessments under, 42, 283, 
287, 300. 
Edward II, 
289, 290. 
Edward III, lay assessments under, 290. 
Edwards, Mrs. H. B., pres. Waukesha Co. 
Hist. Soc., 214. ‘ 
Elgin Historical and Scientific Institute, 
report (1917), 215. 
Efiut, Charles W., of Old South Assoc. of — 
Boston, 199. 
Elizabeth, of Eng., association for pro- 
tection of, 43, 306-308. , 
Elkhart County (Ind.) Historical Society, 
report (1917), 192. 
Ely, Theodore N., death of, 61. 


Mass., Vital Records, 


lay assessments under, 287, 


GENERAL INDEX. 


Ely, Warren D., lib. Bucks Co. Hist. Soc., 
209. 

Emerton, Ephraim, retirement as ed. Am. 
Hist. Rev., 50. 

Emlen, James, sec. Geneal. Soc. of Pa., 210. 

Emory, Joseph W., pres. Hist. Soc. of 
Quincy, 190. 

Endicott, William C., pres. Essex Inst., 196. 

England, customs revenue to 1275, 41, 42, 
293-301; papal taxation of clerical in- 
comes, 41-42, 265-280; relations with 
Am. during Civil War as influenced by 
wheat and cotton, 46; appreciation of 
work of, 96; relations with Am. colo- 
nies, 96; lay subsidies in, 281-292; hist. 
of the association in, 306-310. See also 
Great Britain. 

English history, in schools, 236. 

Erie, Lake, expedition planned against, 
319, 321. 

Erie County (Pa.) Historical Society, re- 
port (1917), 210. 

Esarey, Logan, of hist. MSS. comm. (1918), 
23, 85; sec. Ind. Hist. Survey, 192; pres. 
Monroe Co. Hist. Soc., 193; of hist. MSS. 
comm. (1917), 355. 

Essex Co., Mass., probate records, 196. 

Essex Historical Society, report (1917), 
215. 

.Essex Institute, report (1917), 196. 

Esty, Mary, pres. S. Natick Hist. Soc., 200. 

Ettinger, George T., pres. Lehigh Co. Hist. 
Soc., 211. 

Europe, republican tradition in, 95; Conti- 
nental, school course in hist., 219, 221— 
222; 225. 

European history, articles in Am. Hist. 
Rev., 69; bibl. notices, 70; in schools, 
101-102, 236, 241; writing of, 350, 351. 

Evans, Alexander W., acting sec. Conn, 
Acad. of Arts and Science, 188. 

Evans, Jessie C., on hist. in schools, 244— 
245. 

Evans, William W., pres. 
Hist. Soc., 210. 

Evanston Historical Society, report (1917), 
190. 

Ewbank, Morgan’s Raid in Ind., 192. 

' Eweross, tax valuation, 291. 

Executive committee of P. C. B., members 
(1918), 17. 

Executive Council of A. H. A., members 
(1918), 15-16, 57, 59; report of sec. 
(1917), 49, 50, 56; resolution on re- 
tirement of C. W. Bowen, treas., 55; 
resolution concerning Am. interests in 
Ottoman Empire, referred to, 56; com. 
on policy, 56, 84, 86; finance com., 57; 
standing committees, 80; minutes of 
meetings (1917), 80-87; report of com. 
on finance, 81-82; Noy. (1918) meeting 
omitted, 82. 


Columbia Co. 


Falls House Memorial Collection, Newburgh, 
Ne ¥., 205. 

Fanning, A. C., pres. Bradford Co. Hist. 
Soc., 209. 


441 


Farmer, William P., pres. Manchester Hist. 
Assoc., 203. 

Far Eastern history, dinner of members 
interested in, 36; A. H, A. papers on, 48. 

Fargis, Joseph H., sec. U. S. Catholic Hist. 
Soc., 187. 

Farrelly, Stephen, pres. U. S. Catholic Hist. 
Soc., 187. 

Faxon, George S., of Naramech Hist. Soc., 
191. 

Fay, Sidney B., of audit com., 59; on the 
standing army in Prussia, 69. 

Featherstenhaugh, George W., jr., sec. 
Schenectady Co. Hist. Soc., 207. 

Federalism, American, background of, 44. 

Fenwick, Sir John, conspiracy of, 309. 

Ferguson, Henry, death of, 61. 

Ferguson, Milton J., on the collection of 
war materials; 99. 

Ferguson, William S., on Greek imperialism, 
39. 

Fernandina, seizure of, 45. 

Ferree, Barr, sec. Pa. Soc. of N. Y., 207; 
U. S. and the War, 207. 

Field, Edward D., sec. Vt. Hist. Soc., 214. 

Fillmore, Millard, Utah appointments, 337. 

Filson Club, report (1917), 194. 

Finances, A. H. A., endowment fund, 49, 55, 
82; reports on audits of, 55; budget for 
1918, 57; report of treas. (1917), 61-65; 
council com. on, 80; report of council 
com., 83; council vote concerning, 87. 

Firelands Historical Society, report (1917), 
208. 

Fish, Carl R., of nominating com. (1918), 
23, 57, 79; on the restoration of the 
southern railroads after the Civil War, 
46; on the northern railroads in Apr., 
1861, 69. 

Viske, John, hist. work of, 47, 349-350. 

Fitchburg Historical Society, report (1917), 
196. 

Fitzgerald, James, sec. Ill. Catholic Hist. 
Soc., 190. 

Fitzgibbon, M. Agnes, of Women’s Canadian 
Hist: Soc., 216. 

Fitzharris, Edward, conspiracy of, 306. 

Fitzpatrick, John C., of pub. arch. comm. 
(1918), 23, 85; (1917), 105, 112. 


Fleming, Walter L., councilor, A. H. A. 
_ (1918), 16, 50, 57, 79. 
Flick. Alexander C., on hist. in schools. 


240-241. 

Fling, Fred M., of advisory board, Hist. 
Teacher's Mag. (1918), 24; of com. on 
military hist. prize, 24. 

Florida, Matthew’s mission on frontier of, 
45; archival legislation, 111; reports of 
hist. socs. (1917), 189. 

Florida, East, rebellion in, 45. 4 

Florida, West, Folch and, 45. 

Florida Historical Society, 189. 

Floyd, Col., operations of, 327. 

Flushing (N. Y.) Historical Society, 205. 

Fogel, E. M., sec. German-Am. Hist. Soc., 
210. 


| Folch, Vizente, and W. Fla., 45. 


442° 


I’ood Administration. archives as historical 
sources, 37—38, 124-127; records of, 118; 
States administration division, 126. 

Force, Peter, Archives, 257. 

Ford, Guy S8., of com. on policy (1918), 24, 
86; on the educational work of the Com- 
mittee on Public Information, 36; of 
council finance com., 57, 80; at council 
meetings, 80, 83, 85; report of council 
com. of finance, 81-82, 83. 

Ford, James F., life councilor, A. H. A., 15. 

Ford, “Worthington. C., life councilor, “A. 
H. A., 16; on the relations between hist. 
socs. and hereditary patriotic socs., 37, 
178-179; chairman of com. on docu- 
mentary hist. publications of U. S., 73; 
chairman council com. on docket, 80; 
chairman council com. on meetings and 
relations, 80; chairman council com. on 
appointments, 80; at council meetings, 
80, 85; at dinner of patriotic societies, 
130; pres. address, EDITORIAL FUNCTION 
IN UnitTepD States History, 249-263, 
(mentioned) 35, 39. 

Fosdick, Charles, pres. Fitchburg Hist. Soc., 
196. 


Foster, H. S., pres. Brome Co, Hist. Soc. 


215. 
Foster, Herbert D., of com. on hist. in 
schools (1918), 23, 86; on hist. in 


schools, 38, 234—237. 

Foulk, Wilson M., archivist W. Va. Dept. of 
Arch, and Hist., 214. 

Founders and Patriots, Order of, work in 
Nines che te ra 

Fountain, Brig-Gen. S. W., com. gen. Mili- 
tary Order of Foreign Wars, 186. 

Fowle, Fred. C., of Arlington Hist. Soc., 195. 

Fowle, Harriet A., sec. Medfield Hist. Soc., 
198. 

Troxboro (Mass.) Historical Society, report 
(1917), 196. 

Fox Indians, in Am. Rey., 318; villages 
destroyed, 318. ' 
France, school course in hist., 39; Catholic 
leagues of 1560, 43; archives of the 
ministry of war, 44; hist. of Am. mis- 
sions, 98; school decree of 1793, 221; 
school program of 1902, 221-222, 226, 
233; textbooks in hist., 226; papal tax- 
ation in, 268, 275; associations, 311, 312. 

Francis, David R., pres. Mo. Hist. Soc., 202. 

Frankford (Pa.) Historical Society, report 
(1917), 210. 

Franklin, Benjamin, Autobiography, 255 ; 
value of Sparks’s work on, 258; cited, 
321; influence in hist., 354. 

Franklin, William T., and the autobiogra- 
phy of Benj. Franklin, 255. 

Franklin, state of, 45. 

Franklin County cia) Historical Society, 
192. 

Franklin Inn Club, privilegés Eatentiet to 
A. H. A., 35. 

Frederick II, war with, 271, 

Freedom of the seas, 96. 


GENERAL INDEX. 


Freeman, Edward A., influen 
350, 353. ma 
Freese, L. J., pres. Woodford Co. 
191. ue 
French, Charles E., of Moni 
Hist. Soe., 206. 
Friedenberg, Albert M., 

Hist. Boece 185. 


report (1917), 210. : 
Frink, Dwight E., sec. MeLean Gi, 
Soc., 191. a 


89, 40. ots 
Frothingham, E. G., pres. Haverhill 
Soc., 197. 
Froude, James A., cited, 307. a 
Fry, Rev. Jacob, pres. Pa. Gena=s 
212. 
Fryer, George G., 
Assoc., 207. A 
Fuel Administration, records, 118. 
Fuller, George N., of pub. arch. co 
(1918), 23, 85: oe 206s 


pres. Ononda; , 


Social Pegiusngen a Mie 

Mich. Pioneer and Hist. Soc., 
Fuller, George S. V., cor. sec. ee 

Soc., 198. $ 


Galbreath, A. Finney, pres. Hist. 
Harford ae 195. ‘ 


208. 
Galvez, Bernardo de, at Pensacol 
Gambrill, J. M., chairman com. on 
schools (1918), 86. 
Gardner, Frank A., pres. Old Planters’ 
199. iat 
Gardner, Lucie M., sec. Old Plantets 
199. 


321 


Garfield, James R., of local Ri 


Gary (Ind.) Historical Society, 
( 1917), 192. : 

Geary, R. W., pres. Lundys Lane 
215. 


Genealogical Society of Penns 
of, 175: “ 
Genealogy, in newspapers, 188 ; iP 
tory Questionnaire, 190; MS 
General Index, A. H. A., 54, 60, 


Genesee Country Historical 
port (1917), 205. 


George, Robert H., 
(1917), TT. ; 
Georgetown University, priz 
representative of, 187. 5 
Georgia, arch. in capitol, 110; con 
arch., 110; dept. of arc 
reports of hist: soes. (19 
Georgia Historical Associa 
109-110 ; report (1917), 18 


a 


| > * aw, 
t 


i) 


—==ar 


GENERAL INDEX, 


Georgia Historical Society, report (1917), 
189. 

German-American Historical Society, Chi- 
cago, report (1917), 190. 


German-American Historical Society, Phila.,~ 


report (1917), 210. 

Germans in Maryland, Society for the His- 
tory of, report (1917), 195. 

Germany, use of hist., 36; study of hist. in 


schools, 39, 223-224; colonization in 
Brazil, 48; socialism, 69: associations, 
312. 


Geschichtsblitter, 190. 

Ghent, treaty and negotiations, 199. 

Gibbon, Lieut., exploration in Peru, 99. 

Gibson, Col., expedition against Wyandots, 
320. : 

Gilbert, Simeon, death of, 61. 

Gilgamesh, Babylonian myth of, 40. - 

Gillan, W. Rush, pres. Kittochtinny Hist. 
Soc., 211. 

Glass, Rev. Daniel G., sec. Hist. Soc. of 
Reformed Church in U. S., 186. 

Gleason, Rev. Joseph M., pres. P. C. B. 
(1918), 17, 100; on the work of J. G. 
Shea, 98; of P. C. B. auditing com. 
(1917), 99. 

Glenk, Robert, cor. sec. La. Hist. Soc., 194. 

Gloucester, the battle of, 204. 

Gloucester Co., N. J., lost towns and ham- 
lets in, 204. 

Gloucester County (N. J.) Historical So- 
ciety, report (1917), 204. 

Glover, C. C., of La Salle Co. Hist. Soc., 
191. 

Godard, George S., of pub. arch. comm. 
(1918), 23, 85; at conference of arch. 
(1917), 68; of pub. arch. comm, (1917), 
105, 112: illness of, 129. 

Golder, Frank A., of com. on bibl. (1918), 
23, S85: on the first week of the Russian 
revolution of Mar., 1917, 43, 44. 

Goldsmith, Irving I., sec. Hist. Soc. of 
Saratoga, 206. 

Gooch, Sir William, cited, 306. 

Gooding, Idaho, school for deaf and blind. 
169. 

Goodrich, Gov. James P., pres. Ind. Hist. 
Comm., 192. 

Gordon, John C., of Scottish Hist. Soc., 187. 

Goriainov, Serge, on the end of the alliance 
of the emperors, 69. 

Gran, papal taxation in province of. 269, 
ra 

Grand Rapids (Mich.), Historical Society- 
of, report (1917), 201. 

Grant, J. M., Mormon leader, cited, 340. 

Grant, Gen. Ulysses S., Lee’s sword sur- 
rendered to, 214. 

Grant, W. L., of Kingston Hist. Soc., 215. 

Grant County (Ind.) Historical Society, 
report (1917), 192. 

Gras, Norman S. B., ENGLISH CUSTOMS 
REVENUE TO 1275, 293-301, (abstract) 
41, 42. 


443 


Great Britain, commonwealth of nations. 
35; relations with colonies, 96. See also 
England. ; 
Great Northern Railway, reports, 144. 
Great War. effect on work of A. H.,A., 
33-34, 56, 75, 82; historians and, 34, 
36; and the teaching of hist., 36; col- 
lection of local material by hist. socs., 
37, 179, 180; collection and preservation 
of records, 37-38, 99, 116-135: A. H. A. 
members in work connected with, 61: 
archives, discussion by pub. arch. comm., 
67; Am. Hist. Rev. and, 68-69; bibl., 
70; and hist. work, 74, 86; effect on 1918 
meeting, A. H. A., 85; P. C. B. resolu- 
tion concerning, 99 ; medal to commemor- 
ate U. S. declaration, 185; U. S. and the, 
207; and the study of hist., 222-225. 
See also nimes of States. 
Greece, imperialism of, 39. 
Green, John R., influence as historian, 350. 
Green Bay (Wis.) Historical Society, re- 
port (1917), 214. 
Greene, Evarts B., sec. A. H. A. council 
(1918), 15, 50, 57, 79; of com. on pubs. 
(1918), 23, 86; report as sec. of council 
(1917), 49, 50, 56; at council meetings, 
80, $3, 85, 87; of council com. on ap- 
pointments, 80; of council com. on docket, 
80; of council com. on finance, 80; of 
special com. on membership, 85, 86; of 
com. on cooperation in nat. service, 86; 
of Champaign Co. Hist. Soc., 190. 
Greene, Gen. Nathaniel, orderly book, 204; 
in the South, 321. 
Green Lake, Wis.. Antiquities of, 215. 
Greenlaw, Lucy H., sec. Winthrop Improve- 
ment and Hist. Assoc., 200. 
Greenwood, Mrs. Herbert, sec. Hyde Park 
Hist. Soc., 197. 
Gregg, Frank M., of local com. (1918), 23. 
Gregory IX, papal taxation imposed by, 
271-276. 
Greve, Charles T., sec. Hist. and Philos. 
Soc. of O., 208. 
Griffith, Dr. E. C., sec. Mo. Baptist Hist. 
Soc., 202. 
Griswold, L. W., of Holland Purchase Hist. 
Soc., 206. 
Groton (Mass.) Historical Society, 197. 
Grover, Frank R., pres. Evanston Hist. Soc., 
190. 
Groves, Charles A., courtesy acknowledged, 
142. * 
Gualo, papal legate, instructions to, 270. 
Guernsey, Mrs. George T., pres. D. A. R., 
186. 
Guilday, Rev. Peter, of pub. arch. comm. 
(J918), 23, 85; on the collection of 
Catholic war records, 38, 127-128; at 
eonference of arch. (1917), 68; of pub 
arch. comm. (1917), 105, 112. 
Guinn, J. M., of Col. Hist. Survey, 
sec. Southern Col. Hist. Soc., 188. 
Guises, alliance with Philip II, 311. 


188; 


444 


Gulick, Rev. Sidney L., on hist. A nat- 
uralization legislation in U. S., with ref- 
erence to China anid Japan, 48. 

Gutsch, Milton R., of membership com. 
41917), 77. 

Gwinn, Florence M., of Huron Co. Pioneer 
and Hist. Soc., 201. 

Gwyn, Sir Rowland, 
by, 309. 


association proposed 


Haas, Gen. John P. de, Life and Services, 
211. 

Hackett, Charles W., on the delimitation of 
political jurisdictions in Spanish N. Am., 
47. 

Halberstadt, Capt. Baird, pres. 
Co. Hist. Soe., 211. 

Haldane, Mary, of Putuam Co, Hist. ace 
207. 

Haldimand, Sir Frederick, order concern- 

' ing Detroit, 323. 

Hall, on the customs, 295-296. 

Hall, Jane §., sec. Washington Co, Hist. 
Soc., 212. 

Hall, John W., pres. Jay Co. Hist. Assoc., 
192. 

Hamilton, Sheriff, Correspondence, 215. 

Hamilton, Alexander, and Adams, 257 ; pub- 
lication of papers of, 257, 259. 

Hamilton, Gov. Henry, plan of, 317. 

Hamilton, J. G. de R., of nominating com. 
(1918), 283, 57, 79; pres. Hist. Soe. of 
N. C., 207. 

Hamilton College, founder of, 205. 

Hamilton County (Ind.) Historical Society, 
192. 

Hamilton Library Association, Carlisle, Pa. Hy 
report (1917), 210. 

Hammond, Otis G., sec. N. H. Hist. Soc., 
203. 

Hlammond collection of watches and clocks, 
196. 

Hangerg, John H., of Rock Island Co. Hist, 
Soe., 191. 

Harbach, Gen. A. A., pres. Soc. of Army of 
Santiago de Cuba, 187. 

Harden, W., ed. Ga. Hist. Quarterly, 189. 

Harding, Samuel B., councilor, A. H. A. 
(1918), 16, 57, 79; chairman of program 
com. (1918), 23; of com. on hist. in 
schools (1918), 23, 86; at council meet- 
ings, 80, 83, 85, 87; of council com. on 
appointments, 80; .on hist. in schools, 
246. 

Hardy, Stella P., pres. Nat. Soc, Col. Dames, 
186. 

Harford County (Md.), Historical Society 
of, report (1917), 195. 

Harlan, Edgar A., of Hist. Dept. of Idwa, 
193. 

Harnett, Jane E., on European hist. in Cal. 
high schools, 101, 102. 

Harper, Samuel N., on the forces behind 
the Russian revolution of Mar., 1917, 43. 

Harris, Public Life of Zachariah Chandler, 
201. 


Schuylkill 


GENERAL INDEX. 


Harrison, Gov. William H, and G 
8315, 321, 325. C 

Harrison County (Ind.) Histori 
192. 

Harrodsburg, Clark and, 319, % 

Hart, Albert B., life councilor, A. H. A., 
of com. on military hist. prize, 2 
on the psychology of a constitutio! 
vention, 47; of com, on documentary 
publications of U. S., 73. 

Hart, I. W., courtesy acknowledged, 

Hart, Samuel, death of, 61. ¥ 

Ilartford Times, geneal. dept., 188. 

Hartman, Sanford F., courtesy ack 
edged, 142. 

Harvard Commission te Western His 
report (1917), 197. 

Harvard History Club, report (1917), “i 

Harvard University Press, A. H. A Pp 
published by, 72. 

Harvesting machinery, material relati 
191. 

Haskins, Charles H., calor Am. Hist. Ri 
(1918), 238, 50, 86; of com. on po 
86. 

Hasse, Adelaide R., of com. on baat: 
23, 85. 

Hatfield, synod, 40. 

Hatfield, Mrs. Joshua, pres. 
Women in N. Y., 207. 

Haverhill (Mass.) Historical Society, 
(1917), 197. 

Haviland, Frank, see. Holliston Hist. So 
197. cy 

Hawaiian Historical Secieives report (1917 ’) 
190. 

Hawley, James H., 
142. 

Hawley, Gov. James H., papers of, 143, 172. 

Hay, Sir Gilbert, association made by, 310. 

Hayden, Rev. Horace E., death of, 61, 12. 

Hayes, Carlton J. H., on German soci 
69. 

Hayes, J. Carroll, sec. Chester Co. His 
209. 

Hayes, Rutherford B., Diary of. ¥ 

Ilazard, . Ebenezer, Historical © Cc 
257. 

Hazard, George H., 
Pioneers, 202. 

Hazen, Rev. Dr, Azel W., pres. Mid 1d) 
Co. Hist. Soc., 189. ‘ 

Hazen, Charles D., of Herbert Baxter ei ; 
prize com. (1918), 23, 85. - 


Soc. of 


courtesy acknowledg 


of Minn. Terr te 


Bee 255, 256. ‘ 
Heaton, Hiram, of Jefferson Co. = 
193. 


191. : 
Heilman, S. P., sec. Lebanon Co. FE 


191. 
Henderson, _Archibald, on the sma 
spiracy in Tenn., 45, 


GENERAL INDEX. 


Henley, David, commissioner on Va. claims, 
315n. 

Henry II, pipe rolls, 297. 

Henry III, and papal taxation, 277-278; 
lay subsidies under, 283, 300. 

Henry VIII, association during reign of, 
306. 

Henry, Patrick, value of Wirt’s biog., 256; 
and G. R.' Clark, 319. 

Henry County (Ind.) Historical Society, re 
port (1917), 192. 

Hepburn, Mrs. A. Barton, pres. City Hist. 
Club of N. Y., 205. 

Heraldry, college of, 186. 

Herbert Baxter Adams prize, com. (1918), 
23, 85; conditions of award, 29, 50, 58- 
59, 83, 86-87; list of awards, 30; award 
(1917), 50, 79; award (1915), 60; report 
of com. at council meeting, 81; council 
recommendation concerning pub. of 1917 
essay, 83. 

Herkimer County (N. Y.) Historical So- 
ciety, report (1917), 205. 

Herndon, Lieut., exploration in Peru, 99. 

Herndon, Dallas T., of Ark. Hist. Comm., 
188. 

Herolt, George, Rome, first book published 
by, 185. 

Herritk, Myron T., chairman of local com. 
(1918), 23., 

Hertford, synod, 40. 

Hertfordshire, lay assessments, 286. 

Hesse, Capt. Emanuel, expedition under, 
318. 

Heth, William, commissioner on Va. claims, 
315n. 

Hewins, Edmund H., 
'Soc., 200. 

Hewitt, Henry, jr., pres. Washington State 
Hist. Soc., 214. 

Heyburn Park, Idaho, records, 155; board 
of control, 169. 

Hibberd, Rev. Henry E., of Waterloo Lib. 
and Hist. Soc., 207. 

Higgins, Sarah, sec. Dover Hist. and Nat. 
Hist. Soc., 197. 

Hill, Henry W., pres. Buffalo Hist. Soc., 205. 

Hill, Joseph J., bibl. on western travels, 100. 

Himes, C. F., pres. Hamilton Lib. Assoc., 
210. 

Hingham (Mass.) Historical Society, report 
(1917), 197. 

Hispanic-American Review, 36, 97. 

Historia, 209. 

Historical manuscripts commission, mem- 
bers (1918), 23, 85, 355; report at coun- 
ceil meeting, 81; THIRTEENTH REPORT, 
355-428. 

Historical section of a general staff, func- 
tions of, 44. 

Historical societies, proposed handbook, 36, 
181, 1852.; relations with hereditary- 
patriotic socs., 36-37, 175-179 ; collection 
of war material by, 37, 179-180; U. S. 
and Canada, published list of, 75; reports 
(1917), 185-216. 

Historiography, American, progress of, 47, 


pres. Sharon Hist. 


445 


History, Pan-German use of, 36. See alse 
American history; Ancient history; 
Church history; English history; Ep- 
ropean history; Far WHastern history ; 
Latin-American history; Medieval his- 


tory ; Military history ; Portuguese-Amer- 


ican history; Russian history; United 
States history. 
History in schools, A. H. A. com. (1918), 


23, 86; Great War and the teaching of, 
36; program discussed, 38-39; French 
course of 1902, 39, 221-222, 226, 233; 
the German process, 39; report of A. H. 
A. com. (1917), 78-79; readjustment of 
program, 79; report of A. H. A. com. at 
council meeting, 81; appropriation of A. 
H. A. com. suspended for 1918, -82; 
European hist. in high schools, 101-102; 
one-year course, 102; early curses, 219- 
220; and patriotism, 223-224, 225; in 
junior high school, 227, 230; in high 
schools, 231—233, 240-241 ; in elementary 
schools, 233, 241-242. See also History 
teachers, PROCEEDINGS OF CONFERENCE. 

History teachers, PROCEEDINGS OF CONFER- 
ENCE, 217—247, (abstract) 38, 39. 

History Teacher’s Magazine, A. H. A. ad- 
visory board (1918), 24, 86; subsidy of 
A. H. A. withdrawn, 56, 82; bibl. of 
Great War published in, 70; council reso- 
lutions concerning subsidy to, 81; report 
of advisory board at council meeting, 81; 
reduction of no. of issues, 84. 

History Teachers of Middle States and 
Maryland, meeting with A. H. A., 35, 219. 

Hixon, David B., acting sec. Medway Hist. 
Soc., 198. 

Hixon, Herbert N., pres. Medway Hist. Soc., 
198, 

Hoar, George F., autobiography, 260. 

Hodder, Frank H., of Justin Winsor prize 
com. (1918), 23, 80, 85. 

Hodgson, F. T., pres. Huron Inst., 215. 

Hoffman, J. Leonard, sec. for Soc. of Hist. 
cf Germans in Md., 195. 

Holbrook, Mrs. L. W., of Mendon Hist. Soc., 
198. . 2 

Holder, F. T., endowment to Clinton Hist. 
Soe., 196. . fl 

Holland Land Co., headquarters, 206. 

Holland Purchase Historical Society, report 
(1917), 206. 

Holland Society of New York, report (1917), 
206. 

Hollinger, Charles B., 
Hist. Soc., 211. 

Holliston (Mass.) Historical Society, report 
(1917), 197. 

Holman, Frederick V., pres. Ore. Hist. Soc., 
209. F 

Holmes, John, Letters of, 195. 

Ifoly Land, papal taxation for, 270, 277, 
278. 

Hloneyman, A. V. D., sec. N. J. Hist. Soc., 
204. 

T'onorius III, and papal taxation, 269, 270. 

floover, Herbert, food administrator, 125, 


sec. Lancaster Co. 


446 


Hotchkiss, Clarence D., sec. Bucks Co. Hist. 
Soc., 209. 

Houseman, Dr. E. G., sec. Idaho board of 
osteopathy, 168. 

Howard, Donald J., see. Blair Co. Hist, 
Soc., 209. 

Howard, Lieut. McHenry, pres. Soc. of Army 
and Navy of Confederate States, Md., 195. 

Howe, Agnes E., on hist. in high schools, 102. 

Howe, Daniel W., pres. Ind. Hist. Soc., 192, 

Howe, Joseph S., pres. Methuen Hist. Soc., 
198. 

Howison, George H., death of, 61. 

Howland, Henry W., MSS. gift to Buffalo 
Hist. Soe., 205. 

Hubbard, A. S., of Cal. Hist. Soc., 188. . 

Huguenot Society of America. 186. 

Huguenot Society of Pennsylvania, report 
(1917), 2112 

Huguenot Society of South Carolina, 213. 

Haguenots, Baird’s work on, 351. 

Hull, Charles H., bibl. of Great War, 70. 

Hulme, Edward M., of ex. com., P. C. B. 
(1918), 17, 100; of membership com. 
(1917), 40%. 

Hungary, papal taxation in, 270, 271. 

Hunt, Gaillard, of hist. MSS. comm. (1918), 
23, 85: (1917), 355. 

Hunt, Rockwell D., pres. 
Hist. Soc., 188. 

Hunter, A. F., see. Ontario Hist. Soc., 216. 

Hunter, R. M. T., Correspondence of, 60, 71. 

Hunterdon County (N. J.) Historical So- 
ciety, contribution to conference of hist. 
societies, 181; report (1917), 204. 

Huntington (N. Y.) Historical Society, 206. 

Huron County (Mich.) Pioneer and His- 
torical Society, report (1917), 201. 

Ilurcn Institute, report. (1917), 215. 

Hyde Park (Mass.) Historical Society, re- 
port (1917), 197. 

Hylan, Rev. Albert E., pres. Medfield Hist. 
Soe., 198. 


Southern Cal. 


Iberville Historical Society, report (1917), 
187. 

Idaho, report on archives, 67, 68, 109, 
137-172; territory ercated, 141; ad- 
mitted to union, 141; executive papers, 
142-144; legislative papers, 143, 171— 
172; county divisions, 144; election re- 
turns, 144, 145; corporations, 144-145; 
papers of sec. of state, 144-147; maps, 
146, 162; motor vehicles, 146; papers 
of auditor, 147-150, 151-152; Carey 
act, 148, 153, 154, 160, 161; records 
of treas., 150-152; papers of atty. gen., 
152-153 ; inspector of mines, 153; supt. 
of pub. instruction, 153; State engineer. 
154; fish and game warden, 154-155; 
insurance commissioner, 155; bank com- 
missioner, 156; director of farm mar- 
kets, 156; adjutant general, 157-155; 
military papers, 157-158 ; bacteriologist, 
158 ; boiler inspector, 158; chemist, 158; ; 
vommissioner of education, 158; dairy, 
food, and sanitary inspector, 158, 159; 


GENERAL INDEX. 


horticultural nae 159, 
erinary surgeon, 159; 
immigration, 160; fein and 
spector, 160; law librarian, 160; 
of land commissioners, 160-162 ; 
way commission, 163; pub. u 
comm., 163; board of education, 
board of examiners, 164; board 
equalization, 164-165; board of 
dons, 165; board of State prison 
missioners, 165; board of health, 
live-stock sanitary board, 1 
board of canyassers, 167; depositoi 
board, 167; board of management — 
capitol, 167; board of medical ex 
iners, 167; board of arbitration, 16! 
board of dental examiners, 168; 
of graduate nurses, 168; library e¢ 
168, 169; board of optometry, 1 
board of osteopathy, 168; board 
pharmacy, 168: State grain comr 
sion, 168; board of veterinary medic 
examiners, 168; board of accounta 
169; board of architects, 169; ¢ 
commissioner, 169; fiscal board, 16 
industrial accident board, 169; in: 
ance manager, 169 ; irrigation laws, 
labor comm., 169; lumber inspe 
169; comm. on northern asylum, 
supreme court, 169, 171; comm. 
wages of women and minors, 169; 


omm 


eational institutions, 169-170; . 
171-172. See also Idaho archives. ; 
Idaho, Academy of, 169. ees 


Idaho, University of, deeds, 147; land re- 
ceipt book, 148; bonds, 153; board of 
regents, 164; records, 169, 170. 

Idaho archives, general description, 14 : 
142; elective officers, 142-153; appoint ‘ 
ive officers, 154-160; permanent board: 
and commissions, 160-168; special 
missions, 169; recently created bo 
and offices, 169 ; educational institu 
169-170; State hist. soc., 170; 
tion papers, 170; supreme court, 17 
legislature, 171-172. See also Idaho. 

Idaho Industrial Training Scho 
144. 

Idaho State Historical Society, records, 1 

Idaho State Teachers’ Association, 
utes, 153. 

lliff, J. G., on hist. in schools, 103. 

Illinois, Mormons in, 97; Centennial 
tory, 190; French transcripts cone 


Es 


190. . 3 
Illinois Catholic Historical Review, 190 0. 
Illinois Catholic Historical Society, rey 

(1917), 190. 7 
Illinois Centennial 

(1917), 190. : 
Illinois Historical Survey, report (18 

190. 

IHinois Jewish Historical Society, 190 
Illinois State Historical Society, 

(1917), 191. 

Imperialism, ancient, papers on, 39. 


Commission, 


—_— =. 


GENERAL INDEX. 


Independence, tendencies in 18th cent., 96. 

Independence, American, biographies of 
signers, 186; graves of signers marked, 
186; True Story of, 209. 

Independent, and study of curreut events, 
221: 

Indiana, collection of war material, 179- 
180; Morgan’s raid in, 192; Play-Party 
in, 192; reports of hist. socs. (1917), 
192-193; study of hist. in schools, 239, 
240. 

Indiana Historical 
(1917), 192. 

Indiana Historical Society, report (1917), 
192. 

Indiana Historical Survey, report (1917), 
192, 

Indiana History and Archives, Department 
of, report (1917), 192. 

Indiana Magazine of History, 192. 

Indiana State Library, collection of war 
material, 387, 179-180. 

Indian Island, Me., field day, 194. 

Indians, languages preserved, 98; relics, 
192, 204, 205, 206; in Am. Reyv., 316-324. 
See also names of tribes. 

Innocent III, papal tax imposed by, 267, 
268, 269, 270, 273. 

escent: IV, and papal taxation, 276-278. 


Commission, report 


Inquisition, association to resist the, 311; 


Lea’s History, 351. 

Interior, Department of_the, war records, 
117, 118. 

Iowa, reports of hist. socs. 
194, 

Iowa, Historical Department of, 193. 

Towa and war, 193. 

Iowa Journal of History and Politics, 194. 
Iowa State Historical Society, contribu- 
tion tg conference of hist. societies, 181; 

report (1917), 193, 194. 

Ipswich Mass.) Historical Society, 197. 

Iroquois, peace proposed with Americans, 
323. 

Irvine, Gen. William, operations of, 324, 
326, 328. 

Irving, Washington, work of, 348. 

Irwin, D. Elizabeth, of Huntington Hist. 
Soc., 206. 


(1917), 193, 


Jackson, Andrew, papers of, 74. 

Jackson, Rev. G. A., of Swampscott Hist. 
Soc., 200. 

Jackson, John H., sec. Lundys Lane Hist. 
Soc., 215. 

Jackson, Lieut. L. P., of P. C. B. auditing 
com. (1917), 99; on hist. in schools, 103. 

Jackson County (Ind.) Historical Society, 
report (1917), 192. 

Jackson family, Sketch of, 202. 

James, James A., of com. on hist. in schools 
(1918), 28, 86; To WHAT EXTENT WAS 
GrorcGe ROGERS CLARK IN CONTROL OF 


THE NORTHWEST? 313-329, (abstract) 
45. ¥ 
James, Thomas, Three Years Among the 


Indians and Mezicans, 202. 


447 


Jameson, J. Franklin, life councilor, A. H. 
A.; 16; editor, Am. Hist. Rev. (1918), 
23; of com. on pubs. (1918), 23, 86; of 
com. on documentary hist. publications of 
U. S., 73; at council meetings, 80, 83, 85; 
report on General Index, 81; presides at 
council meeting, 83; THr ASSOCIATION, 
303-312, (abstract) 43. 

Japan, A. H. A. papers on, 48; party poli- 
tics, 1897-1917, 48; U.S. legislation con- 
cerning immigration from, 48. 

Jay County (Ind.) Historical Association, 
report (1917), 192. 

Jefferson, Joseph, letter to, cited, 251. 

Jefferson, Thomas, value of Randolph’s let- 
ters of, 256; Callender and, 257; publica- 
tion of papers of, 259; and G. R. Clark; 
316, 317, 319; volunteers called by, 320. - 

Jefferson, Fort, Clark and, 319; evacuation 
of, 320. 

Jefferson County (Ia.) Historical Society 
193. 

Jenkins, Charles F., pres. 
Soc. of Germantown, 212. 

Jennings, Amanda L., sec. 
Hist. Soc., 191. 

Jersey County (Ill.) Historical Society, 191. 

Jessup, Dr. Albert A., sec. Idaho board of 
dental examiners, 168. 

Jesuits, Relations, 98 ; church built in 1728, 
215. 

John, of England, tax imposed by, 300. 

Johnson, Alfred, cor. sec. N. Eng. Hist. Gen- 
eal. Soc., 199. 

Johnson, Allen, of audit com., 59. 

Johnson, Henry, chairman advisory board, 
Hist. Teacher’s Mag. (1918), 24, 86; on 
school course in hist., 38-39, 219-229; 
report of com. on hist. in schools (1917), 
78-79 ; at council meeting, 80. 

Johnson County (Ill.) Historical Society, 
191. 

Johnson County (Ind.) Historical Society, 
192. 


Site and Relic 


Woodford Co. 


Johnston, Allen W., of Schenectady Co. 
Hist. Soc., 207. 
Johnston, Robert M., chairman military 


hist. prize com., 24 ; on the preservation of 
war material, 38; on need of pub. arch. 
bldg., 129, 130. 
Johnstown (N. Y.) Historical Society, re- 
port, (1917), 206. 
Jones, George M., sec. 
Soc., 210. ~ 
Jones, Harriet E., of Hist. Soc. 
Newbury, 197. 

Jones, T. J., on hist. in schools, 103. 

Jones, Walter R., sec. Union Soc. of Civil 
War, 187. z 

Jordan, John W., 
176. 

Jordon, George, of Macoupin Co. Hist. 
Soc., 191. 

Josselyn, A. R., pres. Muskingum Co. 
Pioneer and Hist. Soc., 208. 

Journal of International Law, A. H. A 
paper in, 72. 


Berks Co. Hist. 


of Old 


librarian Pa, Hist. Soc., 


448 


Jugo-Slay movement, 44. 

Jusserand, Jean J., 2d vice pres. A. H. A. 
(1918), 15, 50, 57, 79; gold medal 
awarded by Pa. Soc. of N. Y., 207. 

Justice, Department of, war records, 117, 
118. 

Justin Winsor prize, com. (1918), 23, 85; 
conditions of awards, 29, 50, 58-59, 83, 


86-87; list of awards, 29-30; award 
(1916), 60; report of com. at council 
meeting, 81. 


Kane, Col. Thomas L., advice to Mormons, 
336. 

Kankakee County (Ill.) 
ciety, report (1917), 191. 

Kansas, list of newspapers, 194. 

Kansas State Historical Society, 
(1917), 194. 

Kaskaskia, Clark and, 315, 316, 322, 327. 

Keach, Mary A., death of, 55, 61. 

Keator, Frederick R., sec. Holland Soc. of, 
N. Y., 206. 

Keister, A. L., death of, 61. 

Keith, Clayton, sec. Pixse Co. Hist. Soc., 
202. 

Kelleher, Minnie H., sec. Green Bay Hist. 
Soc., 214. 

Keller, Herbert A., sec. McCormick Hist. 
Assoc., 191. 

Kelpius, Johannes, Diarium, 212. 

Kent, Charles A., death of, 61. 

Kentucky, reports of hist. socs. (1917), 
194; Anti-Slavery Movement in, 194; 
force raised by Clark in, 316; proposed 
invasion of, 325. 

Kentucky Historical Register, 194. 

Kentucky River, Clark and, 321. 

Kentucky River Navigation, 194. 

Kentucky State Historical Society, report 
(1917), 194. 

Kerner, Robert J., on the Jugo-Slay move- 
ment, 44. 

Keweenaw Historical 
(1927), 201. 

Kidder, Nathaniel T., pres. Milton Hist. 
Soc., 199. 

Kimball, Arthur R., pres. Mattatuck Hist. 
Soc., 189. 

Kimball, Heber C., Mormon leader, cited, 
342. 

Kimball, Sarah L., see. Cal. Geneal. Soc., 
188. 

King, Grace, rec. sec. La. Hist. Soc., 194. 

King, Ralph, of local com. (1918), 23. 

Kingsbury, Willis A., pres. Holliston Hist. 
Soc., 197. 

Kings* County (N. Y.) Historical Society, 
report (1917), 206. 

Kingston (Canada) Historical Society, re- 
port (1917), 215. 

Kinzer, Stuart L, B., death of, 61. 

Kirkland, Samuel, Journals and Letters, 205. 

Kirkwood, Samuel J., Biography, 193. 

Kittochtinny Historical Society, report 
(1917), 211. 


Historical So- 


report 


Society, report 


GENERAL INDEX, 


Klein, Julius, of program com, (1918), 23; — 


of com. on hist. 
Janeiro, 24. 


congress at Rio de 


Klein, Theodore B., pres. Dauphin Co. Hist. © 


Soc., 210. 

Kline, Virgil P., death of, 61. 

Kneass, Carl M., sec. Descendants of Signers 
of Declaration of Independence, 186. 

Knight, Lucian L., on dept. of arch., Ga., 
110; of Ga. Hist. Assoc., 189. 

Knights of Columbus, war records, 119. 

Knoles, Tully C., of P. C. B. com. on reso- 
lutions (1917), 99; on hist. in schools, 
103. 

Knowlton, Daniel C., of com. on hist, in 
schools (1918), 23, 86; on hist. in schools, 
243, 244. 

Knox, James, testimony in Va. claims, 318n. 

Knox, William, on Am. taxation, 199. 

Knox County (Ill.) Historical Scciety, 191. 

Knox County (Ind.) Historical Society, 192. 

Kosciusko County (Ind.) Historical Society, 
193. 

Krefeld Society, report (1917), 211. 

Krehbiel, Edward B., pres. P. C. B. (1917), 
95; P. C. B. delegate to A. H. A. (1917), 
100; on the European commission of the 
Danube, 101. 

Krehbiel, Rev. H. P., sec. Mennonite Hist. 
Assoc., 186. 

Krey, August C., of com, on hist. in schools 
(1918), 23, 86. 


Labor, Department of, war records, 117, 118. 

Lafrentz, A. F., sec. Am. Audit Co., 65. 

Lafrentz, F. W., pres. Am. Audit Co., 65. 

La Hogue, 96. 

Lake County (Ind.) Historical Society, 192, 

Lake Pepin Valley Old Settlers Association, 
202. 2 

Lamb, Fred C., sec. Manchester Hist. Assoc., 
203. 

Lamothe, at Detroit, 322. 

Lancaster County (Pa.) Historical Society, 
report (1917), 211. 

Lange, Louis A., prize essay awarded to, 187. 

Lansing, J. Townsend, pres. Albany Inst. 
and Hist. Soc., 205. 

Lansing, Marion F., sec. Shepard Hist. Soc., 
200. 

Lapham, Dr. I. A., hill named for, 214. 

Lapham, Julia A., sec. Waukesha Co. Hist. 
Soc., 214. 

Lapham Peak, Wis., tablet on, 214. 

La Porte County (Ind.) Historical Society, 
report (1917), 193. 

Laprade, William T., of com. on bibl. (1918), 
23, 85. 

Larson, Laurence M., report of com. on Her- 
bert Baxter Adams prize, 79. 

La Salle County (Ill.) Historical Society, 
191. 

Laski, Harold J., on the conciliar move- 
ment, 40, 41. 

Latané, J. H., amendment to by-law pro- 
posed by, 58. 


j 
; 
3 
' 
q 
4 
7 


GENERAL INDEX, 


Lateran, fourth council, taxation imposed 
by, 268, 269. 

Latin-American history, breakfast of those 
interested in, 36; A. H. A. papers on, 
47 ; institutional background of, 47 ; bibl., 
100. 

Latourette, Kenneth S., on Am. 
ship in Chinese hist., 48. 

Laya Hot Springs, Idaho, records, 162. 

La Verendrye, Pierre G. de Varrennes de 
Journals of, 215. 

Lea, Henry C., History of the Inquisition, 
351. 

Leach, Col. J. Granville, pres. Geneal. Soc. 
of Pa., 210. 

Leahy, W. A., of N. Eng. Catholic Hist. 
Soc., 199. 

Leaming Frank, Indian collection, 205. 

Learned, H. Barrett, chairman, com. on 
pubs. (1918), 23, 86; resolution § sec- 
onded by 55; at council meeting, 80; 
report of com. on publications (1917), 
71-74; of nominating com. (1917), 80; 
report of com. on publications at coun- 
cil meeting, 81; report on revised terms 
of hist. prizes, 86-87. 

Leavenworth, Elisha, memorial tablet, 189. 

Leavitt, Blanche, death of, 61. 

Lebanon County (Pa.) Historical Society, 
report (1917), 21. 

Lee, Arthur, life and correspondence, 256. 

Lee, Richard H., life and correspondence, 
256; and G. R. Clark, 319. 

Lee, Gen. Robert E., sword surrendered to 
Grant, 214. 

Leebrick, K. C., of P. C. B. com. on ar- 
rangements (1917), 100; on hist. in 
schools, 103. 

Lehigh County (Pa.) Historical Society, 
contribution to conference of hist. so- 
eleties, 181; report (1917), 211. 

Leipziger, Henry M., death of, 61. 

Leland, Waldo G., sec. A. H. A. (1918), 
15, 50, 57, 79; of com. on pubs. (1918), 
23, 86; report as sec. (1917), 50-51, 
59-61; at council ‘meetings, 80, 82, 83, 
85; report at council meeting, 80; of 
council com. on finance, 80; of council 
com. on meetings and relations, 80; of 
special com. on membership, 85, 86: of 
com. on cooperation in nat. service, 86; 
and nat. arch. bldg., 129, 130; ArcHIVES 
OF THE WAR, 117-123, (mentioned) 37, 


scholar- 


67. 

Lennox Library, Jesuit Relations collected 
by, 98. 

Leominster (Mass.) Historical Society, 


report (1917), 197. 

Letcher, J. R., sec. Utah State Hist. Soc., 
213. 

Leveller Movement, T. C. Pease, 60, 72. 

Levere, William C., sec. Evanston Hist. Soc., 
190. 

Lewis, Edwin J., jr., pres. Dorchester Hist. 
Soc., 196. 


88582°—19——29 


449 

Lewiston, made capitol of Idaho, 141; 
normal school, 169. 

Lexington (Mass.) Historical Society, re 
port (1917), 197. 

Libbey, William, on hist. and patriotic so- 
cieties, 37, 176-178. 

Libby, Charles T., rec. sec. Me. Hist. Soc., 
194. 

Libby, O. G., sec. N. Dak. State Hist. Soc., 
208. 

Liberty Bell Quarterly, 188. an 

Liberty loans, records of, 118, 131. 

Licking River, Clark at, 319, 321; fort pro- 
posed at mouth of, 325; military oper- 
ations on, 327. 

Lima, archives, 67, 109. 

Limestone Creek, Clark and, 321. 

Lincoln, Abraham, Stevens, A Reporters 
Lincoln, 202; and the Mormons, 341. 

Lincoln, Charles H., of hist. MSS. comm. 
(1918), 28, 85; (1917), 355. 

Lincoln, Waldo, pres. Am. Antiq. Soc., 185. 

Lincolnshire, lay assessments in, 284. 

Lindley, Harlow C., on collection of Ind. 
war material, 37, 179, 180; director Dept. 
Ind. Hist. and Arch., 192; sec. Ind. Hist. 
Comm., 192; ed. Proceedings Ohio Valley 
Hist. Assoc., 192. 

Line, Allen, sec. Hamilton Lib. Assoc., 210. 

Lingelbach, William E., councilor, A. H. A. 
(1918), 16, 50, 57, 79; vice chairman 
local com. (1917), 35; report of mem- 
bership com. (1917), 75-77; at council 
meetings, 80, 87; report of membership 
com. at council meeting, 81. 

Linn County (Ia.), Historical Society of, 
report (1917), 193. 

Linsett, Andrew R., 
Assoc., 200. 

Lippincott, Horace M., sec. Site and Relic 
Soc. of Germantown, 212. 

Literary Digest, and study of current events, 
221. 

Littlefield, R. W., gov.-gen. Sons 
Daughters of the Pilgrims, 187. 
Littleton (Mass.) Historical Society, report 

(1917), 197. 

Livermore, Col. Thomas L., pres. Military 
Hist. Soc. of Mass., 199. 

Livingston County (N. Y.) Historical So- 
ciety, report (1917), 206. 

Local committee of A. H. A., members 
(1918), 23. 

Locke, Herbert G., pres. Lexington Hist. 
Soc., 197. 

Lodge, Henry C., pres. Mass. Hist. Soc., 198. 

Logan, Col., operations of, 327. 

Logan, John H., sec. New Brunswick Hist. 
Club, 204. 

London, Henry A., pres. N. C. State Lit. and 
Hist. Assoc., 207. 

London, communication to A. H. A. council 
concerning census records, 87; lay assess- 
ments in, 284; tax exemptions in royal 
mint, 289 ; scavage, 297, 298. 


sec. Rumford Hist. 


and 


450 


London and Middlesex Historical Society, 
report (1917), 215. 
London Gazette, 254. . 


London headquarters, A. H. A., report of 
com. at council meeting, 81. 
Long Island Historical Society, report 


(1917), 206. 

Lord, Henry, pres. Bangor Hist. Soc., 194. 

Lord, Robert H., of Herbert Baxter Adams 
prize com. (1918), 23, 85. 

Los Angeles, material concerning, 188. 

Louisiana, Spanish transcripts concerning, 
190. 

Louisiana Historical Quarterly, 194. 

Louisiana Historical Society, report (1917), 
194. 

Louis of Nassau, association prepared by, 
oihe 

Louisville, Ky., G. R. Clark at, 320. 

Lowell (Mass.) Historical Society, report 
(1917), 197. 

Lucas County (Ia.) Historical Society, re- 
port (1917), 193. 

Lundys Lane Historical Society, 
(1917), 215. 

Lunt, William E., EARLY ASSESSMENT FOR 
PAPAL TAXATION OF ENGLISH CLERICAL IN- 
COMES, 265-280, (abstract) 41, 42. 

Luther, Martin, coins and medals relating 
to, 185; exhibition of papers and books 
pertaining to, 206. 

Lybyer, Albert H., of com. on pibl. (1918), 
23, 85; of com. on Am. educational and 
scientific enterprises in Ottoman Em- 
pire, 24; bibl. of Great War, 70. 

Lyell, Rev. Dr. John W., sec. Am. Baptist 
Hist. Soc., 185. 

Lynn (Mass.) Historical Society, 
(1917), 197. 

Lyons, council of, and papal taxation, 277. 


report 


report 


Macauley, Thomas B., cited, 309. 

McCabe, Ool. W. Gordon, pres. Descendants 
of Signers of Declaration of Independ- 
ence, 186; pres. Va. Hist. Soc., 214. 

McCormac, E. J., on hist. in schools, 103. 

McCormick, Cyrus H., family, 191. 

McCormick, Henry, pres. McLean Co. Hist. 


Soc., 191. 

McCormick Historical Association, report 
(1917), 191. 

MacDonald, William, communication to 


council concerning census records in Lon- 
don,.87; at P. C. B. dinner, 97. 

McDougall, Mrs. J. Lorn, pres. Woman's 
Canadian Hist. Soc., 216. 

McFall, Mrs. Charles B., pres. 
Hist. Soc. of Pa., 213. 

McGeorge, Isabella C., on the heroine of 
Red Bank, 204. 

McGeorge, Wallace, on the battle of Glou- 
cester, 204; on lost towns and hamlets in 
Gloucester Co.; 204. 

McGill, Margaret, of advisory board, Hist. 
Teacher's Mag. (1918), 24, 86. 

MacGregor, Rev. A. F., address by, 216. 

McIlvaine, Caroline M., asst. sec. Chicago 
Hist. Soc., 190. 


Woman’s 


GENERAL TEs 


Mann, Charles E., pres. Malden Hist. — 


see 


Metivaine, Mrs. Geauaa D., 
Burlington Co. Hist. Soc., 205. 

McIntosh, C. E., sec. Hist. Soc. of N. C., | 

McIntosh, Fort, 328. oe 

Mackall, W. W., pres. Ga. Hist. 

McKee, Capt., operations of, 324, 

McLaren, W. W., on party kolieag 
1897-1917, 48. 

McLaughlin, Andrew C., life cou 
A. H. A., 16; on the background of Ame! 
can federalism, 44; of com. on docun 
tary hist. publications of U. S., 73; 

_ nominating com. (1917), 80; of ¢ 
com. on docket, 80; at council mee 

McLean County (Ill.) Historical 
report (1917), 191. 7 J 

batter a ohn B., life bites A. ie 


sec. ne Hist. Sars 211. 
Macmillan Co., and transfer of Am. 
Rev., 68, 81. 
Macon County (Ill.) Historical Society, 91 
Macoupin County (Ill.) Historical Socie 
191. 
MacVeagh, Wayne, death of, 61. 
Madison, James, and Geo. Matthews, 
Madison conference of 1892, on hist 
schools, 220. =) 
Madison Co., Idaho, ere papers, 14 


Soc., 187. 
Mahan, Alfred T., of com. on documenta 
hist. publications of U. S., 73. 
Maier, Emma, of Seneca Falls Hist. | 
207. “ 


Maine, reports of hist. socs. (1917), 19 


Maine Genealogical Society, report 
194. “i a 
Maine Historical Society, report 

194. ae 


Malden (Mass.) Historical Saelebys E 
(1917), 197. : 
Manchester (N, H.) Historie Associa’ 

report (1917), 203-204. 
Manhart, Rev. Frank P., pres. Snuyd 
Hist. Soc., 212. 3 
Manitowoe County (Wis.) Histori 
ciety, report (1917), 214. 2; 
Manlius—Rutland Historical Society, 
197. 
Mann, Moses W., pres. Medford Hist. 5 
198. 
Manning, William R., on the early 
matic controversy between ee Ss 
Brazil, 47, 48. se 
Manufactures, America during Civil V ‘ 
46. 
Maramech Historical Society, 191. 


GENERAL INDEX. 


Marblehead (Mass.) Historical Society, re- 
port (1917), 198. 

Marshall, John, Life of Washington, value 
of, 256; and the X Y Z mission, 256. 

Marshall, Col. Thomas, testimony in Va. 
claims, 318n. 

Marshall, Thomas M., REPORT ON THE PUB- 


LIC ARCHIVES OF IDAHO, 137-172, (men- 
tioned) 67, 68, 109, 111. 
Martin, Master, papal clerk, and papal 


taxation, 276, 277. 

Martin, Asa E., Anti-Slavery Movement in 
Ky., 194. 

Martin, Bleanor P., rec. sec. Milton Hist. 
Soc., 199. A 

Martin, Percy A., of com. on hist. con- 
gress at Rio de Janeiro, 24; on the 
U. S. and the opening of the Amazon, 
48, 98, 99. 

Martin, Thomas P., archivist Harvard 
Comm. on West. Hist., 197. 

Martins station, Ky., post, destroyed, 319. 

Mary, of Scotland, plot in behalf of, 306; 
association concurred in by, 310. 

Maryland, reports of hist. socs. (1917), 
195; Archives, 195; association in 
(1689), 309. 

Maryland Historical Magazine, 195. 

Maryland Historical Society, report (1917), 
195. 


Mason, Frank A., of Newton Hist. Soc., 
199. 

Mason, Frederick G., sec. Mattatuck Hist. 
Soc., 189. 


Mason, George, and G. R. Clark, 319. 

Mason, Mrs. John, sec. Confederate Me- 
morial Lit. Soc., 214. 

Mason, Mabel D., sec. Haverhill Hist. Soc.., 
197. 

Massachusetts, const. convention, 47; ar- 
chival legislation, 111; dinner of pa- 
triotic societies, 130; work of hist. and 
patriotic societies in, 178, 179; reports 
of hist. socs. (1917), 195-200; and 
Roger Williams, 225. 

Massachusetts Historical Society, work of. 
178; report (1917), 198. 

Mather, Samuel, of local com. (1918), 23. 

Mattatuck Historical Society (Conn.), re- 
port (1917), 189. 

Matteson, David M., General Inder of 
A. H. A. publications prepared by, 81. 

Matthews, Albert, of Prince Soc., 199. 

Matthews, F. B., of St. Augustine Insti- 
tute of Science and Hist., 189. 

Matthews, Gen. George, mission on the 
Florida frontier, 45. 

Maurer, Robert A., of com. on hist. in 
schools (1918), 23, 86. 

Maury, Lieut. M. F., efforts to open the 
Amazon, 48, 99. 

Maxim, Sir Hiram S., memorial at birth- 
place, 194. | 

Mayfiower Descendant, 198. 

Mayflower Descendants, 
186. 


report (1917), 


-ports of. hist. 


451 


Mayflower Descendants, Massachusetts 
Society of, report (1917), 198. 

Mayo, Mrs. C. M., of Orange Hist. and 
Antiq. Soc., 199. 

Meany, Edmond §., circular urging collec- 
tion of war material, 121, 122. 


Medfield (Mass.) MHistorical Society, re- 
port (1917), 198. 
Medford (Mass.) Historical Society, re- 


port (1917), 198. 

Medieval history, English, A. H. A. papers 
on, 41-43. 

Medway (Mass.) Historical 
port (1917), 198. 

Meek, Basil, sec. Sandusky Co. Pioneer and 
Hist. Assoc., 208. 

Meeser, Rev. Dr. Spencer B., pres. Am. Bap- 
tist Hist. Soc., 185. 

Meetings and relations, council com. on, 80. 

Meins, Walter R., sec. Roxbury Hist. Soc., 


Society, re- 


199. 
Melvin, Frank E., of membership com. 
(1917), TT. 


Membership, A. H. A., statisties (1917), 49, 
54, 59-60, T7—78, 80, 88-89; effect of war 
on, 75; register of 1917 meeting, 89-92. 

Membership committee, A. H. A., work as- 
signed to special com., 54, 56, 60, 85, 86; 
report (1917), 75-78; report at council 
meeting, 81. 

Memphis, convention concerning opening of 
Amazon, 99. 

Mendon (Mass.) Historical Society, report 

~ (1917), 198. ; 

Mennonite Historical Association, report 
(1917), 186. 

Menominees, in Am. Rey., 318. 

Mercer, Henry C., pres. Bucks 
Soc., 209. 

Methodist Protestant Historical 
Balto., report (1917), 195. 

Methuen (Mass.) Historical 
port (1917), 198. 

Mexican War, Letters of Gen. Santa Anna, 
355-428. 

Mexico, Am. rule in, 1846-1848, 69° bibl. 
of, 100. 

Miami County (Ind.) Historical Society, re- 
port (1917), 193. 

Miami River, Clark and navigation of, 323; 
British trading post on, 327. 

Michigan, survey of archives, 67, 110; re- 

socs. (1917), 200-202; 
Economic and Social Beginnings, 201. 

Michigan Historical Commission, survey of 
State archives, 67, 110; report (1917), 
201. 

Michigan History Magazine, 201. 

Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society, 
report (1917), 201. 

Michilimackinae, Clark and, 316. 

Mickle, Gen. D. E., of United Confederate 
Veterans, 187. 

Middlesex County (Conn.) Historical So- 
ciety, contribution to conference of hist. 
societies, 181; report (1917), 189. 

Midland Association, 1642, 308. 


Co. Hist. 
Society, 


Society, re- 


452 


4 


Military Historical Society 
chusetts, report (1917), 199. 

Military history, A. H. A. dinner of mem- 
bers interested in, 36; A. H. A. session on, 
44, ene 

Military history prize, committee (1918), 
24; conditions of award, 30; report of 
com. at council meeting, 81. 

Military Order of Foreign Wars of U. S., 
report (1917), 186. 

Millenial Star, cited, 542. 

Miller, , account of N. Y., 98. 

Miller, A. C., pres. Ark. Hist. Assoc., 188. 

Miller, I. M., pres. Grant Co. Hist. Soc., 
192. 

Miller, John, sec. Erie Co. Hist. Soc., 210. 

Mills, Charles E., rec. sec. Dedham Hist. 
Soc., 196. 

Mills, William C., curator and lib. Ohio 
State Arch. and Hist. Soc., 208. 

Milton, Mass., bibl., 199 ; History of, 199. 

Milton (Mass.) Historical Society, report 
(1917), 199. 

Mims, Stewart L., on hist. in schools, 237— 
239. 

Mines, Bureau of, war records of, 118. 

Mining, material relating to, 191. 

Minneapolis, Minn., A. H. A. (1918) meet- 
ing proposed for, 58, 85. 

Minnesota, collection of war material in, 
132-133; reports of hist. socs. (1917), 
202. 

Minnesota Commission of Public Safety, 
work in collecting war material, 122-123. 

Minnesota Historical Society, new building, 
67, 110; collection of war material, 37, 
122-128, 132-133, 180; report (1917), 


of Massa- 


202. 

Minnesota History Bulletin, 202. 

Minnesota . Territorial Pioneers, report 
(1917), 202. 

Missisquoi County Historical Association, 


report (1917), 215. 

Mississippi, reports of hist. socs. 
202; newspapers, 202. 

Mississippi, Department of Archives and 
History, report (1917), 202. 

Mississippi Historical Society, 
(1917), 202. 

Mississippi River, Clark’s plan for control 
of, 317. 

Mississippi Valley, French transcripts con- 


(1917), 


report 


cerning 1°: Marches of the Dragoons, 
194. 

Mississip? ‘oiley Historical Association, 
joint session with A, H. A., 85, 45; din- 
ner of ms bers of, 86; report (1917), 
186. 


Mississippi Valley Historical Review, A. H. 
A. papers in, 71; cited, 197. 

Missouri, Mormons and, 97; archival legis- 
lation, 111; reports of hist. socs. (1917), 


202, 203; Baptist Biography, 202; news- 
papers, 203. 

Missouri Baptist Historical Society, report 
(1917), 202. 


Missouri Historical Review, 203. 


GENERAL INDEX. 


Missouri Historical. Society, report “ 
202. 


(1917), 208. 
Missouri Valley Historical Society, report 
(1917), 186. 
Mitchell, Sydney K., on taxation of. per- 
sonal property of laymen to 1272, 41, 47a 
Mithra, cosmopolitan religion of Tarsus and: ‘sg 
the origin of, 39, 40. “Zz 
Monks, J. A. S., etching by, 198. J 
Monmouth Counte (N. J.) Historical As % 
sociation, report (1917), 204. 
Monnette, Ora E., pres. Cal. Sons of Rev 
188. 
Monod, Francois, letter read by, 36. 
Monographs, historical, 352-853, 354. 
Monroe, James, French mission, 257. , 
Monroe County (Ind.) Historical ie 2 
report (1917), 193. “ 
Montalembert, Charles de, on the triumph 
of the Union, 199. 
Montana State Historical and Miscellane- 
ous Library, report (1917), 203. ee 
Montevideo, congress of hist. and bibl. at, 
54, 60. - 
Montgomery, Ool., and G. R. Clark, 318. A 
Montgomery, H. T., pres. Northern Ind. Ri 
Hist. Soc., 193. i 
Montgomery, Thomas L., chairman of cor mop 
ference of hist. socs., 36, 181. Ee 
Montgomery County (il.) Historieal ea 
ciety, report (1917), 191. 
Montgomery County (Ind.) Historical So 3 
ciety, 193. 
Montgomery County (N. Y.) Historical Som “ 
ciety, report (1917), 206. sy 
Montgomery County (Pa.) Historical So- 
ciety, report (1917), 210, 211. ‘ie 
Montluc, association formed by, 311. ~— 
Moore, Charles, treas. A. H. A. (1918), 15, 
50, 57, 79; of council com. on cite P 
80; at council meeting, 80. 
Movre, Clifford H., on the decay of nation 
alism under the Roman Empire, 39. “e 
Moore, Edward C., chairman of com. a 
Am. educational and scientific enterprises 
in Ottoman Empire, 24, . 
Moore, Joseph R., on hist, in schools, 239 
240. 
Moravian Historical Society, report (1917), 
PAW 
Morehouse, George P., 
Hist. Soc., 194. 
Morgan County (Ill.) Historical Sees a 
191. 
Moriarity, G. Andrews, jr., of N. Eng. Hist. 
Geneal. Soc., 199. 
Morin, Victor, pres. Société Hist! de Mon 
tréal, 216. ; 
Mormons, attitude toward U. S. gov 
(1847-1870), 97-98, 333-343; organi 
zation and beliefs, 333-335; Robert’ 
History of Mormon Ohurch, cited, 33! 
loyalty during Civil War, 341, 342, 
Morris, Gouverneur, value of Sparks’s work 
on, 258. he 


Bs , 


pres. Kan. State 


GENERAL INDEX, 


Morris, Maud B., sec. Columbia Hist. Soc., 
189. 


Morris, Robert, memorial to, 206. 

Morris, Seymour, sec. Chicago Hist. Soc., 
190. 

Morris, William A., sec.-treas., P. C. B. 


(1918), 17,100 ; Procrerpines oF P. C. B. 
(1917), 93-103. 

Morris Memorial Historical Society, 206. 

Morrow, Mary, sec. Antrim Co. Pioneer 
Assoc., 201. 

Morse, Mrs. Anson D., contribution to Am- 
herst Hist. Soc., 195. - 
Morton, Jennie C., sec. Ky. State Hist. Soc., 

194. 

Moseley, Fannie, of Bureau Co. Hist. Soc., 
190. 

Moses, Bernard, chairman of com. on hist. 
congress at Rio de Janeiro, 24, 60-61; 
at P. C. B. dinner, 97. 

Motley, John L., cited, 311; as historian, 
348. 

Mott, J. T., of Oswego Hist. Soc., 207. 

Mountain Meadow massacre, 343. 

Munro, Dana C., of special com. on policy 
(1918), 24, 86; of com. on cooperation in 
nat. service, 86. 

Munro, Wilfred H., pres. R. I. Hist. Soce., 
243. 

Murphy, John, pres. Acorn Club, 188. 

Muskingum County (O.) Pioneer and His- 
torical Society, report (1917), 208. 


Nampa, Idaho, sanitarium, 170. 

Nantucket Historical Association, 
(1917), 199. 

Nassau County (N. Y.) Historical and Gene- 
alogical Society, report (1917), 206. 

National Board for Historical Service, 
work of A. H. A. members for, 56, 61; 
bibl. of Great War, 70; aid of com. on 
bibl., 71; work of, 74; records, 119. 

National Catholic War Council, work of 
war record com., 38, 127, 128. 

National Genealogical Society, 
(1917), 186. 
National Highways Association, report of 
A, H. A. com. at council meeting, 81. 
National Historical Society, report (1917), 
186. 

Nationalism, decay under Roman Empire, 
39. 

National Security League, 
A, H. A. members with, 61. 

Nauvoo, Mormons at, 334, 336. 

Naval Historical Society, report (1917), 
187. * 

Navy Department, war records, 117. 

Nazareth, Pa., settlement of, 212. 

Nead, Daniel W., sec. Pa. German Soc., 
VAG 

Nebraska, Veto Power in, 203. 

Nebraska land grant, advertising matter, 
197. 

Nebraska State Historical Society, report 
(1917), 203. 


report 


report 


services of 


453 


Neeser, Robert W., sec. Naval Hist. Soc., 
187. : 

Neff, Frank T., of Manlius-Rutland Hist. 
Soc., 191. 

Nelson, Fort, importance of, 320, 322, 323, 
325, 329. e 

Neuilly, France, beds supported in hospi- 
tal at, 207. 

Nevada, Hist. of Tazation, 203; Pageant 
of Nev. Hist., 203; Mormons and, 336. 

Nevada Historical Society, report (1917), 
203. 

Neville, Arthur C., pres. Green Bay Hist. 
Soc., 214. 

Nevius, Hugh C., 
Hist. Soc., 204. 

Newark News, geneal. dept., 188. 

New Brunswick (N. J.) Historical Club, 
report (1917), 204. 

Newburgh Bay and the Highlands Histori- 
cal Society, 206. 

New Century Club, Philadelphia, 
leges extended to A. H. A., 35. 
Newell, Edward T., pres. Am. Numismatic 

Soc., 185. e 

New England, importance of religious 
diaries kept in, 253. 

New England Catholic Historical Society, 
report (1917), 199. 

New England Historical and Genealogical 
Register, 199. 

New England Historic Genealogical So- 
ciety, report (1917), 199. 

New England Methodist Historical Society, 
report (1917), 199. 

New England Society of Rockford, IIL, 
191. 

New Hampshire, reports of hist. 
(1917), 203, 204. 

New Hampshire Genealogical Society, re 
port (1917), 203. 

New Hampshire Historical Society, report 
(1917), 203. 

New Haven, Conn., A. H. A. meeting 
(1919) recommended, 82; Ancient Rec- 
ords, 189. 

New Haven Colony Historical Society, re- 
port (1917), 189. ica 
New Jersey, report on pub. records of, 67, 
110; work of patriotic societies in, 177; 
reports of hist. socs. (1917), 204, 205, 

New Jersey Archives, 204. 

New Jersey Historical 
(1917), 204. 

New Mexico, Mormons and, 337. 

New Mexico Historical Society, contribution 
to conference of hist. societies, 181; re 
port (1917), 205. 

New Orleans, La., bicentennial, 194; trade, 
317; expedition against, 317. 

Newport (R. I.) Historical Society, report 
(1917), 213. 

Newspapers, and military secrecy during 
Civil War, 69. 

Newton (Mass.) Historical Society, report 
(1917), 199. 


pres. Hunterdon Co, 


privi- 


socs, 


Society, report 


454 


New York, early independent tendencies in 
colony of, 96; colléction of war material 
in, 120, 133-135; trade conditions, 205; 
reports of hist. socs. (1917), 205-207; 
study of hist. in schools, 240—241. 

New York City, A. H. A. meetings at (1896, 
1909), 33 Be 

New York City History Club, report (1917), 
205. 

New York Genealogical and Biographical 
Society, report (1917), 206. 

New York Historical Society, report (1917), 
206. 

New York State Historical Association, re- 
port (1917), 207. 

New York Times, articles on food adminis- 
tration in, 125, 

Nez Percés, papers concerning, 142, 157. 

Niagara frontier, school and church his- 
tories, 215. 

Niagara Historical Society, report (1917), 
215, 216. 

Nicholas IV, and papal taxation, 288, 289. 

Nichols, Charles L., sec. Am. Antiq. Soc., 
185. 

Nicoll, Fancher, sec. N, Y. Hist. Soc., 206. 

Niles, William, pres. La Porte Co. Hist. Soc., 
193. 

Noe, Sydney P., sec. Am. Numismatic Soc., 
185. 

Nominations, A. H. A., com. members 
(1918), 23, 57, 79; report (1917), 50, 
57, 79, 80; by-law concerning, amended, 
58. 

Norcross, Grenville H., pres. Bostonian Soc., 
195. 

Normandy, cornage, 298. 

North America, Spanish, delimitation of 

: political jurisdictions in, 47. 
Northampton County (Pa.) Historical and 
Genealogical Society, report (1917), 212. 

North Carolina, collection of war material 
by State council of defense, 130, 132; 
search for gold in, 191; reports of hist. 
socs. (1917), 207. 

North Carolina Historical Commission, work 
in collecting war material, 123, 130-132 ; 
report (1917), 207. 

North Carolina Historical Society, report 
(1917), 207. 

North Carolina State Literary and His- 
torical Association, report (1917), 207. 
North Central states, in middle of 19th cen- 

tury, 45, 46. 

North Dakota State Historical Society, re- 
port (1917), 208. 

Northern Indiana Historical Society, report 
(1917), 193. 

Northern Pacific Railway, reports, 144. 

Northrup, Frank D., sec. Okla. Hist. Soc., 
209. 

Northumberland, lay assessments, 285, 286; 
tax exemption, 290. 

Northwest, G. R. Clark’s controt of, 45, 
313-329 ; seminary, 191. 

Norton, H. S., pres. Gary Hist. Soc., 192. 

Norwalk Hour (Conn.), geneal. dept., 188. 


> 


GENERAL INDEX. 


Norwich, 


Eng., papal ass 
280. 

Notestein, Wallace, of com. on a bibl. 
23, 85; on the Pan-German use of 
36. soe a eg 

Nova Scotia Historical Society, 
(1917), 216. 

Noyes, Charles P., pres. Minn. ‘Hist. ‘Soc 
202. : 

Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of | 
Philadelphia, report (1917), 212. ; 

Nussbaum, Lieut. F. L., Herbert Baxter 
Adams prize (1917) awarded to, 50, 79. 

Nye, Edgar W., memorial at birthplace, ‘194, 


Oakham (Mass.) Historical Society, report 
(1917), 199. re 
Oberholtzer, Ellis pes work as historian 
354, 
Official Records of the Rebellion, 179. 
Ohio, war records, 208; reports: of his 
socs. (1917), 208, 209. 
Ohio Historical and Philosophical Society. 
report (1917), 208. — 
Ohio Historical Commission, Tepare conn), zs 
208. . 
Ohio River, military operations on, 310, 
817, 318, 321, 325, 327. P 
Ohio State Archaeological and Historica 
Society, report (1917), 208. d 
Ohio Valley Historical Association, Pr “0 
ceedings, 192. ear 
Oklahoma Historical Society, report (1917) i 
209. & : 
Old Newbury, Historical Society of, repor 9 
(1917), 197. 3 
Old Northwest Genealogical Boeeiae report 
(1917), 208. , 
Old Planters’ Society, report (1917), 199. 
Old Settlers and Historical Association of 
Lake County (Ind.), 193. aes 
Old South Association in Boston, rep 
(1917), 199. 
Olmstead, Albert T., on oriental impe: 
ism, 39. 
Olney, Jeremiah, papers, 213. 
Onahan, William J., pres. Ill. —— 
Soe., 190. 
Oneida Historical Society, report (1917), 
207. 
Onondaga Historical sae 
(1917), 207. 
Ontario Historical Society, report (1917) 
216. 
Orange (Mass.) Historical and Antiquaria 
Society, report (1917), 199. ; : 
Oreutt, Reginald, on the hist. of® Gem: a) 
colonization in Brazil, 48. : “a 
Oregon, Mormons and, 334. i 
Oregon Historical Society, report (191 
209. ial 
Origen against Celsus, incunabulum, 185. 
Orofino, Idaho, sanitarium, 170. war 
Osborn, Elizabeth C., of Peabody Hist. Soe, 
199. 
Osgood, Herbert L., work as historian, - 
Oswego Historical Society, 207. 


b btn 


report f 


a 


=e 
Ros) 


GENERAL INDEX, 


Otis, Harrison G., house of, 200. 

Ottawas, in Am. Rey., 318. 

Ottoman Empire, Am. educational and 
Scientific enterprises in, A. H. A. com. 
on (1918), 24; resolution of A. H. A. 
concerning Am. interests in, 56, 87. 

Gutiook, and study of current events, 221. 

Owen, Edwin S., sec. Idaho board of op- 
tometry, 168. 

Owen, Thomas M.. of pub. arch. comm. 
(4918), 23, 85; of pub. arch. comm. 
(1917), 105, 112; of Ala. Dept. of Hist. 
and Arch., 187; of Ala. Hist. Soc., 187; 
pres. Ala. Anthropological Soc., 187. 

Owen County (Ind.) Historical Society, 
193. 


Pacific Coast Branch, officers (1917—1918}, 
17, 100; annual report to A. H. A., 50, 
57; REPORT OF FOURTEENTH ANNUAL 

_ MEETING (1917), 93—103; annual dinner, 
95, 97; business session (1917), 99-100; 
resolutions (1917), 99-100; cooperation 
with Cal. Siate Lib. in eollecting war 
materials, 100. 

Pacific coast history, report of P. C. B. 
com. on bibl. of, 100. 

Packard, Charles M., pres. Westboro Hist. 
Soe., 200. 

Paetow, Louis J., of Herbert Baxter Adams 
prize com. (1918), 23. 85. 

Page, H. K., of Sauk Co. Hist. Soc., 214. 

Paine, Mrs. Clarence S., sec. Miss. Valley 
Hist. Assoc., 186. 

Paine, Nathaniel, death of, 61. 

Palmer, Chester, sec. Delaware Co. Hist. 

~ Soc., 210. 

Palmer, William P., of local com. (1918), 
23; pres. Western Reserve Hist. Soc., 
209. - 

Palmerston, Henry J. Temple, viscount, 
policy in China, 48. 

Palmyra (N. Y.) Historical Society, report 
(1917), 207. 

Paltsits, Victor H., of nominating com. 
(1918), 23, 57, 79; of com. on pubs. 
(1918), 23, 86 ; chairman pub. arch. comm. 
(1918), 23, 85; presides at conference 
of hist, soes., 38; report of pub. arch. 
comm. (1917), 67-68; at council meet- 
ing, 80; report of pub. arch. comm. at 
council meeting, 81; chairman pub. arch. 
comm. (1917), 105, 112; chairman of 
conference of arch., 115, 116, 123, 127, 

128, 129. 

Panama-Pacific exposition, Itaho exhibit, 
170: — 

Pandulph, papal collector, instructions to, 
270. 

Paret, A. P. E., pres. Essex Hist. Soc., 215. 

‘Park, Rev. Charles E., cor. sec. Colonial 
Soe. of Mass., 196. 

Parkhurst, Wellington E., of Clinton Hist. 
Soc., 196. 

Parkman, Francis, work as historian, 348, 
352. 

Parliament, British, 
295. 


control of customs, 


455 


Parmenter, James P., sec. Club of Odd 
Volumes, 196. 5 

Parsons, Frank N., pres. N. H. Hist. Soc, 
203. 

Parsons, John, sec. 
Hist. Soc., 188. 

Patriotic societies, hereditary, relations 
with hist. societies, 36-37, 175-179 ; con- 
ference of, 173—179 ; suggestions concern- 
ing publications of, 176, 177—178, 179. 

Patriotism, civic, decline under Roman Em- 
pire, 40. 

Patterson, Burd S., 
Western Pa., 211. 

Patterson, W. D., cor. sec. Me. Hist. Soc., 
194. 

Paul Holland Knowlton Memorial Museum, 
additions, 215. 

Paxson, Frederic L, chairman, Justin 
Winsor prize com. (1918), 23, 85; of 
com. on pubs. (1918), 23, 86. 

Payette-Boise project, 144. 

Payette Lakes, fire protection roads, 162. 

Payne, C. W., of Sag Harbor Hist. Soc, 
207. 

Peabody, Charles J. pres. 
Soe., 200. 

Peabody (Mass.) Historical Society, report 
(1917), 199. 

Peace congresses, of 19th cent., 72. 

Pearce, Mrs. C. D., sec. Clinton Co. Pioneer 
Soc., 201. 

Pease, T. C., The Levelier Movement, 60, 72. 

Peay, Lilla E., see. Dauphin Co. Hist. Soc., 
210. 

Pedrick, Samuel M., of Ripon Hist. Soc., 
214. 

Pedro ITI, of Brazil, opening of Amazon 
by, 48. 

Pemberton, W. Y., librarian Montana State 
Hist. Lib., 203. : 

Pennsylvania, hist. of, 175: reports of 
hist. socs. (1917), 209-213; conditions 
in 1735, 212. 

Pennsylvania, University of, sessions of 
A. H. A. meeting held at, 35. 

Pennsylvania Colonial Society, 
(1917), 210. 

Pennsylvania Federation of Historical So- 
cieties, report (1917), 212. 

Pennsylvania Genealogical Society, 
(1917), 210. 

Pennsylvania German Society, 
175; report (1917), 212. 

Pennsylvania Historical Society, reception 
and supper to A. H. A., 35; work of, 175, 
176; report (1917), 211: copy of associa- 
tion of first Cont. Cong. in library of, 
305. 

Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Bi- 
ography, 211. 

Pennsylvania Society, N. Y., report (1917), 
207. 

Pennsylvania Women in New York, So- 
ciety of, report (1917), 207. 

Pensacola, expedition to New Orleans from, 
317; Galvez at, 321. 


Col. Hist. and Nat. 


sec. Hist. Soc. of 


Topsfield Hist. 


report 


report 


work of, 


456 


Peoria Historical Society, report Sere! 
191. 

Pepper, George W., 
(1917), 35. 

Pepys, Samuel, importance of Diary, 252. 

Perkins, James B., work as historian, 351. 


chairman local com. 


Perry, Geneva A., sec. Westboro Hist. 
Soc., 200. 
Peru, Am. explorations, 99; treaty with 


Brazil (1854), 99. 

Petrunkevitch, Alexander, on the intellec- 
tuals in the liberating movement in Rus- 
sia, 43. 

Pettus, Charles P., sec. Mo. Hist..Soc., 202. 

Phelps, H. Warren, lib.-sec. Old Northwest 
Geneal. Soc., 208. 

Phelps, Hal C., pres. Miami Co. Hist. Soc., 
193. 

Philadelphia, Pa., proceedings of A. H. A. 
meeting at (1917), 31-50; A. H. A. meet- 
ing at (1902), 33; tablet in archway of 
city hall, 210. 

Philadelphia City Historical Society, report 
(1917), 209. 

Philip, Master, papal nuncio, 268. 

Philip II, alliance of the Guises with, 311. 

Philips, George M., pres. Chester Co. Hist. 
Soc., 209. 

Phillips, Henry B., pres. Cal. Geneal. Soc., 
188. 

Phillips, John G., sec. Shargn Hist. Soc., 
200. 

Phillips, U. B., at council meeting, 80; of 
council com. on meetings and relations, 
80. 

Pierce, Franklin, message, 99. 

Pierce, John, U. S. commissioner on Va. 
claims, 315. 

Pierce, Roger, sec. Harvard Comm. on West. 
Hist., 197. 

Pierce-Nichols house, 
Inst., 196. 

Piers, Harry, sec. Nova Scotia Hist. Soc., 
216. 

Pierson, Joseph, pres. Berkshire Hist. and 
Scientific Soc., 195. 

Pike Co., Mo., Military History, 202. 

Pike County (Mo.) Historical Society, re- 
port (1917), 202. 

Pilgrim Notes and Queries, 198. 

Pinkham, A. J., notebook, 144. 

Pioneer Association of Will County (Ill.), 
report (1917), 191. 

Pipestone (Minn.), Old Settlers Hist. Soc. 
of, report (1917), 202. 

Piqua, O., Clark at, 319. 

Pirtle, Alfred, pres. Filson Club, 194. 

Piscataquis County (Me.) Historical Soci- 
ety, report (1917), 194. 

Pitt, William, Correspondence, 179. 

Pitt, Fort, military operations, 316, 317, 
320, 324, 326. 

Pittsburgh, Pa., 


purchase by Hssex 


city charter celebration, 


211. 
Platner, Samuel B., sec. of local com. 
(1918), 23. 


GENERAL INDEX, 


Plegge, E. W., of St. Clair Co. Hist. Soc, 
191. 

Plumb, R. G., 
Soc., 214. 

Plumer genealogy, 196. 


sec. ‘Manitowoc Co. eons BX or 3 


Pocumtuck Valley Memorial pee ae: re * 


port (1917), 199. 

Poland, tax levied on clergy, 267 n. 

Policy of A. H. A., special council com. on 
(1918), 24, 86. 

Political Science Quarterly, he H. A. paper 
in, 72. . 

Polk, James K., and Utah Territory, 336- 
337. : 

Polo (Ill.) Historical Society, 191. 

Pomhams Fort, R. I., 213. 

Popes, taxation of English clerical incomes, 
265-280. 

Porteous papers, 205, 

Porter County (Ind.) Historical Society, 
193. 

Portneuf Co., Idaho, election returns, 145. 

Portuguese- ‘Amecieant history, A. H. A. pa- 
pers on, 47-48. 

Potter, W. W., pres. Barry Co. Pioneer and 
Hist. Soc., 201. 

Powell, 
192. 

Power, C. B., pres. Montana State Hist. 
Lib., 203. 

Prentice, Thomas M., 
Colony Hist. Soc., 189. 

Prentiss, Frank F., of local com. (1918), 
Dee 

Presbyterian church, material COnCEEHEE) 
191, 

Presbyterian Historical Society, Phila., re 
port (1917), 212. 

Prescott, William H., as historian, 348. 

Preston, Howard W., sec. R. I. Hist. Soc., 
213. 

Preston, Ruth I., lib. of Davenport Acad- 
emy of Sciences, 193. 

Price, George W., sec. Salem Co. Hist. Soc., 
204. 

Priestley, Herbert L., of P. C. B. com. on 
arrangements (1917), 100. 

Primer of archival economy, chapters com- 

pleted, 67; preparation of, 109. 

Prince, L. Bradford, on hist. and patriotic 
societies, 178; pres. N. Mex. Hist. Soc., 
205. 

Prince Society, report (1917), 199. 

Princeton (N. J.) Historical Association, 

report (1917), 204. 

Pritchard, Katherine A., Waterbury records 
compiled by, 189. 

Prize essays of A. H. A., list of awards, 
29-30; changes in conditions of award, 
50, 58-59, 83, 86-87; cost and value of, 
73. See also Herbert Baxter Adams 
prize ; Justin Winsor prize; Military his- 
tory prize. 

Program of annual meeting, 51-54; com. 
(1918), 23; report of com. at council 
meeting, 81. 


sec. New Haven 


J. Z., pres. Cass, Co. Hist. Soc., | a oF 


GENERAL INDEX, 


Protestants, association of 1584, 307, 308, 
310. 

Provence association (1562), 311. 

Prussia, beginnings of standing army, 69; 
Tuttle’s History, 351. 

Public archives commission, members 
(1918), 23, 85; report (1917), 67-68; re 
port at council meeting, 81; A. H. A. ap- 
propriation suspended for 1918, 82; 
HIGHTEENTH REPORT, 105-172. 

Publications of A. H. A, com. (1918), 23, 
86; report of com. (1917), 71-74; report 
of com. at council meeting, 81; effort to 
dispose of, 84. 

Public Record Office, assessment rolls in, 
287; copy of association in, 307. 

Purcell, Richard J., Connecticut in Transi- 
tion, 54, 60, 71. 

Puritans, ideals, 225. 

Puinam, Edward K., acting director Dav- 
enport Academy of Sciences, 193. 

Putnam, Ruth, chairman, Herbert Baxter 
Adams prize com. (1918), 23, 85; of com. 
on pubs. (1918), 23, 86; motion at A. H. 
A. meeting, 59. 

Putnam County (N. Y.) Historical Society, 
207. 


Quaife, Milo M., of hist. MSS. comm. 
(1918), 23, 85; sec. Wis. State Hist. Soc., 
214; of hist. MSS. comm. (1917), 355. 

Quebec, Jesuit Relations pub. by, 98. 

Queenston Heights, picnic at, 216. 

Quimby, Fred E., sec. N. H. Geneal. Soc., 
203. 

Quinabaug Historical 
(1917), 199. 

Quincy, Eliza S., memoir of Josiah Quincy, 
value of, 258. 

Quincy, Josiah, value of Eliza Quincy's 
memoir, 258. 

Quincy (IIL), Historical Society of, report 
(1917), 190. 

Quincy (Mass.) Historical Society, report 
(1917), 199. 


Society, report 


Raguet, Condy, Am. chargé in Brazil, and 
the blockade of Argentine ports, 47, 48. 
Railroads, southern, restoration after Civil 
War, 46; northern, 1861, 69; and the 
Confederacy, 69. 

Raleigh Tavern, 306. 

Ralph of Diceto, and papal taxation, 267. 

Ramsdell, Charles W., on the Confederacy 
and the railroads, 69; of Tex. State Hist. 
Assoc., 213. 

Ranck, Samuel H., sec. Hist. Soc. of Grand 
Rapids, 201. 

Randall, E. O., sec. Ohio State Arch. and 
Hist. Soc., 208. 

Randall, J. G., on newspapers and military 
secrecy during Civil War, 69. 

Randolph, Edmund, Vindication, 257. 

Randolph, Thomas J., Jefferson’s letters 
edited by, 256. 

Rau, Albert G., Gateway to the Minisuiks, 
209. 


457 


Read, Charles F., sec. Bostonian Soc., 195. 
Read, Conyers, of Herbert Baxter Adams 


prize com. (1918), 23, 85. 4 
Reading Co., Pa., war record, 210. 
Rear, Harriet A., sec. Barrington Hist. 


Antiq. Soc., 213. 

Red Bank, N. J., heroine of, 204. 

Red Cross, war records, 118, 131, 132, 180. 

Redmond, Miss F. A., vice pres. Huron Inst., 
215. 

Reed, George H., of Unitarian Hist. Soc., 
200. 

Reeder, J. T., pres. of Keweenaw Hist. Soc., 
201. 

Reformation, actual achievements of, 41; 
coins and medals relating to, 185. 

Reformed Church in United States, His- 
torical Society of, report (1917), 186. 

Reger, John T., sec. Somerset Hist. Soc., 
204. 

Rehrig, Rev. W. M., pres. Carbon Co. Hist._ 
Soc.,, 209. 

Review of Reviews, and study of current 
events, 221. 

Reynolds, J. H., sec. of Ark. Hist. Assoc., 
188. 

Rhoades, Nelson O., sec. Cal. Sons of Rey., 
188. 

Rhode Island, report of hist. socs. (1917), 
213; celebration of independence day, 
213; in colonial wars, 213. 

Rhode Island Citizens’ Historical Associa- 
tion, report (1917), 213. 

Rhode Island Historical Society, report 
(1917), 213. . 

Rhodes, James F., hist. work of, 47, 351, 
352, 354; cited, 254. 

Riccio, murder of, 310. 

Rice, William G., sec. Albany Inst. and Hist. 
Soc., 205. 

Richard of Cornwall, and papal taxation, 
275. : 

Richards, E. C., pres. Montgomery Co. Hist. 
Soc., 191. 

Richards, Frederick B., sec. 
Hist. Assoc., 207. 

Richards, Capt. H. M. M., pres. Lebanon Co. 
Hist. Soc., 211. 

Richardson, Ernest C., of Princeton Hist. 
Assoc., 204. 

Richardson, Oliver H., vice pres., P. C. B. 
(1918), 17, 100; of P. C. B. com. on nom- 

_ inations (1917), 100. 

Richmond, Va., G. R. Clark in, 319. 

Rider, R. P., pres. Mo. Baptist Hist. Soc., 
202, 

Rio de Janeiro, historical congress at 
(1918), 24, 54, 60-61, 80. 

Ripley, Isaac T., see. Dorchester Hist. Soc., 
196. 

Ripon (Wis.) Historical Society, 
(1917), 214. 

Ritter, Capt. William L., sec. Soc. of Army 
and Navy of Confederate States, Md., 
195. 

Rives, George L., death of, 61. 

Roberts, Brigham H., cited, 338. 


N. Y. State 


report 


458 


Roberts, Charles R., sec. Lehigh Co. Hist. 
Soc., 211; pres. Pa. Bederaetee of Hist. 
Soes. hy eee 

Robertson, Alice, collection, 207. 

Robertson, James A., on the Hispanic-Am. 
Rev., 97. 

Robinson, Doane, 
Soc., 213. 

Robinson, Edgar E., of P. C. B. com. on 
resolutions (1917), 99; address of BD. B. 
Krehbiel read by, 101. 

Robinson, Fred N., pres. Colonial Soc. of 
Mass., 196. 

Robinson, James H., editor Am. Hist. Rev. 
(1918), 23. - 

Robinson, W. J., sec. Middlesex Co. Hist. 
Soec., 189, 

Rocheblave, at Detroit, 322, 

Rock Island County (Tl1.) Eee So- 
ciety, 191. 

Rock River, Ind., villages destroyed, 318. 

Rockwell, William W., of com. on bibl. 
(1918), 23, 85; bibl. of Am. church hist., 
70; sec. Am. Soc. of Church Hist., 185. 

Roger of Wendover, cited, 274. 

Rogers, Adolph, pres. Henry Co. Hist. Soc., 
192: °° ; 

Romaine, Theodore, sec. Bergen Co. Hist. 
Soc., 204. 

Roman Hmpire, decay of nationalism under, 
39; decline of civic patriotism, 40. 

Rome, imperialism of, 39. 

Roosevelt, Theodore, life councilor, A. H. 
A., 16; hist. work of, 47, 351, 352. 

Rothert, Otto A., sec. Filson Club, 194. 

Roustadt, Frederick, pres. Ariz. Pioneers’ 
Hist. Soc., 187. 

Rowland, Dunbar, director Miss. Dept. of 
Arch. and Hist., 202; of Miss. Hist. Soc., 
202. 

Roxbury High Fort, restoration of, 200. 

-Roxbury (Mass.) Historical Society, report 
(1917), 199, 200. 

Roy, Sieur de Vincennes identified, 192. 

Ruddels, Ky., post, destroyed, 319. 

Rumford Historical Association, 
(1917), 200. 

Russell, S., of Belleville and Bay of Quinte 
Hist. Soe., 215. 

Russia, intellectuals in the liberating move 
ment, 43; first week of the revolution of 
1917, 43, 44. 

Russian history, A. H. A. papers on, 43, 44. 

Rutter, William I., jr., 209. 


of S. Dak. State Hist. 


report 


Sachse, Julius F., editor, 212. 

Sacramento, new library bldgs. for, 99. 

Sag Harbor Historical Society, 207. 

St. Albans, papal taxation, 274. 

St. Anthony, Idaho, Industrial training 
school, 169. q 

St. Augustine (Fla.) Institute of Science 
and History, report @917), 189. 

St. Clair County (Ill.) Historical Society, 
191. 

St. Edmund’s, Eng., agreement of barons, 
312. 


GENERAL INDEX. 


St. Joseph County (Mich.) Histor 
Pioneer Society, report (1917), 202. 
St. Louis, British attempt bs capture, 3 
318. 
Salem, Mass., Visitors Guide, 196 5 vital 
ords, 196. 
Salem County (N. J.) Historical Society, 
report (1917), 204. Ky 
Salisbury, papal taxation, 275. a 
Salley, A. S., of S. C. Hist. Comm., 213. » 
Salmon, Lucy M.,. councilor, A. i ae 
(1918), 16, 57, 79; at council meetings, 
80, 83, 85, 87; of council com, on "OP. ' 
pointments, 80. . 
Salt Lake City, non-Mormon merchants 
342. 
Saltonstall, Brayton, pres. Chariewetal Hist. a 
Soc., 201. c 
Sanborn, John P., of Newport Hilat. ‘Soe, 
213. a: 
Sanders, Euclid, pres. State Hist. Soc, of nee 
Iowa, 193. ‘ 
San Diego, in plan of Mormons, 336. 
Sandusky, operations against, 328. 
Sandusky County (0O.) Pioneer = 


Sandusky River, expedition against 
villages on, 324. te iv 

Sangamon County (.). Old Settlers’ Asso- 
ciation, 191. 

Santa Anna, Antonio Lépez de, Lette 
relating to Mexican War, 355-428. 

Santa Clara Valley, Indian languages, 98. 

Santiago, archives, 67, 109. 

Saratoga (N. Y.) Historical Society, namage 
(1917), 206. 

Saratoga Springs, hist. of, 206. ef r 
Sauk County (Wis.) Historical Society, 
report (1917), 214. 
Sauks, in Am. Rev., 318. : 
Saunders, Ambrose R., sec. Medway 
Soc., 198. 
Saunders, F. C., pres. Missisquoi Co. ] 
Assoc., 215. it 
Schaff, David S., on the council of Con- 
stance, 40; pres. Am. Soc. of Chur 
Hist., 185. 


Schenectady County (N. ¥.) Histori al 'So- 
ciety, report (1917), 207. we’ 
Schlesinger, Arthur M., pres, Ohio Hist. — 


Comm., 208. 
Schmidt, Louis B., on the influence — of 
wheat and cotton on Anglo-American re- 
lations during the Civil War, 46. % 
Schmidt, Otto L., pres. German-Am. Hist. 
Soc., 190; pres. Ill. State Hist. Soc., 191. 
Schnure, W. M., sec. Snyder Co, Hist. § 
212. 
Scholl, 
210. 
Scholz, Richard F., on the foundations 
Caesarism and the republican tradi iti 
in Europe, 95, 96. ; 
Schouler, James, life councilor, A. HL 
. 15; hist. work of, 47, 349. : 
Schuylkill County (Pa.) Historical Society, 
report (1917), 211. : . 


Cc. R., pres. Berks Co. Hist. So Bs 


GENERAL INDEX, 


Schwarze, Rev. W. N., pres. Moravian Hist. 
Soc., 212. 

Scotland, form of association, 43, 310, 311. 

Scott, Austin, pres. New Brunswick Hist. 
Club, 204. 

Scottish Historical Society of North Amer- 
ica, report (1917), 187. 

Scottish National Covenant (1638), 308. 

Scrivin, C. H., of Kings Co. Hist. Soc., 206. 

Sears, Orrin B., Old Salt Works, 197. 

Secret Service, records, 118. 

Seeds, Arthur N., pres. Friends’ Hist. Soc. 
of Phila., 210. 

Semmes, R. T., genealogical collection, 195. 

Senate, U. S., executive journals, 74. 

Seneca Walls Historical Society, 207. 

Serbs, history of, 44. 

Setton, Sir Alexander, association made by, 
310. 

Severance, Frank H., chairman of com. on 
nominations, conference of hist. socs., 


74, 181; sec. Buffalo Hist. Soc., 205; An | 


Old Frontier of France, 205. 

Sevier, John, intrigue of Gardoqui with, 45. 

Sexton, Clara E., sec. Billerica Hist. Soc., 
195. 

Seymour, Sir Edward, association devised 
by, 308. : 

Shaftesbury, and association of 1681, 308. 

Shambaugh, Benjamin F., chairman of com. 
on officers and committees, conference 
of hist. socs., 74, 181; supt. State Hist. 
Soc. of Iowa, 193. 

Sharon (Mass.) Historical Society, report 
(1917), 200. 

Sharpe, Edward §&., pres. Salem Co. Hist. 
Soc., 204. 

Shawano Lake, Wis., Antiquities of, 215. 

Shawnees, in Am. Rey., 45, 316, 320, 322, 
324, 326, 327, 328, 329. 

Shea, John G., work of, 98. 

Shearer, Augustus H., sec. of conference of 
hist. socs., 23, 36, 86; of program com. 
(1918), 23; of com. on bibl. (1918), 23, 
85; report as sec. of conference of hist. 


socs. (1917), 50, 56-57, 74, 75; bibl. of 


Am, hist. periodicals, 70. 

Sheboygan Co., Wis., researches in, 215. 

Shelburne, William Petty, earl of, peace 
negotiations, 321. 

Sheldon, A., sec. Firelands Hist. Soc., 208. 

Sheldon, Addison H., sec. Neb. State Hist. 
Soc., 203. é 

Shelton, Frederick H., on ancient indus- 
tries and inns of Delaware Co., 210. 

She-pack-a-noh, scalping knife of, 193. 

Shepard Historical Society, report (1917), 
200. 

Shipping Board, records, 118. 

Shockley, Ernest V., sec. Monroe Co. Hist. 
Soc., 193. 

Shoemaker, Floyd C., sec. State Hist. Soc. 
of Mo., 203. 

Show, Arley B., presides at P. C. B. dinner, 
95; on current events in high-school, 
102, 


459 


Shriver, J. Alexis, sec. Hist. Soc. of Har- 
ford Co., 195. 

Sill, Henry A., death of, 61. 

Sinclair, Gov. Patrick, plan of, 318. 

Sioussat, St. George L., pres. Miss. Valley 
Hist. Assoc., 186; of Tenn. Hist. Soc., 
213. 

Sioux, in Am. Rey., 316, 318. 

Sipes, Jaspar, pres. Okla. Hist. Soc., 209. 

Site and Relie Society of Germantown, re- 
port (1917), 212. 

Skinner, Parker R., sec. Kittochtinny Hist. 
Soc., 211.- 

Skirbeck, jury decision on customs, 297. 

Slade, William A., of com. on bibl. (1917), 
70. 

Slaymaker, Rebecca J., sec. Donegal Soc. of 
Lancaster Co., 210. 

Sloane, William M., life councilor, A. H. A., 
16; A. H. A. delegate to P. C. B. meet- 
ing, 97, 101. 

Slocum, Frances, husband of, 193. 

Slovenes, history of, 44. 

Small, R. P., sec. Missisquoi Co. Hist. As- 
soc., 215. 

Smart, Miss E. J., of Clark Co. Hist. Soc., 
208. 

Smedley, Caroline W., sec. Frankford Hist. 
Soe., 210. 

Smedley, Franklin, pres. Frankford Hist. 
Soc., 210. 

Smith, Arthur T., of Herkimer Co. Hist. 
Soc., 205. : 

Smith, Edgar C., cor. sec. Piscataquis Co. 
Hist. Soc., 194. 

Smith, Frank, list of Dedham’s Rey. soldiers, 
196; pres. Hist. and Nat. Hist. Soc. of 
Dover, 197; Genealogical Sketches, 197. 

Smith, Heman.C., sec. Decatur Co. Hist. 
Soc., 193. 

Smith, Henry F., jr., sec. Concord Antigq. 
Soec., 196. 

Smith, Hyrum, letter from Jos. Smith, 337, 
338. 

Smith, Ida R., sec. Schuylkill Co. Hist. Soc., 
Aa | 

Smith, Joseph, Mormonism under, 97, 334; 


and the Constitution, 337, 341; inter- 
view with Van Buren, 337, 338. 
Smith, Justin H., chairman, Hist. MSS. 


comm. (1918), 23, 85; of com. on pubs. 
(1918), 23, 86; on Am. rule in Mexico, 
1846-1848, 69; chairman Hist. MSS. 
Comm. (1917), 355; ed. Santa Anna 
Letters, 355-428. 

Smith, Preserved, on the actual achieve- 
ments of the Reformation, 41. 

Snelling, Fort, work on, 194. 

Snyder, Plymouth W., pres. Blair Co. Hist. 
Soc., 209. 

Snyder, Gov. Simon, memorial tablet, 212. 

Snyder Co., Pa., war records, 212. 

Snyder County (Pa.) Historical Society, re- 
port (1917), 212. 

Socialism, German, 69. , 

Société Historique de Montréal, 
(1917), 216. 


report 


460 GENERAL INDEX. 


Society for the Preservation of Historical 
and Scenic Places, 207. 

Society for the Preservation of New Hng- 
land Antiquities, report (1917), 200. 
Society of the Army of Santiago de Cuba, 

report (1917), 187. 

Solemn League and Covenant (1643), 308. 

Somerset (N. J.) Historical Society, report 
(1917), 204. 

Somerville, Mrs. J. M., sec. Woman's Cana- 
dian Hist. Soe., 216. A 
Sons and Daughters of the Pilgrims, Na- 

tional Society, report (1917) ,-187. 

Sons of the American Revolution, Nebraska 
Society, 203. 

Sons of the Revolution, work of, 175, 177; 
Calif., report (1917), 188. 

South America, survey of archives, 67, 109. 

South Carolina, search for gold in, 191; 
report of hist. socs. (1917), 213. 

South Carolina Historical and Genealogical 
Magazine, 213. 

South Carolina Historical Commission, 213. 

South Carolina Historical Society, report 
(1917), 213. 

South Dakota State Historical Society, re- 
port (1917), 213. 

Southern California, Historical Society of, 
report (1917), 188. 

South Natick Historical Society and Natural 
History and Library Society, report 
(1917), 200. 

Southwestern Historical Quarterly, 213. 

Sowams, R. I., monument erected at, 213. 

Spafford History, 207. 

Spain, conspiracy in Tenn., 45; delimitation 
of political jurisdictions in N. Am., 47; 
institutions for administration of colo- 
nies, 47; in Am. Rey., 317. 

Sparks, Jared, value of hist. work, 258. 

Spear, John I., of Calif. Pioneers Soc., 188. 

Spencer, Charles W., on tendencies toward 
independence in early 18th cent., 96; of 


P. C. B. com. on nominations (1917), © 


100. 

Spencer, Mrs. Orson B., sec. Kankakee Co. 
Hist. Soc., 191. 

Spencer, Richard H., cor. sec. Md. Hist. 
Soc., 195. 

Spencer County (Ind.) Historical Society, 
193. 

Sprague, John F., pres. Piscataquis Co. 
Hist. Soc., 194. 

Squair, John, pres. Ontario Hist. Soc., 216. 

Stanard, W. G., sec. Va. Hist. Soc., 214. 

Stanbrough, William, of Falls House Memo- 
rial Collection, 205. 

Stanwood, Edward, rec. sec. Mass. Hist. 
Soc., 198. 

Stapledon, tax ordinance, 287. 

Star, Emmet, Cherokee historian, collection, 
209. 

Starbuck, Alexander, sec. Bay State Hist. 
League, 195. 

Stark, Gen. John, relics, 204. 

Starr, Mrs. James, ef Colonial Dames, Pa. 
Soc., 210, 


Starrs, William M., of Oneida Hist. Soc., 
207. 

State Department, war records in, 117, 118; 
hist. material in, 259. 

Stearns, Maj. Irving R., pres. Wyoming 
Hist. and Geolog. Soc., 212. 

Stearns, Warren, pres. Billerica Hist. Soc., 
195. 

Stebbins, Dempster H., pres. Antrim Co, 
Pioneer Assoc., 201. 

Stebbins, M. Elizabeth, of Pocumtuck Val- 
ley Memorial Assoc., 199. 

Stechter, F. D., pres. Pike Co. Hist. Soe, 
202. 

Steele, F. F., sec. Montana State Hist. Lib., 
203. 

Steffens, Laura, deputy state lib. Cal., 188. 

Steiner, Bernard C., of com. on bibl. (1918), 
23, 85; bibl. of Am. travel, 70. 

Stephen of Anagni, papal chaplain, and 
papal taxation, 272. 

Stephens, H. Morse, life councilor, A. H. A., 
16; greetings of A. H. A. sent to, 59; 
presides at P. C. B. dinner, 95, 96; mo- 
tion that P. C. B. send greetings to C. 
W. Bowen, 95; of Academy of Pacific 
Coast Hist., 188. 

Stephenson, Nathaniel W., of com. on hist. 
in schools (1918), 23, 86. 

Stevens, Walter B., A Reporters Lincoin, 
202; pres. State Hist. Soc. of Mo., 203. 

Stevens, William W., sec. Pioneer Assoc. of 
Will Co., 191. 

Stevenson, Edward L., at P. C. B. dinner, 
97. 

Stevenson, William H., pres. Hist. Soc. of 
Western Pa., 211. 

Stickney, William W., pres. Vt. Hist. Soc., 
214. 

Stokes, Annie, sec. Muskingum Co. Pioneer 
and Hist. Soc., 208. : 

Stone, Edna H., of ex. com., P. C. B. 
(1918), 17, 100. 

Stone, Walter C., of Hist. Soc. of Water- 
town, 197. 

Stoudt, Rev. John B., pres. Huguenot Soe, 
Of Eanea aie 

Stover, Frank A., sec. Northern Ind. Hist. 
Soc., 193. 

Straight, Henry H., pres. Hist. Soe. of 
Branch Co., 201. 

Strange, A. T., sec. Montgomery Co. Hist. 
Soc., 191. 

Straughn, Rev. J. H., sec. Methodist 
Protestant Hist. Soc., 195. 

Street, O. D., of Tenn. Valley Hist. Soc., 
187. 

Strome, Arthur F., death of, 61. 


Suffolk County (N. Y.) Historical Society, 


report (1917), 207. 

Sullivan, James, of advisory board, Hist. 
Teacher's Mag. (1918), 24; on the pres- 
ervation of war material, 38, 183-135; at 
conference of arch. (1917), 67; circular 
urging collection of war material, 120. 

Summer, Horace, pres. Hyde Park Hist. 
Soce., 197. 


GENERAL INDEX, 


Susquehanna County (Pa.) Historical So- 
ciety, report (1917), 212. 

Susquehanna Trail, 212. 

Sussex, lay assessments, 285, 286. 

Swampscott Historical Society, 
(1917), 200. 

Swayze, Francis J., pres. N. J. Hist. Soc., 
204. : 

Swedish Colonial Society, work of, 176. 

Swedish Historical Society of America, re- 
port (1917), 187. 

Swengel, Rev. U. F., pres. United Evangeli- 
eal Church Hist. Soc., 211. 


report 


Talbot, G. F., pres. Nev. Hist. Soc., 203. 

Talcott, Mary K., death of, 61. 

Tall, Lida L., on hist. in schools, 241-242. 
Taney, Mary F., sec. Nat. Soc. Col. Dames, 
186; pres. Col. Daughters of Am., 186. 
Tarbell, Ida M., of Justin Winsor prize 

com, (1918), 23, 85. 

Tariff, adjustments, 35. 

Tarsus, cosmopolitan religion of, and the 
origin of Mithra, 39, 40. 

Tavares Bastos, Aureliano C., efforts to 
open the Amazon, 48. 

Taxations, medieval, A. H. A. papers on, 
41-42; of English clerical incomes, 41- 
42, 265-280; lay, assessment of (1290- 
1332), 41, 42, 281-292; of personal prop- 
erty of laymen to 1272, 41, 42. 

Taylor, Ernest M., sec. Brome Co. Hist. Soc. 
215. 

Taylor, Mrs. John B., fountain in memory 
of, 186. 


Tazewell County (Ill.) Historical Society, ° 


191. 

Teele, History of Milton, 199. 

Teggart, F. J., P. C. B. delegate to council 
meeting, 80; communication to council, 
86. 

Tennessee, the Spanish conspiracy in, 45. 

Tennessee Historical Society, report 
(1917}; 213. 

Tennessee Valley Historical Society (Ala.), 
report (1917), 187. 

Tenney, W. M., of Canton Hist. Soc., 195. 

Theodore, Archbishop, synods under, 40. 

Texas, Austin and purchase of, £45; reports 
of hist. socs. (1917), 213. 

Texas Library and Historical Commission, 
213. 

Texas State Historical Association, report 
(1917), 213. 

Thayer, William R., pres. A. H. A. (1918), 
15, 50, 57, 79; at council meeting, 80; 
pres. Cambridge Hist. Soc., 195; cor. sec. 
Mass. Hist. Soc., 198. 

Thomas, Frances, of Holland Purchase 
Hist. Soc., 206. 

Thomas, John H., sec. Jackson Co. Hist. 
Soc., 192. Z 

Thomas, W. S., on hist. in schools, 103. 

Thompson, Col. Robert M., pres. Naval 
Hist. Soe., 187. 

Thompson, J. W., cited, 311. 


461 


Thompson, Nettie, of Mo. Valley Hist. Soc., 
186. 


Thornburgh, John, sec. Henry Co. Hist. 
Soc., 192. 
Thorne, L. C., pres. Whiteside Co. Hist. 


Soc., 191. 

Thornton, tax valuation, 291. 

Throckmorton, plots of, 306. 

Thwaites, Reuben G., appreciation of work 
of Shea and O’Callahan, 98. 

Thwing, Charles F., of local com. (1918), 
23: ~ 

Ticonderoga Historical Society, 207. 

Tipton, John, monument to, 192; papers 
of, 192. 

Tobie, LeRoy F., of Me. Genealogical Soc., 
194. 

Todd, John, cited, 317; operations of, 325. 

Todd, Mabel L., pres. Amherst Hist. Soc., 
195. 

Tolman, Adam, pres. Concord Antiq. Soc., 
196. 

Topsfield (Mass.) Historical Society, 
port (1917), 200. 

Toulouse, association (1563), 311. 

Tower, Charlemagne, pres. Pa. Hist. Soc., 
pane 

Townsend John W., sec. Numismatic and 
Antiq. Soc., 212. 

Townsend, Theodore H., pres. Clinton Co. 
Pioneer Soe., 201. 

Trafalgar, 96. 

Trask, William R., sec. Military Hist. Soc. 
of Mass., 199. 

Travels, American, bibl., 70, 71; western, 
bibl. of, 100. 

Traylor, Robert L., death of, 55, 61. 

Treasury Department, war records, 
118. 

Treat, Payson J., 
meeting, 95. 

Treaties, commercial, 35. 

Trefry, William D. T., 
Hist. Soc., 198. 

Treubner, of London, Indian languages pre- 
served by, 98. 

Trials, State, collection proposed, 74. 

Trinity College (N. C.) Historical Society, 
report (1917), 207. 

Trout, Rev. J. W.. pres. Methodist Protes- 
tant Hist. Soec., 195. 

Tryon, Rolla M., of com. on hist. in schools 
(1918), 23, 86; on school course in hist., 
38, 229-231. 

Turner, Edith R., courtesy acknowledged, 
142. 

Turner, Frederick J., life councilor, A. H. 
A., 16; on the significance of the North- 
Central States in the middle of the 
19th century, 45-46; of com. on docu- 
mentary hist. publications of U. S., 73; 
at council meeting, 80; at dinner of 
patriotic societies, 130. 

Turner, Rev. Joseph B., sec. Presbyterian 
Hist. Soc., 212. 

Tuthill, Ruth H., of Suffolk Co. Hist. Soc., 
207. 


re- 


117, 


presides at P. C. B. 


pres. Marblehead 


462 


Tutt, Hannah, sec. Marblehead Hist. Soc., 


198. 
Tuttle, Herbert, 'History.of Prussia, 351. 
Tuttle, Julius H., pres. Dedham Hist. Soc., 
196. 


Union Society of the Civil War, report 
(1917), 187. 

Unitarian Historical Society, 
port (1917), 200. 

United Confederate Veterans, report (1917), 
187. 

United Evangelical Church, Historical So- 
ciety of, report (1917), 211. 

United States, early diplomatic contro- 
versy with Brazil, 47-48; and the open- 
ing of the Amazon, 48; Chinese and 
Japanese immigration legislation, 48; 

- asst. com. on documentary hist. publica- 
tions, 73, 74. 

United States Catholic Historical Society, 
report (1917), 187. 
United States history, 

249-263. 
Updike, Mrs. Audrey, death of, 61. 
ere B. F., pres. Kankakee Co. Hist. Soc,, 


Boston, re- 


editorial function, 


Uruguay, war concerning, 48. 
Utah, SepartisM in (1847-1870), 331-343, 
(abstract) 97; territorial govt., 337, 339. 


Utah State MHistorical Society, report 
(1917), 213. 
Van Alstine, Sanford D., of Genessee 


County Hist. Fed., 205; 
Hist. Soc., 207. 
Van Anda, Mrs. Carr, 
of N. Y., 205. 

Van Buren, Martin, and Jos. Smith, 337, 
338. 

Vancouver Island, proposed settlement of 
Mormons in, 337. 

Van Dyke, Henry, pres. Presbyterian Hist. 
Soc., 212. 

Van Santvoord, Seymour, 
Soc. of N. Y., 206. 

Van Sickle, J. H., of com. on hist. in schools 
(1918), 23, 86. 

Van Tassel, Sarah, sec. Columbia Co. Hist. 
Soc., 210. 

Van Tyne, Claude H., editor, Am. Hist. Rev. 

“~ (1918), 23; report on finances of Am. 
Hist. Rev., 84; pres. Mich. Hist. Comm., 
201; cited, 315. 

Vermont Historical Society, report (1917), 
-214. 

Villard, Oswald G., of Justin Winsor prize 
com. (1918), 23, 85. 

Vincennes, Sieur de, identified, 192. 

Vincennes, Clark and, 315, 316, 317, 319, 
320, 327, 329. 

Vineland (N. J.) Historical and Anti- 
quarian Society, report (1917), 204-205. 

Vinogradoff, on early taxation, 301. 

Vinson, J. W., of Jersey Co. Hist. Soc., 190. 


sec. Palmyra 


sec. City Hist. Club 


pres. Holland 


GENERAL INDEX, 


_ Waters, Thomas F., of Ipswich Hist. Soe, 5 


Virginia, reports of hist soes. 
articles of association of H 
gesses, 305-306; in Am. Rey. ) 
Rey. claims, 315, 318n. 2 tee 

Virginia Historical Society, report (J 
214. 

Virginia Magazine of History and 
ography, 214. eee 

Virhoeff, Mary, Ky. Riwer Navigation, 194, 

Vogler, W. H., sce. Moravian Hist. Si 
212. 

Von Holst, Hermann E., ork as historian, 
349, 350, 352. : 

Voth, Rev. H. R., pres. Mennonite te Hist 
Assoc., 186. 


Wade, J. H., of local com. (1918), : 23, =! 

Wait, Thomas B., State Papers, 257. 

Wakefield (Mass.) Historical Beles 
(1917), 200. 

Walker, Rev. Charles S., see. Amherst ete 


Soe., 195. s 
Walker, Sir Edmund, pres. Champlain. a 

215, * wry ae 
Walsingham, Francis, association prepared 

by, 307, 311. nm 


Walworth County (Wis.) Historical Socie 
report (1917), 214. 

Ward, Christopher L., of Del. Hist So 
189. ace 

War Departs war records, 117, 14935 


War eae oan reeari of, cat 

War of 1812, collection of records, 179; 3 his- 
tory of, 215. ‘ 

War of 1812, Pennsylvania Society, 
(1917), 212. 

Warren-Adams Letters, 198. 

War Risk Insurance, Bureau of, 
118. 5 "ee 

War Trade Board, records, 118. © 

Washburn, M. T. R., of Nat. Hist. Soc., 1: 

Washington, Florence M., sec. Goh, Dau 
ters of Am., 186. 

Washington, Georse: Letters, 1194 value 
Marshall’s biog., 256; value of Sparks’s 
work on, 258; and Clark’s expe 
319-320; operations against N. Y., ¢ 2 

Washington, D. C., efforts of war hist. com. 
in, 120-122. . 

Washington County (Pa.) Historical Soci- 
ety, report (1917), 212. * 

Washington State Historical Society, report F 
(1917), 214. 

Waterbury, Conn., ancient burying sound, 
189. 


Society, rents: (1917), 207. 


197. : " 
Waters-Withington-Lea gencaloslents MS 
196. ; : 
Watertown (Mass.), Historical Society bi 
197. 
Waukesha County (Wis.) Historical Society, 
report (1917), 214. 


~ 
» 
my 


GENERAL INDEX. 


Waukesha Freeman, 214. 

Waverly, papal taxation of, 274. 

Wayne, Gen. Anthony, exercises in memory 
of, 209. 

Webber, Mabel L., of S. C. Hist. Soc., 213. 

Weber, Jessie P., of Ill. Centennial Comm., 
190; of Ill. State Hist. Soc., 191. 

Webster, Mrs. Charles A., of Knox Co. Hist. 
Soc., 191. 

Weed, J. T., of Ticonderoga Hist. Soc., 207. 

Weeden, Mrs. C. A. P., of R. I. Citizens’ 
Hist. Assoc., 213. 

Weeks, John A., pres. N. Y. Hist. Soc., 206. 

Weegg, H. S., of Elgin Hist. and Scientific 
Inst., 215. 

Weise, Christian,. and study of current 
events, 221. 

-Weissert, Charles A., sec. Barry Co. Pioneer 
and Hist. Soc., 201. 

Welch, Felicia E., home of Amherst Hist. 
Soc. presented by, 195. 


" Wells, Rebekah B., pres. Women’s Burling- 


ton Co. Hist. Soc., 205. 

West, Roosevelt’s writings on the, 351, 352. 

Westboro (Mass.) Historical Society, report 
(1917), 200. 

Westergaard, Waldemar C., of ex. com., P. 
c. B. (1918), 17, 100. 

Westermann, William L., of com. on hist. 

« in schools (1918), 23, 86. . 

Western Pennsylvania Historical Society, 
report (1917), 211. 

Western Reserve Historical Society, report 
(1917), 209. 

Westminster, exchequer of, 42. 

Westminster St., Providence, R. I., Views 
in 1824, 2138. 

Westmoreland, tax exemption, 290. 

West Virginia, Department of Archives and 
History, report (1917), 214. 

Wetherell, A. D., death of, 61. 

Wheat, farming in North-Central states, 
45—46 ; influence on Anglo-American rela- 
tions during Civil War, 46. 5 

Wheeler, Merton R., pres. Foxboro Hist. 
Soe., 196. 

Wheeling, W. Va., proposed attack on, 324. 

Whitall, John G., pres. Gloucester Co. Hist. 
Soc., 204. 

White, Andrew D., life councilor, A. H. A., 
15. 

White, Miss S. F., of Littleton Hist. Soc., 
197. 

Whiteside County (Il.) Historical Society, 
report (1917), 191. 

Whitman, Marcus, essay on, 187. 

Whitson, R. L., sec. Grant Co. Hist. Soc., 
192. ° 

Whittemore, A. Gc pres. N. H. Geneal. Soc., 
203. 

Wick, B. L., pres. Hist. Soc. of Linn Co., 
193. 

Wicks, John F., of Macon Co. Hist. Soc., 
191. 

Wier, Jeanne E., sec. Ney. Hist. Soc., 203. 

Wilcox, E. S., pres. Peoria Hist. Soc., 191. 


463 


Willard, James F., ASSESSMENT OF LAY 
SUBSIDIES, 1920-1332, 281-292, (ab- 
stract) 41, 42. 

Willcox, James M., pres. Am. Catholic Hist. 
Soe. 185. 

William of Orange, association in support 
of, 308; plot against, 309. - 

Williams, Col. Charles A., sec. Soc. of Army 
of Santiago de Cuba, 187. 

Williams, David, sec.-treas. 
245: 

Williams, F. W., on the mid-Victorian at- 
titude of foreigners in China, 48. 

Williams, Mrs. Grant, catalogue of Egyptian 
collection, 206. 

Williams, O. H., of advisory board, Hist. 
Teacher’s Mag. (1918), 24. 

Williams, Roger, banishment from Mass., 
225. 

Wilson, Helen, sec. Peoria Hist. Soc., 191. 

Wilson, Rev. Robert, of S. C. Huguenot 
Soc., 213. 

Wilson, Woodrow, 
124; biog., 354. 

Wilt, J. Andrew, sec. Bradford Co. Hist. 
Soc., 209. 

Windsor, Mass., Vital Records, 199. 

Winkler, Ernest W., of Tex. Lib. and Hist. 
Comm., 213. 

Winnebagos, in Am. Rey., 318. 

Winona County (Minn.) Old Settlers As- 
sociation, 202. 

Winsor, Justin, work as historian, 353. 

Winthrop, Deane, home of, 200. 

Winthrop (Mass.) Improvement and His- 
torical Association, report (1917), 200. 

Wirt, Life of Patrick Henry, value of, 256. 


Huron Inst., 


food-control program, 


Wisconsin, reports of hist. socs. (1917), 
214-215. 
Winconsin Archeological Society, report 


(1917), 215. 

Wisconsin State Historical Society, report 
(1917), 214. 

Witherbee, Frank S., death of, 61. 

Withington, see Waters-Withington-Lea, 

Wolf River, Wis., Antiquities, 215. 

Wolfson, Arthur M., on school course in 

hist., 38, 231-233. 

Woman’s Canadian Historical Society of 
Ottawa, report (1917), 216. 

Woman’s Historical Society of Pennsyl- 
yania, report (1917), 213. 

Women’s Burlington County (N. J.) His- 
torical Society, report (1917), 205. 

Women’s Canadian Historical Society, con- 
tribution to conference of hist. societies, 
181. 

Women’s Canadian Historical Society of 
Toronto, report (1917), 216. 

Wood, War of 1812, 215. 

Wood, Frank S., of Hollamd Purchase Hist. 
Soc., 206. 

Wood, Gen. Leonard, gov. gen. Mayflower 
Descendants, 186. 

Woodberry, George E., pres. Beverly Hist. 
Soc., 195. 


464 


Woodford County (Ill.) Historical Society, 
report (1917), 191. 

Woods, Burnet, pres. Hist. and Philos. Soc. 
of O., 208. 

Woodward, P. Henry, death of, 61. 

Worcester (Mass.) Society of Antiquity, 
report (1917), 200. 

Worthington, Henry, pres. St. Joseph Co. 
Hist. and Pioneer Soc., 202. 

Wren, Christopher, sec. Wyoming Hist. and 
Geolog. Soc., 212. 

Wright, G. Frederic, pres. Ohio State Arch. 
and Hist. Soc., 208. 

Wright, Henry B., sec. Oakham Hist. Soc., 
199. 

Wright, Henry P., pres. Oakham Hist. Soc., 
199. 

Writings on American History, A. H. A, 
subsidy withdrawn, 56; action of coun- 
cil regarding, 82. 

Wrong, George M., councilor, A. H. A. 
(1918), 16, 57, 79; at council meeting, 
80 ; of council com. on meetings and rela- 
tions, 80; sec. Champlain Soc., 215. 

Wyandots, in Am. Rey., 320, 322, 324, 325, 
328. 

Wyoming, Mormons and, 336. 

Wyoming County (N. Y.) Historical So- 
ciety, 207. 

Wyoming Historical and Geological Society, 
Pa., report (1917), 212, 


GENERAL INDEX. 


Wyoming Historical Society, report (1917), 
215. ae 


X Y Z mission, Marshall and, 256. 


Yakima language, 98. 

Yale Review, A, H. A, paper in, 72. 

York Co., Eng., association in, 306. 

York County (Pa.) Historical Society, re- 
port (1917), 211. 

Yorkshire, lay assessments in, 284, 291. 


Young, Alonzo M., sec. Johnstown Hist. 
Soc., 206. 
Young, Brigham, Mormonism under, 97; 


attitude toward govt., 333, 336, 338, 339; 
cited, 335, 338, 340, 343; gov. of Utah 
Territory, 337; and the railroad to 
Utah, 342, 

Young, F. G., sec. Ore. Hist. Soc., 209. 

Young, Fred M., of Wakefield Hist. Soc., 
200. 5 

Young, Levi E., vice-pres. P. C. B. (1917), 
95. 

Young Men’s Christian Association, mem- 
ber of A. H. A. council in war work of, 
61; war records, 119. 

Young Men’s Hebrew Association, war rec- 
ords, 119. 


Zinsendorf, Count, land purchase of, 212. 
Zion’s Cooperative Mercantile Institution, 
98, 342, 343. p? 


O 


EN yc a ee 


HOLL6eve0d 


wn 


ue. JA! 


